:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
題名:臺灣有性經驗青少年性自我效能、性風險行為與復原力關係之研究-以醫護專校學生為例
作者:駱俊宏
作者(外文):Jiunn-Horng Lou
校院名稱:樹德科技大學
系所名稱:人類性學研究所
指導教授:朱元祥
林燕卿
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2012
主題關鍵詞:有性經驗青少年性自我效能性風險行為復原力Sexually Experienced AdolescentsSexual Self-EfficacySexual Risk BehaviorsResilience
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:0
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:87
青少年的性健康是全球所關注的公共衛生議題,尤其是有性經驗青少年感染人類免疫缺乏病毒、性傳染病及非預期懷孕等情形,有增加的趨勢;且青少年正值親密關係發展階段,容易受外在環境的誘惑及受到同儕影響而發生性行為,但是青少年甚少慮及性風險行為對其生理、心理與社會發展的影響。因此,本研究之研究目的在探討臺灣醫護專校有性經驗青少年性自我效能、性風險行為與復原力之現況及其間之差異與關聯性。
本研究為橫斷式相關性研究,以臺灣醫護專校五專部16至20歲之有性經驗青少年為研究對象;並使用結構式問卷收集資料,問卷內容包括背景變項、性自我效能量表、性風險行為量表、及復原力量表,共發出1,265份問卷,回收1,017份,回收率為80.4%,最後從有效問卷中篩選出填答「有性經驗」共241份進行資料分析。調查結果利用描述性統計分析、單因子變異數分析、及Pearson積差相關等統計分析方法進行資料處理。
本研究主要結果如下:
一、臺灣醫護專校有性經驗青少年的平均年齡為17.2歲,平均性伴侶數為1.7名。一般而言,在性自我效能方面,以「我不隨便與陌生人發生性行為」與「當他/她〝以強迫的方式要求發生性行為〞,我能拒絕發生性行為」此二項上有高自我效能;而以「當與他/她〝單獨相處時〞,我能拒絕發生性行為」與「我會隨身攜帶保險套,以備及時使用」的自我效能較低;在性風險行為方面,則以「我覺得發生性行為時,可以直接接觸性伴侶的體液」與「我覺得相愛的人不須使用保險套」的風險較高;在復原力方面,為「性經驗讓我的心情變好」及「性經驗讓我感到〝害怕〞,但我會找健康的方法紓解」之復原力較低。
二、有固定男女朋友之有性經驗青少年比沒有固定男女朋友之有性經驗青少年會採取預防措施,而有性經驗青少男的性風險行為比有性經驗青少女高。
三、性行為前喝酒、使用藥物之有性經驗青少年,其性風險行為高於性行為前不會喝酒、不會使用藥物之有性經驗青少年。
四、不同的性伴侶數其復原力亦會有不同,尤以只有一位性伴侶的有性經驗青少年,其復原力比多性伴侶的有性經驗青少年佳。
五、有性經驗青少年之性自我效能愈高,則復原力愈佳﹔性風險行為與復原力之間有相當高的關聯性。
根據上述研究結果,建議醫護專校應該強化「性教育」教學,提升學生性自我效能與復原力;加強物質濫用防治教育之宣導及增進有性經驗青少年對性風險行為的意識。
Sexual health of adolescents is now a globally concerned public health issue in particular the sexually experienced adolescents getting infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), sexually transmitted infection (STIs), and unplanned pregnancy; Adolescents, under the intimate relations development stage, are easy to have sexual behaviors with the temptation of external environment and peer influences. But they seldom consider about sexual risk behavior and its influences on physiological, psychological, and social development. Therefore, the objective of this research was to explore the relationships among sexual self-efficacy, sexual risk behavior, and resilience of sexually experienced adolescents of medicine and nursing college in Taiwan.
The objects of this research were the sexually experienced adolescents aged between 16~20 years old of medicine and nursing colleges. The study used a cross-sectional and correlational research design based upon the structural questionnaires design including demographic data, sexual self-efficacy scale, sexual risk behavior scale, and resilience scale. A total of 1,265 questionnaires were sent out with 1,017 returns, the return rate was 80.4%. The study selected 241 questionnaires that revealing “sexually experienced” from the valid questionnaires and made statistical analysis by applying statistical methods such as descriptive statistics, and Pearson product-moment correlation.
The major findings of this study revealed that:
1. The average age of sexually experienced adolescents of medicine and nursing colleges in Taiwan were 17.2, and the average sexual partner numbers were 1.7. In general, adolescents scored higher in both items of sexual self-efficacy “I don’t have sex with stranger easily” and “when I was forced to have sex with he or she, I could turn he or she down”; but scored lower in both items of sexual self-efficacy “being with he or she alone, I could resist to have sex behaviors” and “I will bring condoms along with me for any occasions”. In dimension of sexual sex behavior, Adolescents scored higher in two items, there were “I believe that I can contact the juices of sex partner directly when having sex behavior” and “I think there is no necessity to use condoms between two persons in love”. In the dimension of resilience, adolescents scored lower in two items, there were “sexual experience made me feel good” and “sexual experience made me feel scared”.
2. Adolescents with stable sex partner took precautions against sexual diseases than those with no stable sexual partner. In addition, the sexual risk behaviors of sexually experienced male adolescents were significantly higher than sexually experienced female adolescents.
3. Adolescents who drank alcohol or took drug had higher sexual risk behavior than those who didn’t drink alcohol or took drug significantly.
4. Adolescents with different number of sexual partners had different resilience, especially in the adolescents with one sexual partner scored significantly higher resilience than those with two or more sex partners.
5. There was a significant correlated between sexual self-efficacy and resilience. Adolescents with higher sexual self-efficacy had better resilience; sexual risk behavior was highly related to resilience.
