:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
題名:登山冒險遊憩行為模式之研究
作者:張孝銘
作者(外文):Hsiao-Ming Chang
校院名稱:國立體育學院
系所名稱:體育研究所
指導教授:高俊雄
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2006
主題關鍵詞:登山參與行為冒險體驗冒險遊憩流暢體驗Adventure recreationflow experienceadventure experienceparticipation behaviormountain hiking
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(19) 博士論文(5) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:17
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:97
登山冒險遊憩行為模式之研究
摘 要
在過去相關冒險遊憩實證研究中,大多數研究者仍著重於變項之間的相關、差異、環境屬性偏好,人口統計變項在冒險遊憩變項上的差異等。然而了解冒險遊憩行為變項之間的因果關係,或是發展對冒險遊憩行為具解釋能力的理論模式,對於冒險遊憩行為理論上以及休閒服務提供上非常重要。本研究之目的主要在於分析遊客參與登山冒險遊憩活動之行為,並根據Robinson(1992b)冒險遊憩模式為基礎建構研究變項,包括參與動機、風險認知與評估、流暢體驗、參與結果評估、以及參與後感受正面影響等之變項,來驗證冒險遊憩參與行為模式。本研究採問卷調查方式,以台中縣和平鄉鳶嘴山登山遊客為對象,於登山停車場以便利取樣法進行調查,共獲得有效問卷649份。統計方法係以t考驗、單因子多變量變異數分析、二因子多變量變異數分析、以及LISREL來驗證本研究所建構之假設,經分析後本研究有以下的發現:
一、 參與登山冒險遊憩的遊客,大部分感受到「探索」以及「高峰冒險」之冒險體驗。
二、 參與登山冒險遊憩的遊客,在「參與動機」、「風險認知與決策」、「流暢體驗」以及「參與結果評估」構面會受到不同性別、婚姻狀況、年齡、教育程度的影響。
三、 遊客參與登山冒險遊憩後感受「正面影響」並不會受到不同人口統計變項所影響;尤其是遊客登山冒險遊憩參與行為,並不會因遊客個人月收入不同而有所不同。
四、 不同登山參與次數的遊客,在「參與動機」構面上並沒有明顯不同,但是會影響登山的「風險認知與決策」。
五、 遊客登山參與「流暢體驗」、「參與結果評估」以及參與活動後感受「正面影響」,會受到不同登山參與次數與冒險體驗之交互作用影響。
六、 遊客登山「參與動機」對參與「風險認知與決策」、「流暢體驗」及參與後感受活動「正面影響」有正向的影響存在。
七、 遊客登山參與「風險認知與決策」對參與「流暢體驗」有正向的影響存在,但對活動「參與結果評估」並沒有影響存在。
八、 遊客登山參與「流暢體驗」對「參與結果評估」有正向的影響存在。
九、 遊客登山「參與結果評估」對參與活動後感受「正面影響」有正向影響存在。
本研究之登山冒險遊憩模式主要根據Robinson(1992b)所發展之冒險遊憩持續涉入模式所建構,在本研究中獲得驗證。根據分析結果,本研究不僅對相關冒險遊憩活動經營者以及活動提供者提出建議,亦對此議題提出後續研究建議。
A Study of Mountain Hiking Adventure Recreation Behavior Model
Abstract
Previous researches of adventure recreation behavior have been concerned with the variables of relationships, differences, environmentally attribution preferences, or the differences of demographic variables of adventure recreation. It is important to understand the causal relationships and interrelationships among adventure recreation behavior variables and to construct models to guide theoretical researches and leisure service deliveries.
The purpose of this study is aimed to analyze the hikers, participations about adventure recreation in mountain hiking. And this study to constructs a new adventure recreation behavior model based on Robinson(1992b) adventure recreation model. The study includes some variables, such as the adventure recreation participative motivation, risk cognition and decision making, adventure experience, flow experience, consequent estimation, and perceived positive influences after finishing the activity. The Adventure recreation behavior scale was used to measure the hikers, behaviors. The questionnaires were given to hikers in Yundree Mountain at the Taichung County, and non-random sampling method is used. 649 effective questionnaires were collected.
Statistics method includes t-test, One-way MANOVA , Two-way MANOVA, and LISREL(Linear Structural relationships)are used to test hypotheses in this study. After testing, nine results are shown:
1. Most hikers perceive “discovery” and “peak adventure” in mountain hiking.
2. There are influences in mountain hiking adventure recreation participative motivation, risk cognition and decision making, flow experience and consequent estimation by different hikers, sex, marriages, age, and education degree.
