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題名：「可信任的陌生感」：關於將複雜性概念引入民主(化)與社會信任之連結的另種思考
書刊名：政治與社會哲學評論
作者：劉育成
作者(外文)：Liu, Yu-cheng
出版日期：2015
卷期：52
頁次：頁123-180
主題關鍵詞：社會信任；系統信任；民主；複雜性；社會不信任；可信任的陌生感；Social trust；System trust；Democracy；Social distrust；To-be-trusted strangeness
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本文主要論點是，社會信任與民主（化）的關係或許不如過去研究所呈現的如此直觀，過去研究多指出（社會）信任是民主化發展的基石，而民主也會滋養（社會）信任。然而，兩者間或許不一定呈現正向關係。其原因之一可能在於有關以個人為核心而產生之信任，以及以社會或系統為核心所產生之信任，兩者在性質與功能上之區別的討論未受到關注。信任研究多將社會信任視為一種個人所擁有的特質，並藉以指出信任與民主之間相互強化、滋養的關係。本研究一方面嘗試在文獻回顧部分先指出過去對兩者區別之探究，另一方面則嘗試論述，在民主社會及朝向民主化發展的過程中，除了伴隨著社會複雜性（socialcomplexity）之增加外，民主化進程與民主的深化亦要求更高度的複雜性，以回應社會信任內涵在現代社會中的轉化。據此，本文將論述，有關社會信任的討論需要輔以對複雜性的觀察，而社會信任的內涵則轉化並表現為「社會不信任」：一種能夠施以不信任的可能性。此外，複雜性與民主（化）的共同演化（co-evolving）使得在對此種可能性持續論題化（thematization）的過程中，迸生出一種「可信任的陌生感（to-be-trusted strangeness）」。本文從「全球信任度調查」的結果作為切入點，除了嘗試論述人際信任與社會信任在分析上是能夠區別開來的，但在研究方法上卻不容易進行操作與測量之外，民主（化）與社會信任不一定呈正向關係。這指出的是，在民主社會中，社會信任度低不一定表示不支持民主，而是人們更清楚其所擁有能夠施予不信任的可能性。社會信任度低表示民主的發展與深化更要求以「社會不信任」作為複雜性化約之機制，以處理隨時可能因「信任」而發生的風險與危機。
This article examines the relationship between social trust and democracy/democratization, and indicates its not so intuitively positive correlation. One of its reasons may lie in the confusion between personally generated trust and socially or systematically generated trust. They were seldom discussed with regard to their qualitative and functional differences. It will be the task of this article, on one hand, to clarify what either of them means, and on the other hand, to bring to the forth the idea of complexity in response to the changing meaning of social trust in the modern society. Democracy or democratization makes the world more complicate and hence its development or consolidation requires higher ability to reduce complexity. One of our arguments will be that the observation on complexity will be needed in discussing social trust, and the content of social trust will be transformed into social distrust: a possibility of showing distrust. Besides, this article will also argue that a kind of ＂strangeness that can be trusted＂ will emerge from the co-evolution of complexity and democracy/democratization. Based on the results from 2011 Edelman Trust Barometer and 2014 Edelman Trust Barometer Global Results, we conclude that personally generated trust and socially or systematically generated trust can be differentiated analytically yet difficult to evaluate methodologically. On the other hand, democracy/ democratization and social trust are not intuitively positively correlated. This is not to say that democracy requires no more social trust to maintain and consolidate. In democracy, lower degree of social trust does not mean that democracy will not be supported; in this case, people know clearly that they have the possibility to show distrust. It also indicates that the development and consolidation of democracy require this social distrust as a mechanism of reducing complexity in order to handle with the risk and danger generated by ＂(social) trust＂.