Based upon the results above, the study suggests that the medicine and nursing colleges should enhance sexual education to promote the sexual self-efficacy and resilience power, should promote substance use prevention; and should also strengthen the consciousness of sexual risk behavior of sexually experienced adolescents.
中文部分
王秀媞(1994)。以PRECEDE模式探討有性經驗五專生之安全性行為。未出版碩士論文,高雄醫學院,高雄市。
王紀荃(2010)。多層次離散時間存活模型在探討青少年第一次性交年齡與避孕使用相關因素之應用。未出版碩士論文,國立成功大學,臺南市。
王順民(2007)。關於年輕世代性愛現象的人文思索。2011年2月3日取自http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search。
王釋逸、程小蘋(2001)。同儕對具性經驗之國中學齡青少年性行為影響之研究。彰化師大輔導學報,22,89-124。new window
江盈瑤(2006)。增進貧窮兒童復原力輔導活動之建構。未出版碩士論文,國立臺北教育大學,臺北市。
行政院社會福利推動委員會(2008)。青少年政策白皮書綱領。2010年12月12日取自http://ey.cbi.gov.tw/internet/text/doc/doc 。
行政院衛生署疾病管制局(2011,11月30日)。HIV/AIDS統計月報表。2011年12月11日取自http://nidss.cdc.gov.tw/nidss_knowledge.aspx?。
余沛玲、林燕卿(2005)。性經驗與大學生親密關係相關之研究-以某科技大學為例。臺灣性學學刊,11(2),41-60。new window
吳明隆(2010)。結構方程模式-AMOS的操作與應用。台北:五南圖書。
吳明隆、涂金堂(2009)。SPSS與統計應用分析。臺北:五南圖書。
吳信賢(2007)。當代英漢大辭典。高雄:復文。
李逢堅、陳彥聿(2006)。青少女墮胎經驗之研究。臺灣性學學刊,12(1),25-40。new window
林秀娟(1999)。南區大學生依附類型與其性知識、性態度、性行為之關係研究。未出版碩士論文,國立高雄師範大學,高雄市。
林秀霞、林怡礽、葉昭幸(2002)。臺灣北部地區高中職以上學校學生性行為之探討。長庚護理,13(4),309-319。new window
林清文(2003)。復原力。教育研究,112,149-150。new window
林燕卿、朱元祥(2010)。運用跨理論模式分析青少年使用保險套情形。性學研究,1(1),67-85。new window
林麗美、車慧蓮、葉美玉(2008)。探討阿美族青少年親密行爲與性行爲之預測因子。健康促進與衛生教育學報,30,35-52。new window
孫曼蘋(2003)。全球化SARS風暴下,國際媒體風險呈現之初探。2003年11月29日,臺北:全球化時代與新聞報導研討會。
晏涵文、林燕卿、劉潔心、閔肖曼(1999)。高中職學生及少年輔院學生與性相關行為之比較。臺灣性學學刊,5(2),3-10。
馬瞧勤、叢黎明、潘曉紅、許國章、余飛穎、張丹丹等(2007)。大學男生首次性行為與關聯性行為研究。中國學校衛生,28(3),209-211。
常欣怡、宋麗玉(2007)。青少年復原力概念與相關研究之探究。東吳社會工作學報,17,171-192。
張玉葉(2008)。桃園縣高職學生使用保險套行為意圖及其影響因素研究。未出版碩士論文,國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
張淑慧(2007)。中輟輔導的思考-談中輟少年的復原力。中學教育,58(5),56-73。new window
張錦治、王瑞霞(2007)。有性經驗大學生使用保險套行為及相關因素之探討-跨理論模式之應用。實證護理,3(4),261-270。new window
教育部統計處(2010,12月28日)。各校基本資料庫檔案。2011年9月15日取自http://www.edu.tw/statistics。
陳怡文(2002)。青少年父母婚姻關係知覺、父母控制知覺對其婚前性行為影響之研究。未出版碩士論文,中國文化大學,臺北市。
陳金彌、陳月枝(2007)。青少年復原力之概念分析。腫瘤護理雜誌,7(1),31-40。
陳南翰(2004)。低自我控制、性行為、喝酒行為與少年偏差行為之研究。未出版碩士論文,中央警察大學,桃園縣。
陳毓文(2001)。防止青少年危險性行為產生的相關保護因子之探討(國科會專題研究計畫成果報告編號:NSC 89-2412-H-002-032)。臺北:國立臺灣大學社會系。
陳德馨(2002)。臺北地區大學生使用保險套行為及其影響因素研究。未出版碩士論文,國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
曾文志(2005)。復原力的構念與研究之分析。台中護專學報,4,45-68。
黃貴年(2008)。中正高工學生性態度之調查研究。中正高工學報,7,151-168。
葉昭幸(1998)。臺灣專科學生預防愛滋病使用保險套行為意向之預測因素。護理研究,6(4),264-278。
葉昭幸(2000)。有性經驗之高職及大專學生是否使用保險套之相關因素。長庚護理,11(4),24-35。new window

劉淑惠(2006)。國中學生復原力與生活適應關係之研究-以桃園縣為例。未出版碩士論文,國立彰化師範大學,彰化市。
劉盛男(2007)。青少年早期性行為及其影響因素之探討。屏師特殊教育,15,70-77。new window
蔡明志(2000)。風險管理在大眾運輸安全管理管制課題之發展應用。運輸計劃季刊,29(1),181-212。new window
謝淑慧、王財驛(2007)。風險管理。臺北:中華電視。
簡維政(1993)。青少年性態度及性行為影響因素之研究。未出版碩士論文,中國文化大學,臺北市。
羅于惠、鄧鳳苓、陳佳伶、黃惠鈞、瞿馥苓、史麗珠(2011)。桃園地區夜校高中職生性行爲、使用保險套情形與相關因素之探討。疫情報導,27(8),98-106。
英文部分
Abousselam, N.M. (2005). The moderator effect of future time perspective in the relationship between self-efficacy and risky sexual behavior. Unpublished Thesis, University of the Free State, South Africa.
