:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
題名:超越內國行政法與國際法--氣候變遷全球行政法的演變、形貌與影響
作者:林春元 引用關係
作者(外文):Chun-Yuan Lin
校院名稱:國立臺灣大學
系所名稱:法律學研究所
指導教授:葉俊榮
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2012
主題關鍵詞:氣候變遷聯合國氣候變化綱要公約京都議定書全球行政法減緩調適Climate ChangeUNFCCCKyoto ProtocolmitigationadaptationGlobal Administrative law
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(5) 博士論文(0) 專書(1) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:2
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:122
面對急迫而棘手的全球氣候變遷議題,全球各地的法律學者積極尋找有效的制度因應。然而,無論是從既有制度或從抽象理論取徑出發,都會面臨傳統內國行政法和國際法二元架構的侷限。既無法以各國內國行政法的方式有效處理跨界大尺度的氣候變遷問題,也難以在政治對立的國際法脈絡中發展有效而完整的管制規範。在法律討論難以聚焦之時,國際上已經進行了將近二十年的氣候變遷規範化過程,已經形成的複雜龐大規範體系,實際上進行全球的氣候變遷管制,左右全球各種行動者的行為。這個規範體系雖然發展自國際條約,卻早已逸脫傳統國際法的理解,而逐漸浮現以往內國行政法的特色。然而,這個理應作為各國與全球因應氣候變遷規範討論重要基礎的規範發展,卻未受到應有的重視,目前為止少見有完整精確的掌握。究竟現在在全球發展運作的氣候變遷規範體系的形貌為何?在規範發展上有何重要的意義?其成因與影響又是如何?是本文核心問題。
本文以氣候變化綱要公約、京都議定書兩個國際條約,以及其締約國大會歷年發展的決定和規範為分析對象,並且借用全球行政法的理論作為方法論,整理耙梳現行氣候變遷規範的形貌與規範定位。。全球行政法的理論在本文有三個重要的作用:作為一種法律概念來理解氣候變遷規範的形貌與定位、作為一個分析架構剖析氣候變遷規範發展與形成的脈絡原因、以及作為規範性的檢驗框架。透過全球行政法的理論,我們得以看到現行規範體系的面貌與定位、分析規範的不同模式、成因與意義,以此作為國內外後續氣候變遷規範研究的基礎和啟發。
本文首先整理氣候變遷規範發展在正式條約的初步成果--氣候變化綱要公約與京都議定書的發展與內容。氣候變遷的規範化一開始就因為集體行動的困難而採取國際規範的形式,形成聯合國氣候變化綱要公約。綱要公約建構了氣候變遷規範的四大支柱—減緩、調適、遵行機制與支持系統,在共同但區分的責任架構下,建立後續規範的重要基礎。不過在科學不確定、代際正義與政治衝突的背景下,氣候變遷的初次規範化雖然有很高的規範目標,實際規範從原則、組織和規範內容都有高度的妥協性,形成規範目標和現實之間的落差,有賴後續的進一步補充和強化。
第3章延續處理氣候變遷的第二次規範化—京都議定書。議定書討論當時,有拘束力的減量規範成為國際共識,卻也激起更尖銳的政治對立影響了規範的形成。議定書重點放在減緩規範的強化與深化,形成對於附件一國家網狀、有拘束力、定期的減緩規範。在不同國家陣營的政治角力下,議定書沒能形成強制有效的遵行機制,卻建立氣候變遷規範的第五個支柱—彈性機制。在此之外,議定書一方面形成多元的治理與規範形成機制,另方面也形成更為具體、以行政為導向的規範內容,偏離了傳統國際法的預設與想像。議定書的發展,本文主張,已經出現學者所稱的全球行政法徵兆。
第4章進一步研析全球行政法理論與內涵。全球行政法發展自多元主體的全球行政空間,從多種機制和多種法源產生。全球行政法是對於全球行政行政空間多元治理主體的行政行為的規範要求,以責信為主要內容,有四個特色:多元主體全球行政空間、行政導向的規範、行政法原則以及受社會承認的公共法。因為治理脈絡與國際關係秩序模式的不同,全球行政法可至少能會產生三種不同的規範模式:「協調合作模式」、「合法性控制模式」與「市場導向模式」。本文進一步主張,議定書之後,現行的全球氣候變遷規範是透過歷次締約國大會決定累積形成的。其持續朝向全球行政法發展,並且在不同規範領域更具體地體現了三種全球行政法模式的內容。在調適、技術移轉與能力建立的部分,展現了「協調合作模式」;減量、遵行與財務機制部分強調「合法性控制」模式;「市場導向」模式則呈現在彈性機制與碳市場的部分。第5~7 章分別整理介紹體制內三種模式的具體規範形貌,呈現全球行政法在氣候變遷體制內的規範重點、形式與密度。
第5章的調適、能力建立與技術移轉三個領域,以傳統國際法國家自己責任為基調,強調是國家之間的協調與合作,以共同政策架構、資訊的建立交流以及資源支持與連結為核心的規範方式,展現出協調與合作模式的全球行政法規範模式。不過近年的締約國大會決定逐漸重視相關機制的建立與系統化,使得合法性控制也逐漸成為重要的規範需求。
第6章整理減緩、遵行與財務機制的規範。此部分的規範反映了更強的管制需求與結構,有更多的機制建立和授權,除了形成多元主體的治理網絡,也在更為複雜零碎的行政導向規範中浮現行政法的要求,包括機制責信、程序正當和權利保護。整體而言,是以機制和國家合法性控制為核心,主要目的是在提供機制運作的行政規則,以事前明確、可預測的規則,讓締約國與各個機制可以依據規則執行任務、參與機制的運作,確保機制實現公約體制的共同目標,使權力行使受到合法的控制。現行規範合法性控制展現於機制化與規則具體化、監督與程序正當國家權利保護的出現。
第7章彈性機制和碳市場的部分,雖然都有協調合作和合法性控制的要求,但產生不同的特色。特色在於形成私人參與的市場治理結構,並且以市場健全、維護交易安全為目的,一方面形成客觀可預測的市場規則,另方面透過資訊開放、程序與權利的賦予,強化交易安全。
分析氣候變遷領域全球行政法的發展與實踐後,本文進而探討氣候變遷全球行政法形成的原因脈絡。第8章主張現行氣候變遷全球行政法的特殊形貌,不是氣候變遷全球互賴特性必然可以產生的。在國際政治脈絡下,氣候變遷規範的全球行政法化,是透過制度的選擇、機制策略與及國家動機三者相互作用,才可能產生的。首先公約與議定書的制度選擇相當程度決定了後續締約國大會規範發展的方向,而這些制度的選擇是政治角力與妥協下的產物。其次,締約國大會面臨機制侷限與體制障礙,透過協商管理與工作規劃、機制授權,避免政治衝突過度擠壓規範討論與形成的空間,使得締約國大會有可能持續回應規範填補的需求。再者,氣候變遷體制內的全球行政法化乃是以「軟法法治化」的模式進展,透過機制的授權與規則的具體化,持續強化規範的效力和有效性。此種軟法法治化的進展模式,是因為其一方面有助於協商的持續,另方面同時吻合已開發國家和開發中國家陣營自利動機。
