Focusing on students majoring in Chinese music in Taiwanese senior high schools and colleges, this study explored the students’ personality traits, vocational interests, learning adjustment, and career decisions. The research methods employed a survey and interviews. The data of the survey were collected by administering the Lai’s Personality Inventory, the Chinese Vocational Interest Inventory, and a self-designed questionnaire. Representing students for further interviews were also selected from the data of the survey. Regarding the personality traits, the results showed that Chinese music majors tended to be extraverted and well in social adjustment. In the aspect of emotional steadiness and psychological health, only female senior high school Chinese music majors tended to be strong in cyclic tendency, strain, anxiety, and depression. Generally specking, Chinese music majors in colleges were more positive in personality traits than Chinese music majors in senior high schools. The results also showed that the vocational interest structure of the Chinese music departments should be Type A or Type AS, meaning an artistic model or a combination of an artistic model plus a social model at a second position. Most students had strong intrinsic learning motivations in Chinese music. They were interested in music and valued Chinese music. Their achievement sense mostly came from successful performances and their frustration mostly came from difficulty in advancing their performing skills. Being Chinese music performers were the most favorite career option for male students, and being Chinese music teachers were the most favorite career option for female students. It was suggested that schools should arrange individual counseling to help students in emotional adjustment, inferiority feeling, learning how to communication with parents, and understanding future career possibilities that fit personal characteristics.