Adams, J., & East, P. (1999). Past physical abuse is significantly correlated with pregnancy as an adolescent. Journal Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 12(3), 133-138.
Adefuye, A.S., Abiona, T.C., Balogun, J.A., & Lukobo-Durrell, M. (2009). HIV sexual risk behaviors and perception of risk among college students: Implications for planning interventions. BMC Public Health, 9(1), 281.
Afifi, T.O., & Macmillan, H.L. (2011). Resilience following child maltreatment: A review of protective factors. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56(5), 266-272.
Ahern, N.R. (2006). Adolescent resilience: An evolutionary concept analysis. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 21(3), 175-185.
Ahern, N.R., Ark, P., & Byers, J. (2008). Resilience and coping strategies in adolescents. Paediatric Nursing, 20(10), 32-36.
Ali, M.M., Dwyer, D.S., Vanner, E.A., & Lopez, A. (2010). Adolescent propensity to engage in health risky behaviors: The role of individual resilience. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 7(5), 2161-2176.
Ali, S.S., & Manongi, R.R. (2010). Caretakers acceptability in the provision of information on sexuality to adolescents using information motivation behavioral skills (IMB) model in Urban District Zanzibar. East African Journal of Public Health, 7(3), 250-257.
Alvarez, C., Villarruel, A.M., Zhou, Y., & Gallegos, E. (2010). Predictors of condom use among Mexican adolescents. Research and Theory for Nursing Practice, 24(3), 187-196.
Anastario, M., Manzanero, R., Blanco, R., Reyes, E., Jaramillo, R., Black L. et al. (2011). HIV infection, sexual risk behaviour and condom use in the Belize defense force. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 22(2), 73-79.
Arnold, P., Fletcher, S., & Farrow, R. (2002). Condom use and psychological sensation seeking by college students. Sexual and Relationship Therapy,17 (4), 355-365.
Aronowitz, T., & Morrison-Beedy, D. (2004). Resilience to risk-taking behaviors in impoverished African American girls: The role of mother-daughter connectedness. Research in Nursing and Health, 27(1), 29-39.
Auslander, B.A., Biro, F.M., Succop, P.A., Short, M.B., & Rosenthal, S.L. (2009). Racial/ethnic differences in patterns of sexual behavior and STI risk among sexually experienced adolescent girls. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 22(1), 33-39.
Bailes, S., Creti, L., Fichten, C.S., Libman, E., Brender, W., & Amsel, R. (1998). Sexual self-efficacy scale for female functioning. In CM. Davis, W.L. Yarber, R. Bauserman, G. Shreer, & S.L. Davis (Eds.), Handbook of sexuality-related measures (pp.531-534). London: Sage.
Bandali, S. (2011). Exchange of sex for resources: HIV risk and gender norms in Cabo Delgado, Mozambique. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 13(5), 575-588.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy:Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. NY: W.H. Freeman and Company.
Bandura, A. (1999). A sociocognitive analysis of substance abuse: An agentic perspective. Psychological Science, 10(3), 214-217.
Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 1-26.
Bandura, A., Adams, N.E., & Beyer, J. (1977). Cognitive processes mediating behavioral change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(3), 125-139.
Barrow, F.H., Armstrong, M.I., Vargo, A., & Boothroyd, R.A. (2007). Understanding the findings of resilience-related research for fostering the development of African American adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 16(2), 393-413.
Barta, W.D., Tennen, H., & Kiene, S.M. (2010). Alcohol-involved sexual risk behavior among heavy drinkers living with HIV/AIDS: Negative affect, self-efficacy, and sexual craving. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24(4), 563-570.

Baumer, E.P., & South, S.J. (2001). Community effects on youth sexual activity. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 540-554.
Beal, A.C., Ausiello, J., & Perrin, J.M. (2001). Social influences on health-risk behaviors among minority middle school students. Journal of Adolescence Health, 28(6), 474-480.
Beauchamp, T., & Childress, J. (1989). Principles of biomedical ethics. New York: Oxford University Press.
Becoña, E. (2007). Resilience and drug consumption: A review. Adicciones, 19(1), 89-101.
Bengel, J. (2004). Sexual risk behaviors. International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 14012-14018.
Bersamin, M.M., Paschall, M.J., Saltz, R.F., & Zamboanga, B.L. (2011). Young adults and casual sex: The relevance of college drinking settings. Journal of Sexual Research, 20, 1-8.
Best, J.W., & Kahn, J.V. (1993). Research in education (7th ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Betts, S.C., Peterson, D.J., & Huebner, A.J. (2003). Zimbabwean adolescents’ condom use: What makes a difference? Implications for intervention. Journal of Adolescent Health, 33(3), 165-171.
Black, D.S., Sun, P., Rohrbach, L.A., & Sussman, S. (2011). Decision-making style and gender moderation of the self-efficacy-condom use link among adolescents and young adults: informing targeted STI/HIV prevention programs. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 165(4), 320-325.
Block, J., & Kremen, A.M. (1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(2), 349-361.
Bonanno, G.A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience. American Psychologist, 59(1), 20-28.
Borucka, A., & Ostaszewski, K. (2008). Theory of resilience. Key conceptual constructs and chosen issues. Medycyna Wieku Rozwojowego, 12(2Pt 1), 587-597.
Bottorff, J.L., Johnson, J.L., Ratner, P.A., & Hayduk, L.A. (1996). The effects ofcognitive-perceptual factors on health promotion behavior maintenance. Nursing Research, 45(1),30-36.
Boughton, B. (2010, May 28). Obesity a factor in high-risk sexual behavior in adolescent girls. American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 58th Annual Clinical Meeting, San Francisco, California, USA.