第9章從全球行政法抽象的規範要求角度,檢視現行體制內氣候變遷規範的不足與未來的發展方向。全球行政法作為規範要求,強調治理機制的責信問題,來回應氣候變遷治理的正當性危機。從機制責信的角度檢視現行規範,會發現現行體制責信不足部分發生在規範形成機制欠缺責信、責信方式與程度要求不足以責信對象的狹隘三個方面。未來責信規範的強化,除了既有責信機制的深化內化之外,還可以著力於MRV的強化、司法機制的配套與私人和市民社會的借力。全球行政法的規範要求,在減緩治理正當性危機之外,還可以減少氣候變遷治理政治化所產生的效率和規範形成困境。在處理完體制內的規範之外,本文也注意到體制外氣候變遷多元規範的形成以及因應可能。
第10章回到台灣的角度,思考全球行政法對台灣因應氣候變遷的啟示與建議。在全球行政法的發展下,台灣長期以來被排除在國際法體制之外的情形反而有不同的可能性。可以透過不同的主體型態參與全球氣候變遷的治理,並且可以透過責信的共同原則,要求國際體制的程序必須正當。全球行政法的發展也暴露出台灣在接軌全球氣候變遷治理基礎建設和規範的不足。
本文研究氣候變遷規範與全球行政法的理論上有四個重要貢獻。首先,透過氣候變遷體制的國際規範以及歷次締約國大會決定的規範累積,加上全球行政法理論,本文的研究可以將氣候變遷的討論從科學迷思和政治對立的爭論中,重新聚焦於法規範層面的因應。第二,氣候變遷全球行政法的提出,提供了理解現行氣候變遷規範全貌與定位的基礎。未來氣候變遷規範的研究,可以跳脫內國行政法與國際法二元的框架,不侷限在既有制度因應、移植外國法、抽象理論創造與套用國際法的路徑。而是可以在全盤瞭解現行全球氣候變遷規範的內容與規範意義之上,持續研究發展氣候變遷規範的可能性。
全球行政法理論在氣候變遷規範研究的引進,在釐清現行規範的定位之外,還有第三個重要貢獻:建立氣候變遷規範討論的共通基礎。亦即,目前氣候變遷法制因應多聚焦於個別制度的設計爭議,但無論從既有制度、抽象理論或者經驗現實的討論,都眾說紛紜,莫衷一是。沒有一種觀點和路徑取得最低的共識和接受,未來制度的創造及對現行制度的檢討,也因此容易失去對話的共通平台,各說各話。全球行政法將焦點放在跨國治理機制的正當性問題,提出機制責信的規範要求,使得氣候變遷規範的討論可以超越各國制度差異和意識型態的對立,形成普遍但共同接受的規範要求,並且對既有制度提出檢驗和改革的方向。
本文的第四個貢獻,是透過氣候變遷具體的規範、歷史和脈絡,在兩方面回饋全球行政法的理論。首先是全球行政法的理論沒有深刻地處理其形成的原因,停留在「全球化促成全球行政法」的線性論述。氣候變遷規範的發展,具體地提供了締約國政治動機、國際政治結構、規範形成機制與全球行政法化過程之間關連的豐富素材,有助於看到全球行政法形成更為動態迂迴的軌跡路徑。其次是普遍性宣稱的全球行政法,並不是均質而毫無差異的。其可能因為具體治理的需求與國際關係脈絡不同而有不同的規範模式。氣候變遷規範的發展和現狀,進一步回應並說明了全球行政法的可能不同模式,以及其具體的實踐和形貌,使得全球行政法在全球治理作用上有更多更為實際的可能研究。
While climate change has been recognized as the most serious challenge for global society, a global solution is far from clear. Scholars approach this issue through institutional or theoretical methods, however, encounter the limits instituted in the dichotomy structure of national law and international law. Neither domestic administrative law, nor international could properly address climate change challenges. What is underestimated is the huge and complex normative system which has been developed two decades. This normative system, although derived from international regime, has been departed from its traditional route and regulated all climate-related actors globally. What are the contents and features of this normative system? How should we define them from law’s perspective? How it was formed and what effects it is going to bring about?
This dissertation analyzes United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol, as well as all decisions that has been produced by Conference of Parties (COP) through the theory of global administrative law.
This dissertation argues that, articles of convention and rules made by COP and other subsidiary bodies have created a huge normative system. Different from traditional international law, this normative system embodies the features of typical administrative law. The Climate Change regime has represent what scholars called “global administrative law.”