3. However, there is not a influence in perceived positive influences by difference demographic after finishing the activity. Especially, different monthly income is not a influence of participation behavior in mountain hiking adventure recreation.
4. There is a not significance difference on participative motivation in different frequency of mountain hiking; however there is a significance difference in risk cognition and decision making.
5. There is a interaction influence on flow experience, consequent estimation, and perceived positive influences after finishing the activity in difference frequency of mountain hiking and adventure experiences.
6. There is a direct positive effect on risk cognition and decision making for hiking in the hikers, participative motivation. Moreover, there is also a direct positive effect on flow experience and perceived positive influences after finishing the activity.
7. There is a direct positive effect on flow experience on hikers, risk cognition and decision making for hiking. However, there is no direct positive effect on consequent estimation.
8. There is a direct positive effect on consequent estimation in hikers, flow experience during hiking.
9. There is a positive effect on perceived positive influences after finishing the activity in hikers, consequent estimation.
Propositions based on the theory of risk recreation enduring involvement model(Robinson, 1992b)were supported by the adventure recreation behavior model. Based on these findings, the study not only gives some suggestions for adventure or program managers, but also supports research orientation for future researchers.
參考文獻

內政部統計處(1997):中華民國臺灣地區國民生活狀況調查
報告。台北:內政部。
朱笠瑄(2003):東北角海岸攀岩冒險遊憩活動之研究。休閒
事業管理系碩士論文(未出版)。台中縣:朝陽科技大學。
交通部觀光局(1997):台灣潛在生態觀光及冒險旅遊產品研
究與調查。台北:中華民國戶外遊憩學會。
交通部觀光局(2005):中華民國93年國人旅遊狀況調查報告。
資料引自http://202.39.225.136/statistics/File/200412/93.
htm
邱皓政(2004):結構方程模式。台北:雙葉書廊。
李金泉(1993):SPSS╱PC+實務與應用統計分析。台北:松
崗。
李美樺、歐聖榮(2002):飛行傘參與者之特質與環屬性偏好
之探討。載於第四屆休閒遊憩觀光學術研討會-休閒理論
與遊憩行為篇(263-270頁)。台北:中華民國戶外遊憩學
會。
李銘輝(2002):觀光地理(2版)。台北:揚智。
李銘輝、郭建興(2000):觀光遊憩資源規劃。台北:揚智
文化。
李貽鴻(1998):觀光學導論。台北:五南圖書。
吳明哲譯(2003):度假村經營管理。台北:品度。
吳忠宏、黃宗成、邱廷亮(2004):玉山國家公園遊客旅遊動機、
期望、體驗、滿意度與重遊意願之研究。國家公園學報,
14卷2期,23-41頁。
洪翊芳、廖主民(2005):參與冒險性休閒的心理歷程。中華new window
體育,19卷3期,16-25頁。
高俊雄(1993):休閒參與體驗形成之分析。戶外遊憩研究,new window
6卷4期,1-12頁。
高俊雄(1995):休閒利益三因素模式。戶外遊憩研究,8卷1new window
期,15-28頁。
馬上鈞(2002):休閒效益與生活壓力關係之研究-以高雄地區
郊山登山者為例。體育研究所碩士論文(未出版)。桃園
縣,國立體育學院。
許辰維(2004):以計畫行為理論探討冒險性遊憩活動參與者
之行為意向-登山活動為例。觀光事業學系碩士論文(未出
版)。台中縣:靜宜大學。
許義忠(2002):遊客對參加冒險旅遊之動機與滿意度之研究
-以秀姑巒溪泛舟為例。觀光研究學報,8卷2期,115-130
頁。
莊麗君、許義忠(2004):秀姑巒溪泛舟遊客動機與滿意度之new window
研究。觀光研究學報,10卷1期,79-96頁。
陳正昌、程炳林、陳新豐、劉子鍵(2003):多變量分析方法-
統計軟體應用。台北:五南。
陳玠穎、歐聖榮(2002):攀岩者之遊憩動機與環境屬性偏
好關係之研究。載於第四屆休閒遊憩觀光學術研討會-
觀光發展與觀光衝擊篇(159-170頁)。台北:中華民國
戶外遊憩學會。
陳明川、歐聖榮(2002):風浪板活動參與者之體驗與環境屬
性偏好之研究。載於第四屆休閒遊憩觀光學術研討會-
觀光發展與觀光衝擊篇(271-279頁)。台北:中華民國
戶外遊憩學會。
陳鴻雁(2003):我國國民運動意識之調查研究。台北:行政
院體育委員會。
曾柏瑋、林晏州、黃文卿(2004):太魯閣國家公園遊客之步道new window
選擇行為。國家公園學報,14卷2期,1-21頁。
黃芳銘(2003):結構方程模式理論與應用。台北:五南。
黃淑為、林晏州(1999):影響遊客對登山步道環境屬偏好因子
之探討。國家公園學報,9卷2期,166-181頁。
蔡巧玲(2004):你準備好去冒險了嗎?大專體育,71期,new window