Bronfenbrenner, U., & Evans, G.W. (2000). Developmental science in the 21st Century: Emerging questions, theoretical models, research designs and empirical findings. Social Development, 9(1), 115-125.
Brooks-Gunn, J., & Paikoff, R.L. (1993). Sex is a gamble, kissing is a game: Adolescent sexuality and health promotion. In S.G. Millstein, A.C. Petersen, & E.O. Nightingale (Eds.), Promoting the health of adolescents: New directions for the twenty-first century (pp.180-209). New York: Oxford University Press.
Brown, J.D., L’Engle, K.L., Pardun, C.J., Guo, G., Kenneavy, K., & Jackson, C. (2006). Sexy media matter: Exposure to sexual content in music, movies, television, and magazines predicts black and white adolescents’ sexual behavior. Pediatrics, 117(4), 1018-1026.
Buckley, C., Barrett, J., & Asminkin, Y.P. (2004). Reproductive and sexual health among young adults in Uzbekistan. Studies in Family Planning, 35(1), 1-14.
Burns, M.J., & Dillon, F.R. (2005). AIDS health locus of control, self-efficacy for safer sexual practices, and future time orientation as predictors of condom use in African American college students. Journal of Black Psychology, 31(2), 172-188.

Cabrera, P., Auslander, W., & Polgar, M. (2009). Future orientation of adolescents in foster care: Relationship to trauma, mental health, and HIV risk behaviors. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma, 2(4), 271-286.
Cabrera-Nguyen, E., & Auslander, W. (2007, January). Future orientation and relationship to mental health, trauma histories, and risk behaviors in foster care adolescents. 11th annual meeting of the Society for Social Work and Research, San Francisco, California, USA.
Carter, R.T. (1997). The effects of HIV/AIDS knowledge, sexual self-efficacy and susceptibility on sexual risk-taking behavior in Sierra Leonean students of higher education. Unpublished dissertation, Columbia University, New York.
Castilla, J., Barrio, G., Belza, M.J., & de la Fuente, L. (1999). Drug and alcohol consumption and sexual risk behaviour among young adults: results from a national survey. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 56(1), 47-53.
Champion, J.D. (2011). Context of sexual risk behaviour among abused ethnic minority adolescent women. International Nursing Review, 58(1), 61-67.
Chandler, C.O. (2008). A study of perceived self-efficacy on sexual risk-taking behaviors in young men. Unpublished Thesis, University of Alaska Anchorage, Alaska.
Chang, V.Y., Bendel, T.L., Koopman, C., McGarvey, E.L., & Canterbury, R.J. (2003). Delinquents’ safe sex attitudes relationships with demographics, resilience factors, and substance use. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 30(2), 210-229.
Chung, P.J., Borneo, H., Kilpatrick, S.D., Lopez, D.M., Travis, R., Lui, C. et al. (2005). Parent-adolescent communication about sex in Filipino American families: A demonstration of community-based participatory research. Ambulatory Pediatrics, 5(1), 50-55.
Clark, P. (1995). Risk and resiliency in adolescence: The current status of research on gender differences. Equity Issues, 1(1), 1-13.
Cluver, L., Bowes, L., & Gardner, F. (2010). Risk and protective factors for bullying victimisation amongst AIDS-affected and vulnerable children in South Africa. Child Abuse and Neglect, 34(10), 793-803.
Cohen, D.A., Mason, K., Bedimo, A., Scribner, R., Basolo, V., & Farley, T.A. (2003). Neighborhood physical conditions and health. American Journal of Public Health, 93(3), 467-472.
Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155-159.
Coleman, J., & Hagell, A. (2008). Adolescence, risk and resilience: Against the odds. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Connell, C.M., Gilreath, T.D., & Hansen, N.B. (2009). A multiprocess latent class analysis of the co-occurrence of substance use and sexual risk behavior among adolescents. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 70(6), 943-951.
Corcoran, J., & Nichols-Casebolt, A. (2004). Risk and resilience ecological framework for assessment and goal formulation. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 21(3), 211-235.
Coulter, A. (2007). Sexual sensation seeking and self-efficacy’s relationship to sexual risk taking behavior. Unpublished Thesis, Humboldt State University, California.
Creti, L., & Libman, E. (1989). Cognitions and sexual expression in the aging. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 15(2), 82-101.
Darke, S., Hall, W., Heather, N., Ward, J., & Wodak, A. (1991). The reliability and validity of a scale to measure HIV risk-taking among intravenous drug users. AIDS, 5(2), 181-185.
DeHart, D.D., & Birkimer, J.C. (1997). Trying to practice safer sex: Development of the sexual risks scale. The Journal of Sex Research, 34(1), 11-25.


Dévieux, J., Malow, R., Stein, J.A., Jennings, T.E., Lucenko, B.A., Averhart et al. (2002). Impulsivity and HIV risk among adjudicated alcohol and other drug-abusing adolescent offenders. AIDS Education and Prevention, 14(5 Suppl B), 24-35.
DiClemente, R.J., Wingood, G.M., Rose, E., Sales, J.M., & Crosby, R.A. (2010). Evaluation of an HIV/STD sexual risk-reduction intervention for pregnant African American adolescents attending a prenatal clinic in an urban public hospital: Preliminary evidence of efficacy. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 23(1), 32-38.
DiFulvio, G.T. (2011). Sexual minority youth, social connection and resilience: from personal struggle to collective identity. Social Science and Medicine, 72(10), 1611-1617.
Dimbuene, Z.T., & Defo, B.K. (2011). Risky sexual behaviour among unmarried young people in Cameroon: Another look at family environment. Journal of Biosocial Science, 43(2), 129-153.