Furthermore, I argue the global administrative law in climate change regime has developed three models—coordinative and cooperation model, legality control model, and market-oriented model. These models represent in different fields of climate change regime. Regulations regarding to adaptation, capacity building and technology transfer represents the coordinative model; the mitigation, compliance mechanism and financial mechanism represents the legality control model; the flexible mechanism represents the market oriented model. This dissertation further argues that, the development of global administrative law in climate change regime, cannot simply contribute to the global nature of climate change. The choice of framework, the strategy of institution, and the interest of parties, all function in the dynamics of international politics and formulate the face and content of climate change law.
Through the eyes of global administrative law, we may further examine the deficit of accountability of current regime, and shed lights for future development.
11參考書目
11.1中文
11.1.1專書與期刊論文
1.林子倫(2008)。〈台灣氣候變遷政策之論述分析〉,《公共行政學報》28期,頁153-175
2.林子倫(2009)。〈後京都氣候談判的五大難題〉,《能源報導》,2009年10月,頁9-13。
3.李建良(2010)。〈氣候變遷的法律對策與規範模式—系列總說與之一〉。「氣候變遷下的永續環境治理:法律與政策的因應模式」學術研討會。台灣大學法律學院。
4.范文清(2009)。〈評能源稅條例草案〉,《月旦法學》,174期,頁69-87。
5.汪信君(2010)。〈氣候變遷減緩與保險機制〉。「氣候變遷下的永續環境治理:法律與政策的因應模式」學術研討會。台灣大學法律學院。
6.施文真(2005)。〈台灣參與國際環保類之組織與公約的意義與可行性〉,《臺灣國際法季刊》,2卷1期,頁139-142。
7.施文真(2008)。〈氣候變遷國際管制體系與關稅暨貿易總協定/世界貿易組織之關係──以京都機制為主要探討對象〉,《綠化WTO?-貿易、環境與台灣》,頁107-153
8.施文真(2008)。〈由交易單位之法律性質重新檢視排放權交易制度與WTO之關係〉,《政大法學評論》,105期,頁121-215
9.施文真(2009)。〈溫室氣體減量法草案簡評—以排放權交易為主要分析對象〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,174期,頁47-68
10.施文真(2010)。〈氣候變遷與調適措施的財務機制〉。「氣候變遷下的永續環境治理:法律與政策的因應模式」學術研討會。台灣大學法律學院。
11.張文貞(2002)。〈面對全球化──台灣行政法發展的契機與挑戰〉,《當代公法新論(中):翁岳生教授七秩誕辰祝壽論文集》,頁7-15。台北:元照。
12.張文貞 (2010)。〈氣候變遷下的環境及政策影響評估初探:思考面向的提出〉。「氣候變遷下的永續環境治理:法律與政策的因應模式」學術研討會。台灣大學法律學院。
13.張亞中(2001)。〈全球治理:主體與權力的解析〉,《問題與研究》,40卷4期,頁1-23
14.張冠群(2009)。〈氣候變遷對責任保險法制之影響:美國法的觀察—自美國聯邦最高法院Massachusetts v. E.P.A一案出發〉,《月旦法學》,174期,頁193-222。
15.許耀明(2007)。〈氣候變化綱要公約/京都議定書、美歐不同立場與和WTO補貼暨平衡措施協定之互動〉,《中華國際法與超國界法評論》,3卷1期,頁73-120
16.許耀明(2010)。〈氣候變遷的跨國規範模式—巨災風險、跨國規範與其國際法意涵〉。「氣候變遷下的永續環境治理:法律與政策的因應模式」學術研討會。台灣大學法律學院。
17.傅岳邦、高文彬(2009)。〈京都議定書的國家履行〉,《問題與研究》,48卷1期,頁97-131new window
18.梁啟源(2008)。〈氣候變遷對臺灣經濟的影響〉,《科學發展》424期,頁50 ~ 53
19.柳中明、吳明進、林淑華、陳盈蓁、楊胤庭、林瑋翔、曾于恆、陳正達(2008)。〈台灣地區未來氣候變遷預估〉,Retrieved from http://apf.cier.edu.tw/upload/TFCCP-971225.pdf
20.袁鶴齡(2003),〈全球治理與國際合作:論其策略與困境〉,《全球政治評論》,4期,頁34-36
21.劉坤億(2003),〈全球治理的理想與現實〉,《中國行政評論》,13卷1期,頁29-56
22.蔡岳勳(2009),〈跛腳的能源法案〉,《月旦法學》,174期,頁69-87。
23.葉俊榮(1999)。《全球環境議題:台灣觀點》,台北:巨流。
24.葉俊榮(2008)。〈聯合國與永續發展:環境保育議題〉,陳隆志、陳文賢編,《聯合國:體制、功能與發展》,頁277-278。
25.葉俊榮(2009)。〈氣候變遷的治理模式:法律典範的衝擊與轉變。「氣候變遷下的永續環境治理:法律與政策的因應模式」學術研討會。台灣大學法律學院。
11.1.2碩士論文
1.張伯妃(2008)。《溫室氣體排放管制之研究》,國立臺灣海洋大學海洋法律研究所碩士論文
2.宋書帆(2007)。《論我國應有之溫室氣體減量法制》,國立清華大學科技法律研究所碩士論文
3.陳佩祺(2008)。《全球暖化與我國溫室氣體減量法制化之研究》,國立臺灣師範大學政治學研究所在職進修碩士論文
4.陳欣湉(2010)。《氣候變遷時代的新興管制:全球行政法的啟示》,頁82,國立台灣大學法律學院法律研究所碩士論文
5.王皓正(2001)。《永續發展趨勢下全球氣候變遷議題之法律問題研究》,東吳大學法律學系研究所碩士論文。
11.2英文
11.2.1 專書
1.Alfredsson, G. et al eds. (2001). The Inspection Panel of The World Bank: A Different Complaints Procedure. Hague, Netherlands: Kluwer Law International.
2.Axelrod, R. S., Downie, D. L., and Vig, N. J. (ed.) (2005), The Global Environment: Institutions, Law, and Policy. Washington D.C., CQ Press.