134-140頁。
張孝銘(2002):談冒險性遊憩活動的推動。資料引自http://www
.sportsnt.com.tw/Sample/spo_sample/PostmasterSample.asp
?struct_id=1374&Board=BB130003&Topic=T3260201
張孝銘(2004):運動觀光客參與探索觀光活動後感受正負影
響之建構與驗證。載於92年度運動觀光發展及休閒產業
管理學術研討會論文集(163-171頁),屏東縣,屏東科技
大學。
張孝銘(2005a):觀光客探索性運動觀光參與體驗之研究。
建國科大學報,24卷3期,119-138頁。
張孝銘(2005b):遊客泛舟參與動機之差異性研究-以秀姑巒溪
為例。載於2005台灣體育運動與健康休閒發展趨勢研討會專刊(75-86頁),嘉義縣,吳鳳技術學院。
趙文祺(2004):體驗教育參與者內在動機、活動投入程度與
神馳體驗關係之探討。休閒事業管理學系碩士論文(未出
版)。彰化縣,大葉大學。
劉毓妮、林晏州(1993):研究遊客對激流泛舟環境屬性之偏new window
好。戶外遊憩研究,6卷3期,53-75頁。
盧俊宏(1993):運動心理學。台北:師大書苑。
劉明全(2003):登山者對高山風險認知之研究-以休閒教育之
觀點。體育研究所碩士論文(未出版)。桃園縣,國立體
育學院。
Abrahams, R. D.(1986). Rainary and extraordinary experience.
In V. W. Turner & E. M. Bruner (Eds.), The anthropology
of experience (pp.45-73). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois
Press.
Adventure Travel Society(2000). Adventure travel defined.
From http://www.adventure travel. com.
Allard, F., & Burnett, N. (1993). Skill in sport. Canadian
Journal of Psychology, 39, 294-312.
Amemiya, Y., & Anderson, T. W.(1990). Asymptotic chi-square
Tests for a large class of factor analysis models. Annals of
Statistics, 18, 1453-1463.
Anderson, T. W.(1989). Linear latent variables models and
covariance structures. Journal of Econometrics, 41, 91-119.
Anderson, J. C. & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation
modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-
step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.
Arnould, E. J., & Price, L. L.(1993). River magic: Extraordinary
experience and the extended service encounter? Journal of
Consumer Research, 20 (June), 24-45.
Atkinson, J. W.(1974). Strength of motivation and efficiency
of performance. In J. W. Atkinson & J. O. Raynor (Eds.),
Motivation and achievement. Washington, D. C.:
Hemisphere.
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation for structural
equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing
Science, 16, 74-94.
Ball, D.(1972). What the action is: A cross-cultural approach.
Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 2, 121-143.
Bandura, A.(1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory
of behavior change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
Bandura, A.(1982). Self-efficacy: Mechanism in human agency.
American Psychologist, 37, 122-147.
Bandura, A.(1986). Social foundations of thought and action:
A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Pretence-
Hall.
Bandura, A.(1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control.
New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.
Beard, J. G., & Raghed, M. G.(1983). Measuring leisure
motivation. Journal of Leisure Research, 15(3), 219-228.
Beedie, P.(2003). Adventure tourism. In S. Hudson (Ed.),
Sport and adventure tourism (pp.230-239). New York
: The Haworth Press, Inc.
Bentley, T. A., Page, S. J., & Laird, I. S.(2001). Accidents
in the New Zealand adventure tourism industry. Safety
Science, 38, 31-48.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G.(1980). Significance tests and
goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structure.
Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
Bisson, C.(1997). The effects of varying the sequence of
categories of adventure activities on the development of
group cohesion. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado.
Bollen, K. A.(1989). Structural equations with latent variables.
New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Boomsma, A., & Hoogland, J. J.(2001). The robustness of
LISREL modeling revisited. In R. Cudeck, Toit Stephen du,
& D. Sörbom (Eds.), Structural equation modeling: Present
and future: A festschrift in honor of Karl Jöreskog (pp. 139-
165). IL:SSI.
Brannan, L., Condello, C., Stuckum, N., Vissers, N., & Priest, S
(1992). Public perceptions of risk in recreational
activities. Journal of Applied Recreational Research, 17(2),
144-157.
Brown, L.(1993). The new shorter oxford English
dictionary (Vol. 1). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Brown, T. J.(1999). Adventure risk management. In J. C.
Miles & S. Priest (Eds.), Adventure programming
(pp.273-284). State College, Pennsylvania: Venture
Publishing, Inc.
Browne, M. W.(1984). Asymptotically distribution free methods
for the analysis of covariance structures. British Journal of
Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 37, 62-83.
Browne, M. W., & Shapiro, A.(1988). Robustness of normal
theory methods in the analysis of linear latent variate
models. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical
Psychology, 41, 193-208.
Bunting, C. J.(1985). Venture Dynamics: The challenge course
as an educational tool. TX: The Outdoor Education
Institute of Texas A&M University, College-Station.
Bunting, C.(1990). Interdependency: A key in environmental
and adventure education. In J. C. Miles & S. Priest
(Eds.), Adventure education (pp.453-458). State College,
PA: Venture Publishing, Inc.
Campbell, J. B., Tyrrell., D., & Zingaro, M.(1993). Sensation
seeking among whitewater canoe and kayak paddlers.
Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 489-491.
Carpenter, G., & Priest, S.(1989). The AEP and non-outdoor
leisure pursuits. Leisure Studies, 8(1), 65-75.
Celsi, R. L., Rose, R. L., & Leigh, T. W.(1993). An exploration
of high-risk leisure consumption through skydiving.
Journal of Consumer Research, 20, 1-22.
Cheron, E. J., & Ritchie, J. R. B.(1982). Leisure activities
and perceived risk. Journal of Leisure Research, 14(2),
134-154.
Christiansen, D. R.(1990). Adventure tourism. In J. C. Miles
& S. Priest (Eds.), Adventure education (pp.433-441).
State College, PA: Venture.
Conrad, D., & Hedin, D.(1981). National assessment of
experiential education: Summary and implication, Journal
of Experiential Education, 4, Fall, 6-20.
Cox, D., & Stuart, R. J.(1964). Perceived risk and consumer
decision marketing. Journal of Marketing Research, 10,
113-125.
Creyer, E. H., Ross, Jr. T. W., & Evers, D.(2003). Risky
recreation: An exploration of factors influencing the
likelihood of participation and the effect of experience.
Leisure Studies, 22(3), 239-253.
Cronin, C.(1990). Sensation seeking among mountain climbers.
Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 653-654.
Csikszentmihalyi, M.(1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety. San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Csikszentmihalyi, M.(1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal
experience. New York: Haper Collins.
Csikszentmihalyi M.(2000). The contribution of flow
psychology of positive psychology. In J. E. Gillham (Ed.),
The science of optimism and hope: Research essays in honor
of Martin P. Seligman (pp.387-395). Philadelphia, PA:
Templeton Foundation Press.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Csikszentmihalyi, M.(1988).
Introduction to part Ⅳ. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I.
Csikszentmihalyi (eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological
studies of flow in consciousness (pp.251〜265). Cambridge
University Press.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Csikszentmihalyi, I.(1999). Adventure
and the flow experience. In J. C. Miles & S. Priest (Eds.),
Adventure education (pp.153-158). State College, PA:
Venture Publishing, Inc.
Cua, K. O., Junttila, M. A., & Schroeder, R. G. (2002). A
perceptual measure of the degree of development of
proprietary equipment. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(4),
579-598.
Davis-Berman, J., & Berman, D.(2002). Risk and anxiety in
adventure programming. Journal of Experiential Education,
25(2), 305-310.
Driver, B.(1977). Item pool for scales designed to quantify the
psychological outcomes desired and expected from
recreational participation. Unpublished manuscript, Rocky
Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, USDA
Forest Service Recreation Project, FT. Collins, CO.