Dina, M.C., Helen, Z.R., Rose, M.G., Cecilia, K.S., Angela, D.P., & William, R.B. (2002). Adolescent protective factors promoting resilience in young adults at risk for depression. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 19(5), 393-412.
Ellis, N.T., & Torabi, M.R. (1994). Prevalence of adolescent health risk behaviors: School health implications. Journal of School Nursing, 10(4), 25-33.
Engle, P.L., Castle, S., & Menon, P. (1996). Child development: Vulnerability and resilience. Social Science Medicine, 43(5), 621-635.
Erdem, E., & Demirel, Z. (2007). Teacher self-efficacy belief. Social Behavior and Personality, 35(5), 573-586.


Evans, A.E., Sanderson, M., Griffin, S.F., Reininger, B., Vincent, M.L., Para-Medina, D. et al. (2004). An exploration of the relationship between youth assets and engagement in risky sexual behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 35(5), 424e21-424e30.
Everall, R.D., Altrows, K.J., & Paulson, B.L. (2006). Creating a future: A study of resilience in suicidal female adolescents. Journal of Counseling and Development, 84(4), 461-470.
Fincham, D.S., Altes, L.K., Stein, D.J., & Seedat, S. (2009). Posttrau-matic stress disorder symptoms in adolescents: Risk factors versus resilience moderation. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 50(3), 193-199.
Fisher, J.D., Fisher, W.A., Misovich, S.J., Kimble, D.L., & Malloy, T.E. (1996). Changing AIDS risk behavior: Effects of an intervention emphasizing AIDS risk reduction information, motivation, and behavioral skills in a college student population. Health Psychology, 15(2), 114-123.
Forsyth, A.D., & Carey, M.P. (1998). Measuring self-efficacy in the context of HIV risk reduction: Research challenges and recommendations. Health Psychology, 17(6), 559-568.
Fraser, M.W., Richman, J.M., & Galinsky, M.J. (1999). Risk, protection, and resilience: Toward a conceptual framework for social work practice. Social Work Research, 23(3), 131-143.
Frost, J.J., Singh, S., & Finer, L.B. (2007). U.S. women’s one year contraceptive use patterns, 2004. Perspectiveson Sexual and Reproductive Health, 39(2), 48-55.
Gallegos, E.C., Villarruel, A.M., Gómez, M.V., Onofre, D.J., & Zhou, Y. (2007). Sexual communication and knowledge among Mexican parents and their adolescent children. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 18(2), 28-34.

Glanz, K., Rimer, B.K., & Lewis, F.M. (2002). Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice (3 rd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Glenn, B.L., & Wilson, K.P. (2008). African American adolescent perceptions of vulnerability and resilience to HIV. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 19(3), 259-265.
Glenn, K.R. (2007). Demographic factors associated with condom use in 18-24 year olds for two states, 1998 and 2000/2001. Unpublished Thesis, Georgia State University, Georgia.
Greenberg, J.S., Bruess, C.E., & Conklin, S.C. (2010). Exploring the dimensions of human sexuality (4 thed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.
Grunbaum, J.A., Kann, L., Kinchen, S.A., Ross, J.G., Gowda, V.R., Collins, J.L., et al. (1999). Youth risk behavior surveillance-National Alternative High School youth risk behavior survey, United States, 1998. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 48(SS-7), 1-44.
Guilamo-Ramos, V., Bouris, A., Jaccard, J., Gonzalez, B., McCoy, W., & Aranda, D. (2011). A parent-based intervention to reduce sexual risk behavior in early adolescence: Building alliances between physicians, social workers, and parents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 48(2), 159-163.
Gutman, L.M. (2008). Risk and resilience. In M.M., Haith, & J.B., Benson (Eds.), Encyclopedia of infant and early childhood development (pp. 23-34). Oxford: Academic.
Haeffel, G.J., &Vargas, I. (2011). Resilience to depressive symptoms: The buffering effects of enhancing cognitive style and positive life events. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42(1), 13-18.
Hall, P.A., Holmqvist, M., & Sherry, S.B. (2004). Risky adolescent sexual behavior: A psychological perspective for primary care clinicians. Topics in Advanced Practice Journal, 4, http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/467059.
Hardy, S.E., Concato, J., & Gill, T. (2004). Resilience of community-dwelling older persons. American Geriatrics Society, 52(2), 257-262.
Haskett, M.E., Nears, K., Ward, C.S., & McPherson, A.V. (2006). Diversity in adjustment of maltreated children: factors associated with resilient functioning. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(6), 796-812.
Helweg-Larsen, M., & Collins, B.E. (1994). The UCLA multidimensional condom attitudes scale: Documenting the complex determinants of condom use in college students. Health Psychology, 13(3), 224-237.
Hernandeze, P. (2002). Resilience in families and communities: Latin American contribution from the psychology of liberation. The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, 10(3), 334-343.
Herrman, H., Stewart, D.E., Diaz-Granados, N., Berger, E.L., Jackson, B., & Yuen, T. (2011). What is resilience? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56(5), 258-265.
Higgins, J.A., & Hirsch, J.S. (2007). The pleasure deficit: Revisiting the sexuality connection in reproductive health. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 39(4), 240-247.
Holaday, M., & McPhearson, R.W. (1997). Resilience and serve burns. Journal of Counseling and Development, 75(5), 346-356.
Hollander, D. (2003). Religious teenagers may have a lowered risk of engaging in unsafe sexual behaviour. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 35(6), 279.
Holmes, K. (2006, January). Adolescent resilience: The influence of family relationships and their impact on resilient outcomes. ETD Collection for Fordham University. Retrieved July 10, 2011, from the http://fordham.bepress.com/dissertations/AAI3223401.

Houlihan, A.E., Gibbons, F.X., Gerrard, M., Yeh, H.C., Reimer, R.A., & Murry, V.M. (2008). Sex and the self: The impact of early sexual onset on the self-concept and subsequent risky behavior of African American adolescents. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 28(1), 70-91.