3.Bothe, M. and Rehbinder, E. ed. (2005). Climate Change Policy. Ulrecht, the Netherlands, Eleven International Publishing.
4.Bull, Hedley. (1977) The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order In The World Politics. New York: Columbia University Press
5.Caron, David D. & Harry N. Scheiber eds. (2004) Bring New Law to Ocean Waters. CA: Law of the Sea Institute, University of California
6.Carraro, C. ed. (2000), Efficiency and Equity of Climate Change Policy. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
7.Clark, Dana. et al. eds. (2003). Demanding Accountability: Civil-Society Claims And The World Bank Inspection Pane., Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc
8.Coase, R. H. (1988). The Firm, the Market and the Law. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
9.Conca, Ken. Michael Alberty, and Geoffry D. Dabelko. (1995). Green Planet Blues: Environmental Politics from Stockholm to Rio. Boulder, CO: Westview Press
10.Doelle, M. (2005), From Hot Air to Action: Climate Change, Compliance and the Future of International Environmental Law. Toronto, Canada: Thomson Carswell.
11.Faure, M. and Peeters, M. (ed.) (2008), Climate Change and European Emission Trading, UK, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
12.Faure, M. and Ying, S. (ed.) (2008), China and International Environmental Liability: Legal Remedies for Transboundary Pollution, UK, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
13.Franck, Thomas M. (1995). Fairness in International Law and Institution, New York: Oxford University Press
14.Gerrard, M. B. (ed.) (2007), Global Climate Change and U.S. Law, Chicago, American Bar Association.
15.Harris, P. G. ed. (2007), Europe and Global Climate Change: Politics, Foreign Policy and Regional Cooperation, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
16.Harris, P. G. ed. (2009), The Politics of Climate Change: Environmental Dynamics in International Affairs, New York: Routledge.
17.Hatch, M. T. (ed.) (2005), Environmental Policymaking,: Assessing the Use of Alternative Policy Instruments, New York, State University of New York Express.
18.Held, D. (1995). Democracy and the Global Order, Cambridge: Polity Press
19.Held, D. & Keonig-Archibugi eds., (2003). Taming Globalization: Frontiers Of Governance, UK, Cambridge: Polity Press.
20.Henkin, Louis. (1979). How Nations Behave: Law And Foreign Policy, New York: Columbia University Press
21.Humphreys, Stephen ed. (2010). Human rights and climate change, New York: Cambridge University Press
22.Hunter, David., James Salzman, & Durwood Zaelke, (2007). International Environmental Law and Policy, West Publishing Company
23.Helm, D. and Hepburn C. ed. (2009), The Economics and Politics of Climate Change, New York: Oxford University Press.
24.Jepma, C. J., and Munasinghe, M. (1998), Climate Change Policy: Facts, Issues, and Analysis, UK, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
25.Koh, K-L, Lye, L-H, and Lin, J. ed. (2010). Crucial Issues in Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol: Asia and the World, Singapore, World Scientific.
26.Krisch, Nico. (2010). Global Administrative Law and the Constitutional Ambition, in M. Loughlin & P. Dobner (Eds.), The Twilight of Constitutionalism?, (pp. 245-266). Oxford: Oxford University Press, ,
27.Linklater, Andrew. (1998). The Transformation Of Political Community: Ethical Foundations For A Post-Westphalian Age, Cambridge: Polity Press
28.Loughlin M. et al eds. (2007). The Paradox Of Constitutionalism: Constituent Power And Constitutional Form. Oxford: Oxford University Press
29.Louka, Elli. (2006). International Environmental Law: Fairness, Effectiveness, And World Order. New York: Cambridge University Press
30.Mearns, R. and Norton, A. ed. (2010). Social Dimensions of Climate Change, Washington D.C.: The World Bank.
31.Peeters, M. and Deketelaere K. ed. (2006). EU Climate Change Policy: The Challenge of New Regulatory Initiatives, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
32.Posner, Eric A. (2009). The Perils of Global Legalism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
33.Porter, Gareth. & Brown, Janet W. (1991). Global Environmental Politics, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
34.Roberts, J. Timmons & Parks, Bradley C. (2007). A Climate Of Injustice: Global Inequality, North-South Politics, And Climate Policy, MIT Press
35.Robinson, J., Barton, J., Dodwell C., Heydon M., and Milton, L. (2007). Climate Change Law: Emission Trading in the EU and the UK, London: Cameron May Ltd.
36.Rosenzweig, C., M. L. Parry, G. Fiser and K. Fohberg, (I993). Climate Change and World Food Supplies; Research Report No. 3. Oxford: University of Oxford, Environmental Change Unit.
37.Schneider, S. H., Rosencranz, A., Mastrandrea, M. D., and Kuntz-Duriseti, K. ed. (2010). Climate Change Science and Policy, Washington D.C.: Island Press.
38.Sandor, R. L., Bettelheim, E. C. and Swingland, I. R. (2002) An overview of a free-market approach to climate change and conservation, in: I. R. Swingland (Ed.) Capturing Carbon and Conserving Biodiversity: The Market Approach, (pp. 56–69), London: Earthscan.
39.Schoenbrod, David., Stewart, Richard B. & Wyman, Katriba M. (2010). Breaking the logjam—Environmental protection that will work, New Haven: Yale University Press.
40.Schreuder, Y. (2009). The Corporate Greenhouse: Climate Change Policy in a Globalizing World, New York: Zed Books Ltd.
41.Shaw, Malcolm N. (2003). International Law, Massachusetts: Cambridge University Press
42.Slaughter, Anne-Marie. (2004). A New World Order, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
43.Smith, J. and Shearman, D. (2006). Climate Change Litigation: Analyzing the Law, Scientific Evidence & Impacts on the Environment, Health & Property, Australia, Adelaide: Presidian Legal Publications.