Dyson, B. P.(1995). Students, voices in two alternative
elementary physical education programs. Journal of
Teaching in Physical Education, 14, 394-407.
Ellis, M. J.(1973). Why people play. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice-Hall.
Estes, C., & Ewert, A.(1988). Enhancing mixed-gender
programming: Considerations for experiential educators.
The Bradford Papers Annual, 3, 10-19.
Ewert, A.(1985). Why people climb: The relationship of
participant motives and experience level to mountaineering.
Journal of Leisure Research, 17(3), 241-250.
Ewert, A.(1987). Research in outdoor adventure: Overview and
analysis. The Bradford Paper Annual, l2, 15-28.
Ewert, A.(1989). Outdoor adventure pursuits: Foundations,
model, and theories. Columbus, OH: Publishing Horizons.
Ewert, A. W.(2000). Trend in adventure recreation: Programs,
experiences, and issues. From www.prr.msu.edu/trend2000/
pdf/ewert.pdf
Ewert, A., & Boon, T.(1989). Risk management: Defusing the
dragon. Journal of Experience Education, 10(3), 28-36.
Ewert, A., & Hollenhorst, S.(1989). Testing the adventure
model: Empirical support for a model of risk recreation.
Journal of Leisure Research, 21, 124-139.
Ewert A., & Hollenhorsy, S.(1994). Individual and setting
attributes of the adventure recreation experience. Leisure
Sciences, 16, 177-191.
Ewert, A. W., & Hollenhorst, S. J.(1997). Adventure recreation
and its implications for wilderness. International Journal
of Wilderness, 3(2), 21-26.
Fluker, M. R., & Turner, L. W.(2000). Needs, motivations,
and expectations of a commercial whitewater rafting
experience. Journal of Travel Research, 38(2), 380-389.
Goldenberg, M. A.(2002). Understanding the outcomes of
outdoor adventure experiences using means-end analysis.
Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Minnesota,
Minnesota.
Gutman, J.(1982). A mean-end chain model based on consumer
categorization processes. Journal of Marketing, 46, 60-72.
Haddock, C., & Wisheart, P.(1993). Managing risks in outdoor
activities. New Zealand , Wellington: New Zealand
Mountain Safety Council.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C.
(1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed). NJ: Prentice
Hall International.
Hall, C. M.(1989). Special interest travel: A prime force in
the expansion of tourism? In R. Welc (Ed.), Geography
in action (pp.81-89). CA, Dunedin: Department of
Geography, University of Otago.
Hall, C. M.(1992). Adventure, sport and health tourism. In
B. Weiler & C. M. Hall (Eds.), Special interest tourism
(pp.141-158). London: Belhaven Press.
Hall, C. M., & Weiler, B.(1992). Introduction. In B. Weiler
& C. M. Hall (Eds.), Special interest tourism (pp.1-14).
London: Belhaven Press.
Hansen, E. B., & Breivik, G.(2001). Sensation seeking as a
predictor of positive and negative risk behaviour among
adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 30
(4), 627-640.
Hattie, J., Marsh, H. W., Neill, J. T., & Richards, G. E.(1997).
Adventure education and Outward Bound: Out-of-class
experiences that make a lasting difference. Review of
Educational Research, 67(1), 43-87.
Havitz, M. E., & Dimanche, F.(1990). Propositions for testing
the involvement construct in recreational and tourism
contexts. Leisure Sciences, 12(2), 179-195.
Heider, F.(1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations.
New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Hirsch, J. (1999). Developmental adventure programming. In
J. C. Miles & S. Priest (Eds.), Adventure education
(pp.13-27). State College, PA: Venture Publishing, Inc.
Hopkins, D.(1982). Changes in self-concept as the result of
adventure training. CAHPER Journal, July-August, 9-12.
Hopkins, D., & Putnam, R.(1993). Personal growth through
adventure. London: David Fulton Publishers.
Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1982).The dynamics of leisure motivation: The
effects of outcome on leisure needs. Research Quarterly for
Exercise and Sport, 26(3), 227-249.
Iso-Ahola, S. E., LaVerde, D., & Graefe, A. R. (1988). Perceived
competence as a mediator of the relationship between high
risk sports participation and self-esteem. Journal of Leisure
Research, 21(1), 23-39.