Hovsepian, S. L., Blais, M., Manseau, H, Otis, J., & Girard, M.E. (2010). Prior victimization and sexual and contraceptive self-efficacy among adolescent females under child protective services care. Health Education and Behavior, 37(1), 65-83.
Hunter, A.J. (2001). A cross-cultural comparison of resilience in adolescents. Journal Pediatric Nursing, 16(3), 172-179.
Hunter, A.J., & Chandler, G.E. (1999). Adolescent resilience. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 31(3), 243-247.
Jennifer, P. (2006). Personal control, self-efficacy in sexual negotiation, and contraceptive risk among adolescents: The role of gender. Sex Roles, 54(9-10), 615-625.
Jensen, R.E. (2011). Sex educators and self-efficacy: Toward a taxonomy of enactive mastery experiences. Health Education and Behavior, 6, doi: 10.1177/1090198111399756.
Jew, C.L., Green, K.E., & Kroger, J. (1999). Development and validation of a measure of resiliency. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 32(2), 75-89.
Jewkes, R., Vundule, C., Maforah, F., & Jordaan, E. (2001). Relationship dynamics and teenage pregnancy in South Africa. Social Science and Medicine, 52(5), 733-744.
Jing, S., & Donald, S. (2007). Age and gender effects on resilience in children and adolescents. The International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 9(4), 16-25.

Johnson, J., Gooding, P.A., Wood, A.M., & Tarrier, N. (2010). Resilience as positive coping appraisals: Testing the schematic appraisals model of suicide (SAMS). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(3), 179-186.
Kaestle, C.E., Halpern, C.T., Miller, W.C., & Ford, C.A. (2005). Young age at first sexual intercourse and sexual transmitted infections in adolescents and young adults. American Journal of Epidemiology, 161(8), 774-780.
Kaneko, N. (2007). Association between condom use and perceived barriers to and self-efficacy of safe sex among young women in Japan. Nursing and Health Sciences, 9(4), 284-289.
Karen, V.S., Rachel, M., Jason, B., & Sloane, B. (2010). Sexual behaviors during the first year of college: An exploratory comparison of first and second semester freshmen. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 5(2), 171-188.
Kazdin, A.E., Kraemer, H.C., Kessler, R.C., Kupfer, D.J., & Offord, D.R. (1997). Contributions of risk-factor research to developmental psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 17(4), 375-406.
Kear, M. (2000). Concept analysis of self-efficacy. Graduate Research in Nursing, 2(2), 33-45.
Kia-Keating, M., Dowdy, E., Morgan, M.L., & Noam, G.G. (2011). Protecting and promoting: Aan integrative conceptual model for healthy development of adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 48(3), 220-228.
Killoren, S.E., Updegraff, K.A., & Christopher, F.S. (2010). Family and cultural correlates of mexican-origin youths’ sexual intentions. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(6), 707-718.
Kingree, J.B., & Betz, H. (2003). Risky sexual behavior in relation to marijuana and alcohol use among African-American, male adolescent detainees and their female partners. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 72(2), 197-203.

Klein, H., Elifson, K.W., & Sterk, C.E. (2010). Self-esteem and HIV risk practices among young adult ecstasy users. Journal Psychoactive Drugs, 42(4), 447-456.
Kotchick, B.A., Shaffer, A., Forehand, R., & Miller, K.S. (2001). Adolescent sexual risk behavior: A multi-system perspective. Clinical Psychology Review, 21(4), 493-519.
Lammers, C., Ireland, M., Resnick, M., & Blum, R. (2000). Influences on adolescents’ decision to postpone onset of sexual intercourse: A survival analysis of virginity among youths aged 13 to 18 years. Journal of Adolescent Health, 26(1), 42-48.
Lang, D.L., Salazar, L.F., Crosby, R.A., DiClemente, R.J., Brown, L.K., & Donenberg, G.R. (2010). Neighborhood environment, sexual risk behaviors and acquisition of sexually transmitted infections among adolescents diagnosed with psychological disorders. American Journal of Community Psychology, 46(3-4), 303-311.
Lauer, C.S. (2002). The relevance of resilience. Modern Healthcare, 32(33), 29-31.
Lee, Y.H., Salman, A., & Fitzpatrick, J.J. (2009). HIV/AIDS preventive self-efficacy, depressive symptoms, and risky sexual behavior in adolescents: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46(5), 653-660.
Leonard, N.R., Gwadz, M.V., Cleland, C.M., Vekaria, P.C., & Ferns, B. (2008). Maternal substance use and HIV status: Adolescent risk and resilience. Journal of Adolescent, 31(3), 389-405.
Lindenberg, C.S., Solorzano, R.M., Bear, D., Strickland, O., Galvis, C., & Pittman, K. (2002). Reducing substance use and risky sexual behavior among young, low-income, Mexican-American women: Comparison of two interventions. Applied Nursing Research, 15(3), 137-148.


Lipovsek, V., Mehryar, K.M., Gutierrez, E.Z., Magnani, R.J., & Gomez, M.D. (2002). Correlates of adolescent pregnancy in La Paz, Boliviz: Findings from a quantitative-qualitative study. Adolescence, 37(146), 335-352.
Lollis, C.M., Strothers, H.S., Chitwood, D.D., & McGhee, M. (2000). Sex, drugs, and hiv: Does methadone maintenance reduce drug use and risky sexual behavior? Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 23(6), 545-557.
Lou, J.H., Chen, S.H., Yu, H.Y., Lin, Y.C., & Li, R.H. (2010). Sexual cognitive predictors of sexual communicationin junior college adolescents: Medical student perspectives. The Journal of Nursing Research, 18(4), 291-298.
