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題名：泛舟遊客接觸規範、擁擠知覺、與知覺接觸數量之研究
書刊名：觀光研究學報
作者：許義忠 引用關係／方志鵬
作者(外文)：Hsu, Yi-chung／Fang, Chih-peng
出版日期：2004
卷期：10:4
頁次：頁71-86
主題關鍵詞：接觸規範；擁擠知覺；知覺接觸數量；遊憩承載量；泛舟；Encounter norms；Perceived crowding；Perceived encounter；Recreational carrying capacity；Whitewater rafting
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由於擁擠可能干擾遊客遊憩體驗，擁擠知覺一直被當做遊憩承載量及遊客滿意度的指標。本研究調查泛舟遊客接觸規範、擁擠知覺、知覺接觸數量三者的關係。研究問題有 (1)遊客是否具有接觸規範？(2) 遊客泛舟時是否覺得擁擠？(3) 有無接觸規範者的知覺接觸數量及擁擠知覺是否有差異？(4) 遊客知覺接觸數量若超過接觸規範，其擁擠知覺是否會增強？研究母體為 2001年 7月至 2002年 6月間於秀姑巒溪泛舟之遊客，採時間隨機抽樣，計抽出假日與非假日共 35天，獲得有效問卷 2,648份。研究結果顯示 (1) 大多數遊客不具有接觸規範，(2) 遊客泛舟時並不感覺特別擁擠，(3) 有無接觸規範者的知覺接觸數量並無差別，但遭遇其他遊客時的擁擠知覺卻具有顯著差異，(4) 遊客知覺接觸數量若超過接觸規範時，其擁擠知覺就顯著增強。研究結論有三 (1) 高密度使用地區擁有高比率沒有接觸規範的遊客，其密度擁擠效應不高，(2) 社會干擾理論與過度刺激理論應用於擁擠知覺研究是恰當的，(3) 應將接觸規範、擁擠知覺、和知覺接觸數量一起當成訂定遊憩承載量的指標。
This study investigated rafters’ encounter norms, perceived crowding, perceived encounters, as well as their relationships. The population was rafters floating at Hsiukuluan River during July 2001 to June 2002. Thirty-five sampling days were randomly selected. 2,648 valid questionnaires were obtained through on-site surveys. Study results indicated that no encounter norms existed for most rafters. Most rafters perceived somewhat crowded while encountering boats and other rafters. For those with and without encounter norms, their perceived encounters and perceived crowding as encountering rafts had no differences, however their perceived crowding scores differed significantly as they encountered other rafters. And when actual boat and rafter encounters exceeded rafters’ encounter norms, their perceived crowing increased. Three conclusions were drawn. (1) In high-density use areas, the density-crowding effect seems weak. (2) Both social interference theory and stimulus overload theory are appropriate applying to perceived crowding research. (3) Encounter norms, perceived encounters, and perceived crowding should be all included as indicators while establishing social psychological carrying capacity for recreational areas. Implications and recommendations were mentioned and discussed.