44.Spector, Bertram I., Gunnar Sjoestedt and I William Zartman eds. (1994). Negotiating International Regimes; Lessons Learned From The United National Conference On Environment And Development, Boston : Graham & Trotman/Martinus Nijhoff
45.Steward, R.B., Kingsbury, B. & Rudyk, B. (2009). Climate Finance: regutory and Funding Strategies for climate Change and Global Development, New York: NYU Press
46.Verheyen, Roda. (2005), Climate Change Damage and International Law, the Netherlands, Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
47.Yamin, Farhana. & Depledge Joanna, (2004). The international climate change regime: a guide of rules, institutions and procedure, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
48.Young, Iris. M. (2000). Inclusion And Democracy, Oxford: Oxford University Press
49.Zillman, D., Redgwell, C., Omorogbe, Y. O, and Barrera-Hernandez, L. K ed. (2008). Beyond the Carbon Economy: Energy Law in Transition, New York: Oxford University Press.

11.2.2期刊論文
1.Abbott, Kennedy. & Duncan Snidal, (2000). Hard and Soft Law in International Governance. International Organization, 54, 421-456.
2.Ackerly, B. & Michael P. V. (2007-2008). Climate Change Justice: The Challenge for Global Governance. Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, 20, 553-571
3.Adler, Jonathan H. (2007). When is two a crowd? The impact of federal action on state environmental regulation. Harvard Environmental Law Review, 31, 67-114
4.Asselt, Harro van., & Joyeeta Gupta.(2009). Stretching Too Far? Developing Countries and the Role of Flexibility Mechanisms Beyond Kyoto. Stanford Environmental Law Journal J. 28, 311-378
5.Barry Rabe et al., (2005). State competition as a source of driving climate change mitigation. New York University Environmental Law Journal, 14, 1-53
6.Berman, Paul Schiff. (2005). From International Law to Law and Globalization. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 43, 485-556
7.Betsill, Michele. (2002) Environmental NGOs Meet The Sovereign State: The Kyoto Protocol Negotiations On Global Climate Change, Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy, 13, 49-64.
8.Bodansky, Daniel. (1993). The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: A Commentary. Yale Journal of International Law, 18, 451-559
9.Bodansky, Daniel. (1999). The Legitimacy of International Governance: A Coming Challenge for International Environmental Law?. American Journal of International Law. 93 (3), 596-624.
10.Bodansky, Daniel. (2009). Is There an International Environmental Constitution?. Indiana Journal Of Global Legal Study, 16, 565-584
11.Boyd, William. (2011). Climate Change, Fragmentation, and The Challenges of Global Environmental Law: Elements of a Post-Copenhagen Assemblage. University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law, 32, 457-547
12.Breidenich, Clare., Magraw, Daniel, Rowley, Anne, & Rubin, James W. (1998). The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. American Journal of International law, 92, 315-331
13.Bruch, Carl. (2006). Is International Environmental Law Really“Law”? An Analysis of Application in Domestic Courts. Pace Environmental Law Review, 23, 423-464
14.Brunnee, Jutta. (2002) COPing with Consent: Law-Making Under Multilateral Environmental Agreements. Leiden Journal of International Law, 15, 1-52
15.Buchahan, Ruth. (2003). Perpetual Peace or Perpetual Process: Global Civil Society and Cosmopolitan Legality at the World Trade Organization. Leiden Journal of International Law, 16, 673-699.
16.Burleson, Elizabeth. (2010). Climate Change Consensus: Emerging International Law. William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review, 34, 542-588
17.Burton, Ian., Huq Saleemul, Lim, Bo, Pilifpsova, Olga, Schipper, Emma Lisa. (2002). From Impacts Assessment to Adaptation Priorities: The Shaping of Adaptation Policy. Climate Policy, 2, 145-159
18.Buzan, Barry. (2001). The English School: An Underexploited Resource in IR. Review of International Study, 27, 4823-464
19.Camacho, Alejandro E. (2009). Adapting Governance to Climate Change: Managing Uncertainty Through a Learning Infrastructure. Emory Law Journal, 59, 1-78
20.Carlarne, Cinnamon. (2010) The Glue That Binds or The Straw That Broke the Camel’s Back?:Exploring The Implications of U.S. Reengagement in Global Climate Change Negotiations. Tulane Journal International Law & Comparative Law, 19, 113-150
21.Carlson, Ann E. (2009). Iterative Federalism and Climate Change. Northwestern University Law Review, 103, 1097-1162
22.Cassese, Sabino. (2004-2005). Administrative Law Without State? The Challenge of Global Regulation. New York University Journal of International L & Policy, 37, 663-694
23.Cassese, Sabino. (2005). The Globalization of Law. New York University Journal of International L & Policy, 37, 973-993
24.Cassese, Sabino. (2005). Global Standards for National Administrative Procedure. Law And Contemporary Problems, 68, 109-126
25.Cerny, (1999). Globalization and the Erosion of Democracy. European Journal of Political Research, 36, 1-26.
26.Chesterman, Simon. (2008). Globalization Rules: Accountability, Power, and the Prospects for Global Administrative Law. Global Governance. 14 (1), 39-52.
27.Chimni, Bhupinder S. (2005). Cooption and Resistance: Two Faces of Global Administrative Law. New York University Journal of International Law and Policy, 37, 799-828
28.Christopher, Caleb W. (2008). Success By A Thousand Cuts: The Use of Environmental Impact Assessment In Addressing Climate Change. Vermont Journal of Environmental Law, 9, 549-613
29.Cohen, Joshua and Sabel, Charles F. (2006). Global Democracy? New York University Journal of International Law and Politics. 37, 763-797.
30.Cooper, Deborah E. (1999). The Kyoto Protocol and china: Global Warming’s Sleeping Giant. Georgetown International Law Review, 11, 401-438
31.Craig, Robin Kundis. (2010). "Stationarity is Dead" -Long Live Transformation: Five Principles for Climate Change Adaptation Law. Harvard Environemtnal Law Review, 34, 9-74
32.Dellapenna, Joseph W. (2000). Law in a Shrinking World: The Interaction of Science and Technology with International law. Kentucky Law Journal, 88, 809-880
33.Downs, George., David M. Rocke, and Peter N. Barsoom, (1996) Is the Good News about Compliance Good News about Cooperation?. International Organization, 50, 379-406.