Lundberg, P., Rukundo, G., Ashaba, S., Thorson, A., Allebeck, P., Ostergren, P.O. et al. (2011). Poor mental health and sexual risk behaviours in Uganda: A cross-sectional population-based study. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 125.
Luthar, S.S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543-562.
Lyssenko, L., Rottmann, N., & Bengel, J. (2010). Research on psychological resilience. Relevance for prevention and health promotion. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz, 53(10), 1067-1072.
Ma, Q., Ono-Kihara, M., Cong, L., Xu, G., Zamani, S., Ravari, S.M., & Kihara, M. (2006). Sexual behavior and awareness of Chinese university students in transition with implied risk of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 18(6), 232.
Magnani, R.J., Seiber, E.E., Gutierrez, E.Z., & Vereau, D. (2001). Correlates of sexual activity and condom use among secondary-school students in Urban Peru. Studies in Family Planning, 32(1), 53-66.


Makenzius, M., Gådin, K.G., Tydén, T., Romild, U., & Larsson, M. (2009). Male students’ behaviour, knowledge, attitudes, and needs in sexual and reproductive health matters. European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care, 14(4), 268-276.
Marina, F., Gregory, N., & Didier, D. (2005). The auto-regressive integrated moving average procedures: Implications for adapted physical activity research. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 22(3), 221-236.
Masten, A.S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227-238.
Masten, A.S., & Coatsworth, J.D. (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments: Lessons from research on successful children. American Psychologist, 53(2), 205-220.
Masten, A.S., & Gewirtz, A.H. (2006). Resilience in development: The importance of early childhood. Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development, 1-6. Retrieved February 13, 2011 from http://www.child-encyclopedia.com/documents/Masten-GewirtzANGxp.pdf
McCree, D.H., Wingood, G.M., DiClemente, R., Davies, S. & Harrington, K.F. (2003). Religiosity and risky sexual behaviour in African-American adolescent females. Journal of Adolescent Health, 33(1), 2-8.
McKim, M.K. (2005). Resilience in children, families and communities: Linking context to practice and policy. Canadian Psychology, 46(4), 260-261.
Miller, B.C., & Moore, K. (1990). Adolescent sexual behavior, pregnancy, and parenting: Research through the 1980’s. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52(4), 1025-1044.
Miller, D.B., & MacIntosh, R. (1999). Promoting resilience in urban African American adolescents: Racial socialization and identity as protective factors. Social Work Research, 23(3), 159-170.
Miller, R.B., & Brickman, S.J. (2004). A model of future oriented motivation and self-regulation. Educational Psychology Review, 16(1), 9-33.
Miller, S.A., & Byers, E.S. (2008). An exploratory examination of the sexual intervention self-efficacy of clinical psychology graduate students. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 2(3), 137-144.
Mistry, R., McCarthy, W.J., Yancey, A.K., Lu, Y., & Patel, M. (2009). Resilience and patterns of health risk behaviors in California adolescents. Preventive Medicine, 48(3), 291-297.
Mitchell, C.M., Kaufman, C.E., & Beals, J. (2005). Resistive efficacy and multiple sexual partners among American Indian young adults: A parallel-process latent growth curve model. Applied Developmental Science, 9(3), 160-171.
Mize, S.J.S., Robinson, B.E., Bockting, W.O., & Scheltema, K.E. (2002). Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of HIV prevention interventions for women. AIDS Care, 14(2), 163-180.
Mladenovik, B., Spasovski, M., Kosevska, E., & Zafirova, B. (2010). Тhe influence of peers over adolescents’ sexual conduct in Macedonia. Prilozi, 31(2), 237-251.
Mott, F.L., Fondell, M.M., Hu, P.N., Kowaleski-Jones, L., & Menaghan, E.G. (1996). The determinants of first sex by age 14 in a high-risk adolescent population. Family Planning Perspectives, 28(1), 13-18.
Mrazek, P.J., & Mrazek, D. (1987). Resilience in child maltreatment victims: A conceptual exploration. Child Abuse and Neglect, 11(3), 357-365.
Naar-King, S., Jeffrey , Parsons, J.T., Murphy, D.A., Kolmodin, K., & Harris, R. (2010). A multisite randomized trial of a motivational intervention targeting multiple risks in youth living with HIV: Initial effects on motivation, self-efficacy, and depression. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46(5), 422-428.

Neblett, R.C., Davey-Rothwell, M., Chander, G., & Latkin, C.A. (2011). Social network characteristics and hiv sexual risk behavior among Urban African American women. Journal of Urban Health, 88(1), 54-65.
Neill, J.T., & Dias, K.L. (2001). Adventure education and resilience: The double-edged sword. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 1(2), 35-42.
Newman, T., & Blackburn, S. (2002). Transition in the lives of children and young people: Resilience factors. ERIC Digest (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED472541)
Nobelius, A.M., Kalina, B., Pool, R., Whitworth, J., Chesters, J., & Power, R. (2011). Sexual partner types and related sexual health risk among out-of-school adolescents in rural South-West Uganda. AIDS Care, 23(2), 252-259.
O’Sullivan, L.F., Meyer-Bahlburg, H.F.L., & McKeague, I.W. (2006). The development of the sexual self-concept inventory for early adolescent girls. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30(2), 139-149.
Ogunlayi, M.A. (2005). An assessment of the awareness of sexual and reproductive rights among adolescents in South Western Nigeria. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 9(1), 99-112.
Olsson, C.A., Bond, L., Burns, J.M., Vella-Brodrick, D.A., & Sawyer, S.M. (2003). Adolescent resilience: A concept analysis. Journal of Adolescence, 26(1), 1-11.
Oncale, R.M., & King, B.M. (2001). Comparison of Men’s and Women’s attempts to dissuade sexual partners from the couple using condoms. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 30(4), 379-391.