Jackson, S. A., & Marsh, H. W.(1996). Development and
validation of a scale to measure optimal experience: the
flow state scale. Journal of Sport Exercise Psychology, 18,
17-35.
Johnston, M. E.(1992). Facing the challenges in the
mountains of New Zealand. In C. M. Hall & B. Weiler
(Ed.), Special interest tourism (pp.159-169). London:
Belhaven Press.
Jaeger, C. C., Renn, O., Rosa, E. A., & Webler, T.(2001). Risk,
uncertainty, and rational action. Sterling, VA: Earthscan
Publication Ltd.
Jennings. G.(2003), Marine tourism, In S. Hudson (Ed.), Sport
and adventure tourism (pp.125-165), Binghamton, NY: The
Haworth Press.
Jones, C. J., Hollenhorst, S. J., & Perna, F.(2003). A empirical
comparison of the four channel flow model and adventure
experience paradigm. Leisure Sciences, 25, 17-31.
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D.(1993). LISREL 8 user’s
reference guide. Mooresville, IN: Scientific Software.
Keinan, G., Meir, E., & Gome-Nemirovsky, T.(1984).
Measurements of risk takers personality. Psychological
Reports, 55, 163-167.
Kimieck, J. C., & Harris, A. T.(1996). What is enjoyment? A
conceptual/definitional analysis with implications for sport
and exercise psychology. Journal of Sport and Exercise
Psychology, 18, 247-263.
Kline, R.B.(1998). Principles and practice of structural
equation modeling. New York: The Guilford Press.
Kowal, J., & Fortier, M. S.(2000). Testing relationships from
the hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
using flow as a motivational consequence. Research
Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 71(2), 171-181.
Marsh, H. W., & Hau, K. T.(1999). Assessing goodness of fit:
When parsimony is undesirable. Journal of Experimental
Education, 64, 364-390.
Marsh, H. W., Richards, G. E., & Barnes, J.(1986).
Multidimensional self-concepts: The effect of
participation in an Outward Bound program. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 50(1), 195-204.
Martin, P., & Priest, S.(1986). Understanding the adventure
experience. Journal of Adventure Education, 3(1), 18-21.
Martin, A. J.(2001). Towards the next generation of
experiential education programmes: A case study of
outward bound. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
Maslow, A.(1968). Toward a psychology of being (2nd ed).
New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Matthews, K., Carver, C., & Scheier, M.(1982). Focus of
attention and awareness of bodily sensation. In G.
Underwood (Ed.), Aspects of consciousness: Awareness and
self-awareness. London: Academic Press.
McDonald, R. P., & Ho, Moon-Ho. R.(2002). Principles and
practice in reporting structural equation analysis.
Psychological Methods, 7(1), 64-82.
McGowan, M.(1986). Self-efficacy: Operationalizing challenge
education. Bradford Papers Annual, 1, 65-69.
McGrath, J. E.(1986). Methodological problems in research on
stress. In H. W. Krohne & L. Laux (Eds.), Achievement,
stress, and anxiety. New York: Hemisphere.
McIntyre, N.(1989). The personal meaning of participation:
Enduring involvement. Journal of Leisure Research, 21(2),
167-179.
McIntyre, N.(1992). Involvement in risk recreation: A
comparison of objective and subjective measures of
engagement. Journal of Leisure Research, 24(1), 64-71.
McIntyre, N., & Roggenbuck, J. W.(1998). Nature/Person
transactions during an outdoor adventure experience: A
multi-phasic analysis. Journal of Leisure Research, 30(4),
401-422.
McKenzie, M. D.(2000a). How are adventure education
program outcome achieved? A review of the literature.
Australian Journal of Outdoor Education, 5(1), 19-28.
McKenzie, M. D.(2000b). Gaining a better understanding of
how Outward Bound Western Canada course outcomes are
achieved: A research study. Unpublished master’s thesis,
St. Catharines, Ontario.
Meier, J.(1978). Is the risk worth taking? Leisure Today, 49(4),
7-9.
Meier, J., Morash, T., & Welton, G.(1980). High adventure
outdoor pursuits, organization and leadership. Columbus,
OH: Publishing Horizons, Inc.
Micceri, T.(1989). The unicorn, the normal curve and other
improbable creatures. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 156-
165.
Millington, K., Locke, T., & Locke, A.(2001). Occasional
studies: Adventure travel. Travel and Tourism Analysis, 4,
65-97.