34.Driesen, David M. (2008). Sustainable Development And Market Liberalism''s Shotgun Wedding: Emissions Trading Under The Kyoto Protocol, Indiana Law Journal, 83, 21-70.
35.Durrant, Nicola. (2007) Tortious Liability for Greenhouse Gas Emissions? Climate Change, Causation and Public Policy Considerations, QUT Law and Justice Journal, 7, 403-424
36.Eritja, Mars Campins et al. (2004). Compliance Mechanism in the Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol, 34 Revue Generale de droit, 34, 51-105
37.Estlund, David. (1993). Making Truth Safe for Democracy, in David Copp et al. (eds.,) The Idea Of Democracy (pp. 1-100), Cambridge University Press
38.Esty, Daniel C. (2006), Good Governance at the Supranational Scale: Globalizing Administrative Law, Yale Law Journal, 115, 1490-1560.
39.Farber, Daniel A. (2008). Climate Change, Federalism, and the Constitution, Arizona Law Review, 50, 879-924
40.Franck, Thomas M. (1988). Legitimacy in the International System, American Journal of International Law, 82, 705-759
41.Gerrard, M. B. (2009). .Introductory Comment: The Current State of Climate Change law, Sustainable Development Law and Policy, 10, 1-2
42.Georgiev, Dencho. (1993).Politics or Rule of Law: Deconstruction and Legitimacy in International Law, European Journal of International Law, 4, 1-14.
43.Grant, R.W. & R.O. Keohane, (2005). Accountability and Abuses of Power in World Politics, American Political Science Review, 99, 29-43
44.Grubb, Michael. (1995) Seeking Fair Weather: Ethics And International Debate On Climate Change, International Affairs, 71, 463-496
45.Gutherie, Peter. (2004) Security Council Sanctions and the Protection of Individual Rights, NYU Annual Survey Of American Law, 60, 491-542
46.Harlow, Carol. (2006). Global Administrative Law: The Quest for Principles and Values, European Journal Of International Law, 17, 158-214
47.Harris, Paul G. (1999). Common But Differentiated Responsibility: The Kyoto Protocol and United State Policy, New York University of Environmental law Journal, 7, 27-48
48.Harrison, Kathryn. and Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom, (2007). The comparative politics of Climate Change, Global Environmental Policy, 7, 1-18
49.Hathaway, Oona A.(2005). Between Power and Principle: An Integrated Theory of International Law, Chicago Law Review, 72, 469-536
50.Heinzerling, Lisa. (1998). Regulatory Costs of Mythic Proportions, Yale Law Journal, 107, 1981-2069
51.Heike Schroeder & Harriet Bulkeley, (2009). Global Cities and the Governance of Climate Change: What is the Role of Law in Cities?, 36 Fordham Urban Law Journal, 36, 313-358
52.Hunter, David B. (2009). Human Rights Implications For Climate Change Negotiations, Oregon Review Of International Law, 11, 331-364
53.Jayasuriya, Kanishkia. (1999). Globalization, Law, and the Transformation of Sovereignty: The Emergence of Global Regulatory Governance, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 6, 425-456
54.Kaplow, Louis. (2007). Discounting Dollars, Discounting Lives: Intergenerational Distributive Justice and Efficiency, University of Chicago Law Review, 74, 79-118
55.Kennedy, David. (2008). The Mystery of Global Governance, Ohio Northern University Law Review, 34, 827-860.
56.Kingsbury, Benedict., Nico Krisch and Richard B. Stewart. (2005). The Emergence of Global Administrative Law, Law & Contemporary Problems, 68, 15-61
57.Kingsbury, Benedict. (2009). The Concept of “Law” in Global Administrative Law, European Journal of International Law, 20, 23-57,
58.Kinney, Eleanor D. (2002). The Emerging Field of International Administrative Law: Its Content and Potential, Administrative Law Review, 54, 415-433
59.Kingsbury, Benedict. (2005). The Administrative Law frontier in Global Governance, Proceedings of the American Society of International Law, 99, 143-153
60.Klass, Alexandra B. & Wilson, Elizabeth J. (2008). Climate Change and Carbon Sequestration: Assessing a Liability Regime for Long-term Storage of Carbon Dioxide, Emory Law Journal, 58, 103-178.
61.Koh, Harold Hongju. (1997). Why Do Nations Obey International Law?, Yale Law Journal, 106, 2599-2659
62.Koh, Harold Hongju. (1999). How Is International Human Rights Law Enforced?, Indiana Law Journal, 74, 1397-1417
63.Koskenniemi, M. (1990). The Politics of International Law, European Journal of International law, 1-32
64.Koskennieni, Martti. (2007). The Fate of Public International Law: Between Technique and Politics, Modern Law Review, 70, 1-30
65.Krasner, S.D. (1991). Global Communications and National Power: Life on the Pareto Frontier, World Politics, 43, 336-366
66.Kravchenko, Svitlana. (2007). The Aarhus Convention and Innovations in Compliance with Multilateral Environmental Agreements, Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy, 18, 1-50
67.Kravchenko, Svitlana. Right To Carbon Or Right To Life: Human Rights Approaches To Climate Change, Vermont Journal of Environmental Law, 9, 513-547(2008)
68.Krisch, Nico. (2006). The Pluralism of Global Administrative Law, European Journal of International Law, 17, 247-278
69.Kuo, Ming-Sung. (2010). The Concept of ‘Law’ in Global Administrative Law: A Reply to Benedict Kingsbury, European Journal of International Law, 20, 997-1004
70.Lazarus, Richard J. (2009). Super Wicked Problems and Climate Change: Restraining the Present to Liberate the Future, Cornell Law Review, 94, 1153-1234
71.Marr, S. (2000). The Southern Bluefin Tuna Cases: The Precautionary Approach and Conservation and Management of Fish Resources, European Journal of International Law, 11, 815-831
72.McKinstry, ,Robert B. Jr. (2003). Laboratories for local solutions for global problems: state, local and private leadership in developing strategies to mitigate the cause and effects of climate change, Penn State Environmental Law Review, 12(1), 15-82
73.Mark, S. (2005). Naming Global Administrative Law, New York University International Law and Policy, 37, 995-1001
74.Martin, Lisa L., & Simmons, Beth A. (1998). Theories and Empirical Studies of International Institutions, International Organization, 52, 729-757
75.Meijer, Ernestine E. (2007). The International Institutions of the Clean Development Mechanism Brought Before National Courts: Limiting Jurisdictional Immunity to Achieve Access to Justice, New York University Journal of International law and Policy, 39, 873-928
76.Melkas, Eriika. (2007). Equitable as Equal: the Kyoto Protocol Project Based Flexibility Mechanisms in an Unequal World, International Community Law Review, 9263, 263-289
77.Michaels, Ralf. (2009). Global Legal Pluralism, Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 5, 243-262.