期刊論文
1.劉育成(20110300)。突現作為弔詭：從整體／部分到形式／媒介之區別的社會系統理論觀察。政治與社會哲學評論，36，39-86。new window  延伸查詢new window
2.McCarthy, Thomas(1985)。Complexity and Democracy, or the Seducements of Systems Theory。New German Critique，35，27-54。  new window
3.Bergh, Andreas、Bjørnskov, Christian(2001)。Historical Trust Levels Predict the Current Size of the Welfare State。Kyklos，64(1)，1-19。  new window
4.劉育成(20110300)。對民主(化)的另種觀察 : 在結構與過程之辯證下的宗教與政治系統之分化發展。社會理論學報，14(1)，57-103。new window  延伸查詢new window
5.Bjørnskov, Christian(2006)。Determinants of Generalized Trust: A Cross-Country Comparison。Public Choice，130(1/2)，1-21。  new window
6.Evans-Pritchard, E. E.(1933)。Zande Blood Brotherhood。Africa: Journal of the International African Institute，6(4)，369-401。  new window
7.Letki, Naralia、Evans, Geoffrey(2005)。Endogenizing Social Trust: Democratization in East-Central Europe。British Journal of Political Science，35(3)，515-529。  new window
8.Lin, Ka(2005)。Cultural Traditions and the Scandinavian Social Policy Model。Social Policy and Administration，39(7)，723-739。  new window
9.Medd, Will(2002)。Complexity and the Social World。International Journal of Social Research Methodology，5(1)，71-81。  new window
10.Liu, Yu-Cheng(2012)。Ethnomethodology Reconsidered: The Practical Logic of Systems Theory。Current Sociology，60(5)，581-598。  new window
11.White, Harrison、Fuhse, Jan、Thiemann, Matthias、Buchholz, Larissa(2007)。Networks and Meaning: Styles and Switchings。Soziale Systeme，13(1/2)，543-555。  new window
12.王中天(20101200)。當社會信任遇見政治信任--對政治文化觀點的整合與檢驗。臺灣民主季刊，7(4)，47-83。new window  延伸查詢new window
13.郭承天、吳煥偉(19970900)。民主與經濟發展：結合質與量的研究方法。問題與研究，36(9)，75-98。new window  延伸查詢new window
14.Newton, Kenneth(2001)。Trust, Social Capital, Civil Society, and Democracy。International Political Science Review，22(2)，201-214。  new window
15.Rustow, Dankwart A.(1970)。Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model。Comparative Politics，2(3)，337-363。  new window
會議論文
1.湯志傑(2003)。以公共性建立自主性：談如何面對華人傳統「政治」的幽靈。2003年台灣社會學年會，台灣社會學學會 (會議日期: 20031129-20031130)。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.Höpfl, Harro(1991)。Luther and Calvin on Secular Authority。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
2.Seligman, A. B.(1997)。The Problem of Trust。Princeton, NJ：Princeton University Press。  new window
3.Durkheim, E.、Coser, L. A.(1997)。The Division of Labor in Society。New York, NY：Free Press。  new window
4.Cilliers, Paul、Preiser, Rika(2010)。Complexity, Difference and Identity。London, U.K：Springer。  new window
5.Edelman(2014)。2014 Edelman Trust Barometer Global Results。Chicago。  new window
6.Edelman(2011)。2011 Edelman Trust Barometer Executive Summary。Chicago：New York：Edelman。  new window
7.King, Michael、Thornhill, Chris(2003)。Niklas Luhmann's Theory of Politics and Law。New York：Palgrave Macmillan。  new window
8.Katherine, Anne(2013)。Boundaries in an Overconnected World。Novato, California：New World Library。  new window
9.Locke, John(1924)。Two Treaties of Government。London：Orion Publishing Group。  new window
10.Musil, Robert、Wilkins, Sophie、Pike, Burton(1995)。The Man Without Qualities。New York：Vintage International。  new window
11.La Porte, T. R.(1975)。Organized Social Complexity: Challenge to Politics and Policy。Princeton, New Jersey：Princeton University Press。  new window
12.Stoneman, Paul(2008)。This Thing Called Trust: Civil Society in Britain。New York：Palgrave Macmillan。  new window
13.Yamagishi, Toshio、Wang, Feixue(1998)。The Structure of Trust: An Evolutionary Game of Mind and Society。Tokyo：Tokyo University Press。  new window
14.Sørensen, Georg、李酉潭、陳志瑋(1998)。民主與民主化。台北：韋伯文化。  延伸查詢new window
15.Barber, Bernard(1983)。The Logic and Limits of Trust。New Brunswick, New Jersey：Rutgers University Press。  new window
16.Collins, R.(1982)。Sociological insight: An introduction to non-obvious sociology。New York：Oxford University Press。  new window
17.Luhmann, Niklas、King-Utz, Elizabeth、Albrow, Martin(1985)。A Sociological Theory of Law。Routledge and Kegan Paul。  new window
18.Buskens, Vincent(2002)。Social Networks and Trust。New York：Kluwer Academic Publishers。  new window
19.Herreros, Francisco(2004)。The Problem of Forming Social Capital: Why Trust?。New York：Palgrave Macmillan。  new window
20.Luhmann, Niklas、Kieserling, André(2002)。Die Religion der Gesellschaft。Frankfurt am Main：Suhrkamp。  new window
21.Zolo, Danilo、McKie, David(1992)。Democracy and Complexity: A Realist Approach。Cambridge：Polity Press。  new window