Mitchell, R. G.(1983). Mountain experience: The psychology
and sociology of adventure. Chicago, IL: The University of
Chicago Press.
Morgan, D. J.(2002). Risk, competence and adventure tourist:
Applying the adventure experience paradigm to white-
water rafters. Leisure/Loisir, 26(1-2), 107-127.
Mortlock, C.(1984). The adventure alternative. Clumbria, UK:
Cicerone.
Muller, T. E., & Cleaver, M.(2000). Targeting the CANZUS
baby boomer explorer and adventurer segments. Journal
of Vacation Marketing, 6(2), 154-169.
Nadler, R. S.(1993). Therapeutic process of change. In M. A.
Gass (Ed.), Adventure therapy: Therapeutic applications
of adventure programming (pp.57-69). Dubuque, IA:
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company.
Olsson, U., Foss, T., Troye, S. V., & Howell, R. D.(2000). The
performance of ML, GLS, and WLS estimation in structural
equation modeling under conditions of misspecification and
nonnormality. Structural Equation Modeling, 7(4), 557-595.
Priest, S.(1987). Modelling the adventure experience. In R.
Yerkes (Ed.), Outdoor education across America: Weaving
the web (pp.7-12). LAS Cruces, NM: ERIC CRESS.
Priest, S.(1990). Semantics of adventure education. In J. C.
Miles & S. Priest (Eds.), Adventure education (pp.113-117)
.State College, PA: Venture Publishing, Inc.
Priest, S.(1992). Factor exploration and confirmation for the
dimensions of an adventure experience. Journal of Leisure
Research, 24(2), 127-139.
Priest, S., & Baille, R.(1987). Justifying the risk to others:
The real razor’s edge. Journal of Experience Education, 10
(1), 6-22.
Priest, S., & Carpenter, G.(1993). Changes in perceived risk
and competence during adventurous leisure experiences.
Journal of Applied Recreation Research, 18(1), 51-71
Priest, S., & Gass, M.(1997). Effective leadership in adventure
programming. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Raines, J. T.(1991). Adventure programs-can the risk be taken?
Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 62 (1),
64-67.
Raiola, T. J., & O,Keefe, M.(1999). Philosophy in practice:
A history of adventure programming. In J. C. Miles & S.
Priest (Eds.), Adventure education (pp.45-54). State
College, PA: Venture Publishing, Inc.
Rayn, C.(2002). Stages, gazes and construction of tourism.
In C. Rayn (Ed.), The tourist experience (2nd ed). London:
Continuum.
Rigoni, S.(2000). The risk handling behavior of white water
kayakers. Unpublished master thesis, The University of
Northern British Columbia.
Robinson, D. W.(1992a). The risk recreation experience:
Subjective state dimensions and the transferability of
benefits. Journal of Applied Recreation research, 17(1),
12-36.
Robinson, D. W.(1992b). A descriptive model of enduring risk
recreation involvement. Journal of Leisure Research, 24(1),
52-63.
Rohnke, K.(1986). Project adventure: A widely used generic
project. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and
Dance, 57(5), 68-69.
Ross, G, F.(1998). The psychology of tourism (2nd ed). Taipei,
Taiwan: EC LINK LTD.
Ross, E. L., & Iso-Ahola, S. E.(1991). Sightseeing tourist,
motivation and satisfaction. Annals of Tourism Research,
18, 226-237.
Rossi, B., & Cereatti, L.(1993). The sensation seeking in
mountain athletes as assessed by Zuckerman, sensation
seeking scale. Journal of Sports Psychology, 24, 417-431.
Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M.(1994). Corrections to standard
errors in covariance structure analysis. In A. von Eye & C.
C. Clogg (Eds.), Latent variable analysis: Applications to
development research (pp.399-419). Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.
Scherl, L. M.(1989). Self in wilderness: Understanding the
psychological benefit of individual wildness interaction
through self-control. Leisure Sciences, 11, 123-135.
Schuett, M. A.(1991). Testing the adventure model for outdoor
recreation. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University
of Illinois.
Schuett, M. A.(1993). Refining measures of adventure
recreation involvement. Leisure Sciences, 15, 205-216.
Sitkin, S. B., & Pablo, A. L.(1992). Reconceptualizing the
determinants of risk behavior. Academy of Management
Review, 17, 9-38.