78.Mickelson, Karin. (2009). Beyond a Politics of the Possible? South-North Relations and Climate Justice, Melbourne Journal of International Law, 10, 411-423
79.Pallis, M. (2005). The Operation of UNHCR’s Accountability Mechanisms, NYU Journal of International Law and Policy, 37, 869-918
80.Peel, Jacqueline. (2008). Climate Change Law: The Emergence of a New Legal Discipline, Melbourne University Law Review, 32, 922-979
81.Perkins, John. (1997). The Changing Foundation of International law: from State Consent to State Responsibility, Boston University International Law Journal, 15, 433-508
82.Posner, Eric A. & Sunstein, Cass R. (2008). Climate Change Justice, Georgetown Law Journal, 96, 1565--1612
83.Purdy, Jedediah. (2010). The Politics of Nature: Climate Change, Environmental Law, and Democracy, Yale Law Journal, 119, 1122-1207
84.Revesz, Richard. (1999). Environmental Regulation, Cost-benefit Analysis, and the discounting of Human Lives, Columbia Law Review, 99, 941-1017
85.Rhode, Deborah L. & Ross, Lee D. (2008). Environmental Value and Behaviors: Strategies To Encourage Public Support for Initiatives to Combat Global Warming, Virginia Environmental Law Journal, 26, 161-188
86.Rinkema, Richard A. (2003). Environmental Agreements, Non-State Actors, And The Kyoto Protocol: A ‘Third Way’ For International Climate Action? University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law, 24, 729-757
87.Ross, Christina., Evan Mills & Sean B. Hecht. (2007) Limiting Liability in the Greenhouse Insurance Risk-management Strategies in the Context of Global Climate Change, Stanford Law Journal of International Law Journal, 26, 251-316
88.Ruhl, J.B. & Salzman, James (2010). Climate Change, Dead Zones, and Massive Problems in the Administrative State: A Guide for Whittling Away, California Law Review, 98, 59-120
89.Savino, Mario. (2011). Global Administrative Law Meets “Soft” Powers: The Uncomfortable Case of Interpol Red Notice, New York University Journal of International Law, 43, 263-332
90.Schenck, Lisa. (2008). Climate Change “Crisis” - Struggling For Worldwide Collective Action, Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy, 19, 319-379
91.Schmdt, Lauren E. & Geoffrey M. Williamson.(2008). Recent Development in Climate Change Law, The Colorado Lawyer, 37, 63-72
92.Shapiro, Martin. (1993). The Globalization of Law, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Study, 1, 37-64
93.Shapiro, Martin. 2001). The institutionalization of European Administrative Space, In A. Stone Sweet, W. Sandholtz, & N. Fligstein (Eds.), The Institutionalization Of Europe (PP.111-140)
94.Silverstein, Gordon. (2003). Globalization and the Rule of Law: “A Mechanism that runs itself?”, International Journal of Constitutional Law, 1, 427-445
95.Sinden, Amy. (2010). Allocating the Costs of the Climate Crisis: Efficiency Versus Justice, Washington Law Review, 85, 293-354
96.Slaughter, Anne-Marie. (1994). A Typology of Transjudicial Communication, University of Rich Law Review, 29, 99-137
97.Snyder, F. (2002). Governing Economic Globalisation: Global Legal Pluralism And EU Law, European Law Journal, 5, 334-374
98.Stone Sweet, (1994). What is a Supranational Constitution? An Essay in International Relations Theory, The Review of Politics, 3, 441-474
99.Stewart, Richard B. (1975). The Reformation of American Administrative Law, Harvard Law Review, 88, 1667-1813
100.Stewart, Richard B. (2005). U.S. Administrative Law: A Model for Global Administrative Law?, Law & Contemporary Problems, 68, 63-108
101.Tarasofsky, Richard G. Heating Up International Trade Law: Challenges and Opportunities Posed by Efforts to Combat Climate Change, Carbon & Climate Law Review, 2008, 7-15(2008)
102.Thompson, Alexander. (2011). Efficiency, Distribution and the Soft Law Future of the Climate Regime, presented at International Policymaking and Agreements Conference, Yale University, April 8-9, 2011.