Other
1.吳瑞瑜(2003)。森林遊樂區遊客擁擠知覺之研究--以東勢林場為例。  延伸查詢new window
2.Stewart, W. P. and D. N. Cole(2001)。Number of encounters and experience quality in Grand Canyon backcountry: Consistently negative and weak relationships。  new window
3.Vaske, J. J., B. Shelby, A. R., Graefe and T. A. Heberlein.(1986)。Backcountry encounter norms: Theory, method and empirical evidence.。  new window
期刊論文
1.Adelman, B. J. E.、Heberlein, T. A.、Bonnicksen, T. M.(1982)。Social psychological explanations for the persistence of a conflict between paddling canoeists and motorcraft users in the boundary waters canoe area。Leisure Sciences，5(1)，45-61。  new window
2.Vaske, J. J.、Donnelly, M.、Petruzzi, J.(1996)。Country of origin, encounter norms and crowding in a frontcountry setting。Leisure Sciences，18(2)，161-176。  new window
3.Gramann, J.H.(1982)。Toward a behavioral theory of crowding in outdoor recreation: An evaluation and synthesis of research。Leisure Sciences，5(2)，109- 126。  new window
4.楊文燦、鄭琦玉(19950600)。遊憩衝擊認知及其與滿意度關係之研究。戶外遊憩研究，8(2)，109-132。new window  延伸查詢new window
5.莊麗君、許義忠(20040300)。秀姑巒溪泛舟遊客動機與滿意度之研究。觀光研究學報，10(1)，79-96。new window  延伸查詢new window
6.許義忠(20021200)。遊客對參加冒險旅遊之動機與滿意度之研究--以秀姑巒溪泛舟為例。觀光研究學報，8(2)，115-130。new window  延伸查詢new window
7.Shelby, B.(1981)。Encounter norms in backcountry settings: Studies of three rivers。Journal of Leisure Research，13(2)，129-138。  new window
8.Shelby, B.、Vaske, J. J.、Heberlein, T. A.(1989)。Comparative analysis of crowding in multiple locations: Results from fifteen years of research。Leisure Sciences，11(4)，269-291。  new window
9.Shelby, Bo、Heberlein, Thomas A.、Vaske, Jerry J.、Alfano, Geraldine(1983)。Expectations, Preferences, and Feeling Crowded in Recreation Activities。Leisure Sciences: An Interdisciplinary Journal，6(1)，1-14。  new window
10.Stokols, Daniel(1972)。On the Distinction between Density and Crowding: Some Implications for Future Research。Psychological Review，79(3)，275-278。  new window
研究報告
1.Lucas, R. C.(1980)。Use Patterns and Visitor Characteristics, Attitudes, and Preferences in Nine Wilderness and Other Roadless Areas。Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, USFS。  new window
學位論文
1.陳水源(1988)。擁擠與戶外遊憩體驗關係之研究--社會心理層面之探討(博士論文)。國立臺灣大學。  延伸查詢new window
2.陳沛悌(1992)。秀姑巒溪泛舟活動社會心理容許量之探討(碩士論文)。國立臺灣大學。  延伸查詢new window
3.王心惠(1997)。相片評估都市公園社會容許量之探討以青年公園為例(碩士論文)。國立臺灣大學。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.Jary, D.、Jary, J.(2005)。Collins dictionary of sociology。Glasgow：Collins。  new window
2.Altman, Irwan(1975)。The Environment and Social Behavior: Privacy, Personal Space, Territory, Crowding。CA。  new window
3.Manning, R. E.(1999)。Studies in outdoor recreation: Search and research for satisfaction。Corvallis, Oregon：Oregon State University Press。  new window
其他
1.何立智、張俊彥(1996)。以電腦模擬方法探討主題式遊憩區遊憩容許量之研究。  延伸查詢new window
2.林晏州(2000)。社會遊憩容許量評估方法之比較。new window  延伸查詢new window
3.范玉玲(2001)。溪頭遊客擁擠度及遊憩偏好之研究。new window  延伸查詢new window
4.孫仲卿(1997)。中國式庭園中擬定社會容納量之研究--以板橋林家花園為例。  延伸查詢new window
5.許義忠、方志鵬(2003)。泛舟遊客接觸規範之研究。  延伸查詢new window
6.陳淑鈴(2001)。零售商店擁擠知覺與購物滿意關係之探討。  延伸查詢new window
7.張俊彥(1987)。遊憩規劃中遊客擁擠知覺之分析。  延伸查詢new window
8.張俊彥(1999)。木柵動物園遊客分佈與擁擠--以電腦模擬為例。new window  延伸查詢new window
9.Absher, J. D., & Lee, R. G.(1981)。Density as an incomplete cause of crowding in backcountry settings。  new window
10.Andereck, K. L., & Becker, R. H.(1993)。Perceptions of carry-over crowding in recreation environments。  new window
11.Bultena, G., Field, D., Womble, P., & Albrecht, D.(1981)。Closing the gales: A study of backcountry use-limitation at Mount McKinley National Park。  new window
12.Cheek, N., Jr.(1972)。Leisure and recreation places。  new window
13.Cohen, J., Sladen, B., & Bennett, B.(1975)。The effects of situational variables on judgments of crowding。  new window
14.Desor, J.(1972)。Toward a psychological theory of crowding。  new window
15.Ditton, R. B., Fedler, A. J., & Graefe, A. R.(1983)。Factors contributing to perceptions of recreational crowding。  new window
16.Donnelly, M. P., Vaske, J. J., Whittaker, D., & Shelby, B.(2000)。Toward an understanding of norm prevalence: A comparative analysis of 20 years of research。  new window