22.Sztompka, Piotr(1999)。Trust: A Sociological Theory。Cambridge, Massachusetts：Cambridge University Press。  new window
23.Burt, Ronald S.(1995)。Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition。Harvard University Press。  new window
24.Dahl, Robert Alan(1998)。On Democracy。Yale University Press。  new window
25.Fukuyama, F.(1995)。Trust: The Social Values and the Creation of Prosperity。New York：Free Press。  new window
26.Durkheim, David Émile、Fields, Karen E.(1995)。The Elementary Forms of Religious Life。The Free Press。  new window
27.Luhmann, N.(1979)。Trust and Power: Two Works。Chichester。  new window
28.Parsons, T.(1937)。The Structure of Social Action: A Study in Social Theory with Special Reference to a Group of European Writers。New York, NY：McGraw-Hill：The Free Press。  new window
29.Arrow, Kenneth J.(1974)。The Limits of Organization。New York：W. W. Norton。  new window
30.Misztal, Barbara A.(1996)。Trust in Modern Societies: the Search for the Bases of Social Order。Cambridge：Polity Press。  new window
31.Bellah, Robert N.、Madsen, Richard、Sullivan, William M.、Swidler, Ann、Tipton, Steven M.(1985)。Habits of the heart: Individualism and commitment in American life。University of California Press。  new window
32.Garfinkel, Harold(1967)。Studies in Ethnomethodology。Englewood Cliffs, NJ：Cambridge：Prentice-Hall：Polity Press。  new window
33.Dahl, Robert A.(1971)。Polyarchy: Participation & Opposition。New Haven, CT。  new window
34.Esping-Andersen, Gøsta(1990)。The Three World of Welfare Capitalism。Oxford：Polity Press。  new window
35.Williamson, Oliver E.(1975)。Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications。New York, NY：Free Press。  new window
36.Warren, Mark E.(1999)。Democracy and Trust。Cambridge University Press。  new window
37.Urry, John(2003)。Global Complexity。Polity。  new window
38.Williamson, Oliver E.(1985)。The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms Markets, Relational Contracting。Macmillan, Ltd：Free Press。  new window
39.Simmel, Georg、Wolff, Kurt H.(1950)。The Sociology of Georg Simmel。Free Press。  new window
40.Putnam, Robert D.、Leonardi, Robert、Nanetti, Raffaella Y.(1993)。Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy。Princeton University Press。  new window
41.Coleman, James Samuel(1990)。Foundations of social Theory。Belknap Press of Harvard University Press。  new window
42.Luhmann, Niklas、Holmes, Stephen、Larmore, Charles(1982)。The Differentiation of Society。Columbia University Press。  new window
其他
1.Medrano, Jaime D.(2011)。Interpersonal Trust，http://www.jdsurvey.net/jds/jdsurveyMaps.jsp?Idioma=IandSeccionTexto=0404andNOID=104。  new window
圖書論文
1.Luhmann, Niklas(1986)。Temporalization of Complexity。Sociocybrnetic Paradoxes: Observations, Control and Evolution of Self-Steering Systems。London：Sage Publications Ltd.。  new window
2.Laliberté, André(2003)。Religious Change and Democratization in Postwar Taiwan: Mainstream Buddhist Organizations and the Kuomintang, 1947-1996。Religion in Modern Taiwan: Tradition and Innovation in a Changing Society。Honolulu, Hawaii：University of Hawaii Press。  new window
3.Inglehart, Ronald(1999)。Trust, Well-being and Democracy。Democracy and Trust。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
4.Niklas, Luhmann(1987)。The Evolutionary Differentiation between Society and Interaction。The Micro-Macro Link。New York。  new window
5.Gregersen, Niels H.(2006)。Emergence and Complexity。The Oxford Handbook on Religion and Science。Oxford：New York：Oxford University Press。  new window
6.Hardin, Russell(1999)。Do We Want Trust in Government?。Democracy and Trust。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
7.Luhmann, Niklas(1981)。Communication about Law in Interaction Systems。Advances in Social Theory and Methodology: Toward an Integration of Micro- and Macro-Sociologies。Boston：London：Henley：Routledge and Kegan Paul。  new window
8.Rubinstein, Marray A.(2003)。Christianity and Democratization in Modern Taiwan: The Presbyterian Church and the Struggle for Minnan/Hakka Selfhood in the Republic of China。Religion in Modern Taiwan: Tradition and Innovation in a Changing Society。Honolulu, Hawaii：University of Hawaii Press。  new window
9.Uslaner, Eric M.(1999)。Democracy and Social Capital。Democracy and Trust。Cambridge University Press。  new window
10.Luhmann, Niklas(1988)。Familiarity, confidence, trust: Problems and alternatives。Trust: Making and breaking cooperative relations。Basil Blackwell。  new window
 
 
 
 
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