103.Trisolini, Katherine A. (2010). All Hands on Deck: Local Governments and the Potential for Bidirectional Climate Change Regulation, Stanford Law Review, 62, 669-746
104.Van Zeben, Josephine A.W. (2010). The Untapped Potential of Horizontal Private Enforcement Within European Environmental Law, Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, 22, 241-270
105.Vandenbergh, Michael P. & Anne C. Steinmann, (2007). The Carbon-Neutral Individual, New York University Law Review, 82, 1673-1741
106.Vandenbergh, Michael P. and Mark Cohen, (2011). Climate Change Governance: Boundaries and Leakage, New York University Environmental Law Journal, 18, 221-292
107.Viscusi, W. Kip. (1995). Equivalent Frames of Reference for Judging Risk Regulation Policies, New York University Environmental Law Journal, 3, 431-468
108.von Unger, Moritz. and Charlotte Streck, An Appellate Body for the Clean Development Mechanism: A Due Process Requirement, 2009 Carbon & Climate Law Review, 31, 35 (2009)
109.Walker, N. (2008). Taking Constitutionalism Beyond the State, Political Studies, 56, 519-543
110.Wara, Michael. (2007). Measuring The Clean Development Mechnism’s Performance and Potential, UCLA Law Review., 55, 1759--1830
111.Weinberg, Jonathan. (2000). ICANN and the Problem of Legitimacy, Duke Law Journal, 50, 187-260
112.Weisbach, David. & Cass R. Sunstein, (2009). Climate Change and Discounting the Future: A Guide for the Perplexed, Yale Law and Policy Review, 27, 443-458
113.Weiler, J.H.H. (2004). The Geology of International Law—Governance, Democracy and legitimacy, German Yearbook of International Law, 64, 547--562
114.Weil, Prosper. (1983) Towards relative normativity in international law?”, American Journal of International Law, 77, 413-442.
115.Weiner, Jonathan B. (2008). Radiative Forcing: Climate Policy to Break the Logjam in Environmental Law, New York University Environmental Law Journal, 17, 210-255
116.Wiener, Jonathan Baert. (1999). Global Environmental Regulation: Instrument Choice In Legal Context, Yale Law Journal, 108, 677-800
117.Wiersema, Annecoos. (2009). The New International Law-Makers? Conferences Of The Parties To Multilateral Environmental Agreements, Michigan Journal of International Law, 31, 231-287
118.Yang, Tseming & Robert V. Percival, (2009). The Emergence Of Global Environmental Law, Ecology Law Quarterly, 36, 615-664
119.Yeh, Jiunn-rong Globalization, Government Reform and the Paradigm Shift of Administrative Law, National Taiwan University Law Review, 5, 113, 118 (2010)
120.Zittrain, Jonathan. (1999). ICANN: Between the Public and the Private Comments Before Congress, Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 14, 1074-1091

11.2.3報告、網路資源與其他
1Institute for Global Environmental Strategies. (2010). Measurable, Reportable And Verifiable (MRV)—Trends And Developments In Climate Change Negotiations. Retrieved from http://enviroscope.iges.or.jp/modules/envirolib/upload/3060/attach/mrv_dec2010.pdf
2Bettell,i Paola. et al., (1997) Report of the Third conference of the Parties to the United National Framework Convention on Climate Change: 1-11 December 1997. Earth Negotiations Bulletin, 1, 76, Retrieved from http;//www.iisd.ca/lianages/vol12/enb1276e.html. (visited Dec. 22, 2010)
3Young, O.R. et al. eds. (2008). Institutions and Environmental Change: Principal Findings, Application and Research Frontiers. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
4Biermann, Frank et al. (2009). Earth System Governance: People, Places and the Planet. Science and Implementation Plan of the Earth System Governance Project. ESG Report 1, Bonn, IHDP: The Earth System Governance Project.
5Bruce, James P. et al. eds., (1996). IPCC, Climate Change 1995: Economic And Social Dimension Of Climate Change. New York: Cambridge University Press.
6Cassese, Sabino. (2004). Shrimps, Turtles and Procedure: Global Standards for National Administrations. IILJ Working Paper 2004/4, Global Administrative Law Series. Retrieved from http://www.iilj.org/courses/documents/HC2004.Cassese.pdf
7Cassese, Sabino. (2006, September). A Global Due Process of Law? . Paper presented at Hauser Colloquium on Globalizations and its discontents, New York University. Retrieved from http://www.iilj.org/courses/documents/Cassese.AGlobalDueProcess.pdf
8Clark, William J.- Paul J. Crutzen- Hans J. Schellnuber. (2005). Science for Global Sustainability. Toward a New Paradigm. CID Working Paper No. 120, Science, Environment and Development Group. Retrieved from http://www.hks.harvard.edu/var/ezp_site/storage/fckeditor/file/pdfs/centers-programs/centers/cid/publications/faculty/wp/120.pdf
9Haites, Eric. (2004). Estimating the Market Potential For the Clean Development Mechanism: Review of Models and Lessons Learned, available at http://carbonfinance.org/docs/EstimatingMarketPotential.pdf.
10International Energy Agency. (2007), Energy Security and Climate Policy: Assessing Interactions, Paris: International Energy Agency.
11Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 1996: Climate Change 1995 - Economic and social dimensions of climate change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. J.P. Bruce, H. Lee, E.F. Haites [eds]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 448 pp.
12Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2000. Special Report on Emissions Scenarios. http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr.pdf
13Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2001: Climate Change 2001: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the third assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (B. Metz, O. Davidson, R. Swart, J. Pan eds,.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
14Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2007). Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr.pdf
15Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2007). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B.M.Tignor and H.L. Miller eds.) UK, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
16Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2007). Climate Change 2007. Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, (Eds.) Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/spm.html
17Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2007. Summary for Policymakers. In Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer, eds.) Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
18Morrissey, Wayne A et al. (2005) CRS Issue Brief for Congress 89005: Global Climate change, Retrieved from http://www.cnie.org.
19Stadelmann, Martin J., Robert, Timmons. & Alex Michaelowa, The Messy Puzzle of Climate Finance: Why Rules for MRV are essential and a Case for “Official Climate Finance” 01 December 2010, http://www.stakeholderforum.org/sf/outreach/index.php/day3-item1
20Study Group of the Int’l Law Comm’n, (2006). Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties Arising From The Diversification and Expansion Of International Law, U.N. Doc. A/CN/L.682 (Apr. 13, 2006)





 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
:::
無相關著作
 
QR Code
QRCODE