17.Gramann, J. H., & Burdge, R. J.(1981)。The effect of recreation goals on conflict perception: The case of water skiers and fishermen。  new window
18.Gramann, J. H., & Burdge, R. J.(1984)。Crowding perception determinants at intensively developed outdoor recreation sites。  new window
19.Graefe, A. R., Vaske, J. J., & Kuss, F. R.(1984)。Social carrying capacity: An integration and synthesis of twenty years of research。  new window
20.Hall, T., Shelby, B., & Rolloff, D.(1996)。Effect of varied question format on boaters’ norms。  new window
21.Hendee, J., Clark, R., & Dailey, T.(1977)。Fishing and other recreation behavior at High Mountain Lakes in Washington State。  new window
22.Heywood, J. L.(1996)。Social regularities in outdoor recreation。  new window
23.Heywood, J. L.(2002)。Behavior norms in outdoor recreation: Obligation, internalization, informal sanction, intensity, and norm power。  new window
24.Heywood, J. L., & Murdock, W. E.(2002)。Social norms in outdoor recreation: Searching for the behavior-condition link。  new window
25.Hewitt, J. P.(1979)。Self and society: A symbolic interactionist social psychology。  new window
26.Jackson, J.(1965)。Structural of characteristics of norms。  new window
27.Lee, R.(1972)。The social definition of outdoor recreation places。  new window
28.Lime, D. W.(1979)。Carrying capacity。  new window
29.Lucas, R.(1964)。The recreational capacity of the Quetico-Superior area。  new window
30.McDonald, C. D.(1996)。Normative perspectives on outdoor recreation behavior: Introductory comments。  new window
31.Manning, R. F., Valliere, W. A., Minteer B., Wang B., & Jacobi C.(2000)。Crowding in parks and outdoor recreation: A theoretical, empirical, and managerial analysis。  new window
32.Noe, F. P.(1992)。Further questions about the measurement and conceptualization of backcountry encounter norms。  new window
33.Patterson, M. E., & Hammitt, W. E.(1990)。Backcountry encounter norms, actual reported encounters, and their relationship to wilderness solitude。  new window
34.Roggenbuck, J. W., Williams, D. R., Bange, S. R, & Dean, D. J.(1991)。River float trip encounter norms: Questioning the use of the social norms concept。  new window
35.Schmidt, D. E., & Keating, J. R.(1979)。Human crowding and personal control: An integration of the research。  new window
36.Shelby, B., & Heberlein, T. A.(1986)。Carrying capacity in recreation setting。  new window
37.Shelby, B., & Vaske, J. J.(1991)。Using normative data to develop evaluative standards for resource management: A comment on three recent papers。  new window
38.Shelby, B., Vaske, J. J., & Donnelly, M. P.(1996)。Norms, standards, and natural resources。  new window
39.Stankey, G.(1973)。Visitor perception of wilderness recreation carrying capacity。  new window
40.Stokols, D.(1972b)。A socio-psychological model of human crowding phenomena。  new window
41.Tarrant, M. A., Cordell, H. K., & Kibler, T. L.(1997)。Measuring perceived crowding for high-density river recreation: The effects of situational conditions and personal factors。  new window
42.Titre, J., & Mills, A.(1982)。Effect of encounters on perceived crowding and satisfaction。  new window
43.Vaske, .J. J., & Donnelly, M. P.(2002)。Generalizing the encounter-norm-crowding relationship。  new window
44.Vaske, J. J., Donnelly, M. P., & Shelby, B.(1993)。Establishing management standards: Selected examples of the normative approach。  new window
45.Wagar, J. A.(1964)。The carrying capacity of wild lands for recreation。  new window
46.Williams, D. R., Roggenbuck, J. W., & Bange, S.(1991)。The effect of norm-encounter compatibility on crowding perceptions, experience and behavior in river recreation settings。  new window
47.Whittaker, D., & Shelby, B.(1988)。Types of norms for recreation impacts: Extending the social norms concept。  new window
48.Womble, P., & Studebaker, S.(1981)。Crowding in a national park campground: Katmai National Monument in Alaska。  new window
 
 
 
 
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