Smith, C., & Jenner, P.(1999). The adventure travel market in
Europe. Travel and Tourism Analyst, 4, 43-64.
Standeven, J., & DeKnop, P.(1998). Sport tourism. Champaign,
IL: Human Kinetics.
Steiger, J. H.(1990). Structural model evaluation and
modification: An interval estimation approach.
Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 173-180.
Stebbins, R. A.(1982). Serious leisure: A conceptual statement.
Pacific Sociological Review, 25, 251-272.
Steinaker, N. W., & Bell, M. R.(1979). The experiential
taxonomy. New York: Academic Press.
Sung, H. H., Morrison, A. M., & O,Leary, J. T.(1997).
Definition of adventure travel: Conceptual framework for
empirical application from the provider’s perspective.
Asia-Pacific Journal of Tourism research, 1(2), 47-67.
Swarbrooke, J., Beard, C., Leckie, S., & Pomfret, G.(2003).
Adventure tourism: The new frontier. Oxford: Butterworth
-Heinemann.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S.(1997). Using multivariate
statistics (3rd ed). New York: Harper & Row.
Tallantire, J.(1993). Adventure tourism in remote places. In S.
Glyptis (Ed.), Leisure and the environment (pp.279-292).
London. Belhaven.
Trafton, J., Thomas, A., & Meyers, M. C.(1997).
Psychological characteristics of the telemark skier.
Journal of Sport Behavior, 20, 465-477.
Tinsley, H. E. A., & Tinsley, D. J. (1986). A theory of the
attributes, benefits, and causes of leisure experience.
Leisure Sciences, 8(1), 1〜45.
Trimpop, R. M. (1994). The psychology of risk taking behavior.
Amsterdam, The Netherlands: North-Holland.
Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C.(1973). A reliability coefficient for
maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38, 1-10.
Venkartaman, M. P.(1990). Opinion leadership, enduring
involvement and characteristic of opinion leaders: A
moderating or mediating relationship? In E. M. Goldberg.,
G. Gerald., & W. P. Richard (Eds.), Advances in Consumer
Research, 17, 60-67. Provo, UT: Association for Consumer
Research.
Voelkl, J. E., & Ellis, G. D.(2002). Optimal experience in
daily life: Examination of the predictors, dimensions and
outcome. In Abstracts from the 2002 Leisure Research
Symposium, Ashburn, VA: National Recreation and Park
Association.
Wagner, A. M., & Houlihan, D. D.(1994). Sensation seeking
and trait anxiety in hang-glider pilots and golfers.
Personality and Individual Differences, 16, 975-977.
Walsh, V., & Golins, G.(1976). The exploration of the Outward
Bound process. Denver, CO: Colorado Outward Bound
School.
Wall, A. H. (1997). Pursuing risk or insight marketing
adventure. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(2), 265-282.
Wann, D. L(1997). Sport psychology. Upper Saddle River,
NJ: Prentice Hall.
Weber, K.(2001). Outdoor adventure tourism: A review of
research approaches. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(2),
360-377.
Weiner, B. (1986). An attributional theory of achievement and emotion. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Williams, D., Schreyer, R. & Knopf, R.(1990). The effect of the
experience use history on the multidimensional structure of
motivation to participate in leisure activities. Journal of
Leisure Research, 24(2), 265-282.
Witman, J. P.(1995). Characteristics of adventure programs
value by adolescents in treatment. Monograph on Youth
in the 1990s, 4, 127-135.
Yates, J. F.(1992). Epilogue. In J. F. Yates (Ed.), Risk-taking
behavior (pp.321-330). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Yerkes, R.(1985). High adventure in organized camping. Trends,
22(3), 10-11.
Yuan, K. H., & Bentler, P. M.(1997). Improving parameter tests
in covariance structure analysis. Computational Statistics
& Data Analysis, 26, 177-198.
Zuckerman, M.(1979). Sensation seeking: Beyond the optimal
level of arousal. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates.
Zuckerman, M. (1980). Sensations seeking and its biological
correlates. Psychological Bulletin, 88(1), 45-52.
Zuckerman, M. (1983). Sensation seeking and sports.
Personality and Individual Differences, 4, 285-293.
Zuckerman, M., & Kuhlman, D. M.(2000). Personality and
risk-taking: Common biosocial factors. Journal of
Personality, 68, 999-1029.
 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
:::
無相關著作
 
無相關點閱
 
QR Code
QRCODE