Orisatoki, R.O., & Oguntibeju, O.O. (2010). Knowledge and attitudes of students at a Caribbean offshore medical school towards sexually transmitted infections and use of condoms. West Indian Medical Journal, 59(2), 171-176.
Oshio, A., Kaneko, H., Nagamine, S., & Nakaya, M. (2003). Construct validity of the adolescent resilience scale. Psychological Reports, 93(2), 1217-1222.
Ott, M.A., Pfeiffer, E.J., & Fortenberry, J.D. (2006). Perceptions of sexual abstinence among high-risk early and middle adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health,39(2), 192-198.
Pachauri, S., & Santhya, K.G. (2002). Reproductive choices for Asian adolescents: A focus on contraceptive behavior. International Family Planning Perspectives, 28(4), 186-195.
Paiva, V., Calazans, G., Venturi, G., Dias, R., & Grupo de Estudos em População, Sexualidade e Aids (2008). Age and condom use at first sexual intercourse of Brazilian adolescents. Revista Baiana de Saúde Pública, 42(Suppl 1), 45-53.
Panter-Brick, C., Goodman, A., Tol, W., & Eggerman, M. (2011). Mental health and childhood adversities: A longitudinal study in Kabul, Afghanistan. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(4), 349-363.
Parr, G.D., Montgomery, M., & DeBell, C. (1998). Flow theory as a model for enhancing student resilience. Professional School Counseling, 1(5), 26-31.
Pearlman, D.N., Camberg, L., Wallace, L.J., Symons, P., & Finison, L. (2002). Tapping youth as agents for change: Evaluation of a peer leadership HIV/AIDS intervention. Journal of Adolescent Health, 31(1), 31-39.
Pearson, J.D. (2003, August). Personal control, sexual self-efficacy and contraceptive risk among adolescents: The importance of gender. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Atlanta Hilton Hotel, Atlanta, GA Online.
Peters, R.J., Tortolero, S.R., Johnson, R.J., Addy, R.C., Markham, C.M., Escobar-Chaves, S.L. et al. (2005). The relationship between future orientation and street substance use among Texas alternative school students. American Journal on Addictions, 14(5), 478-485.
Pett, M.A., Lackey, N.R., & Sullivan, J.J. (2003). Making sense of factor analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Pike, L.B. (1999). Why abstinent adolescents report they have not had sex: Understanding sexually resilient youth. Family Relations, 48(3), 295-301.
Polit, D.F., & Hungler, B.P. (1999). Assessing data quality. In Nursing research: Principle and method (6th ed., pp. 407-436). New York: Lippincott.
Pollock, P.H. (1996). Self-efficacy and sexual offending against children: Construction of a measure and changes following relapse prevention treatment. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 1(2), 219-228.
Portney, L.G., & Watkins, M.P. (2000). Foundations of clinical research: Applications to practice (2nd ed.). NJ: Prentice Hall Health.
Powers, L.E., Sowers, J., & Stevens, T. (1995). An exploratory, randomized study of the impact of mentoring on the self-efficacy and community-based knowledge of adolescents with severe physical challenges. Journal of Rehabilitation, 61(1), 33-41.
Puente, D., Zabaleta, E., Rodríguez-Blanco, T., Cabanas, M., Monteagudo, M., Pueyo, M.J. et al. (2011). Gender differences in sexual risk behaviour among adolescents in Catalonia, Spain. Gaceta Sanitaria, 25(1), 13-19.
Ramirez-Valles, J., Zimmerman, M.A., & Juarez, L. (2002). Gender differences of neighborhood and social control processes: A study of the timing of first intercourse among low-achieving, Urban, African American youth. Youth and Society, 33(3), 418-441.
Ramisetty-Mikler, S., Caetano, R., Goebert, D., & Nishimura, S. (2004). Ethnic variation in drinking, drug use, and sexual behavior among adolescents in Hawaii. Journal of School Health, 74(1), 16-22.
Ramisetty-Mikler, S., Goebert, D., Nishimura, S., & Caetano, R. (2006). Dating violence victimization: Associated drinking and sexual risk behaviors of Asian, Native Hawaiian, and Caucasian high school students in Hawaii. Journal of School Health, 76(8), 423-429.
Randolph, M.E., Pinkerton, S.D., Bogart, M., Cecil, H., & Abramson, P.R. (2007). Sexual pleasure and condom use. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36(6), 844-848.
Regmi, P.R., Teijlingen, E.V., Simkhada, P., & Acharya, D.J. (2010). Barriers to sexual health services for young people in Nepal. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 28(6), 619-627.
Robbins, R.N. (2004). Relationships between future orientation, impulsive sensation seeking, and risk behavior among adjudicated adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19(4), 428-445.
Rosenthal, D., Moore, S., & Flynn, I. (1991). Adolescent self-efficacy, self-esteem, and sexual risk-taking. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 1(2), 77-88.
Rostosky, S.S., Dekhtyar, O., Cupp, P.K., & Anderman, E.M. (2008). Sexual self-concept and sexual self-efficacy in adolescents: A possible clue to promoting sexual health? Journal of Sex Research, 45(3), 277-286.
Rothspan, S., & Read, S. J. (1996). Present versus future time perspective and HIV risk among heterosexual college students. Health Psychology, 15(2), 131-134.
Rupp, R., & Rosenthal, S.L. (2007). Parental influences on adolescent sexual behaviors. Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, 18(3), 460-470.
Rush, M.C., Schoel, W.A., & Barnard, S.M. (1995). Psychological resiliency in the public sector: Hardinessand pressure for change. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 46(1), 17-39.
Rutter, M. (1999). Resilience concepts and findings: Implications for family therapy. Journal of Family Therapy, 21(2), 119-145.
Saggurti, N., Schensul, S.L., & Singh, R. (2010). Alcohol use, sexual risk behavior and STIs among married men in Mumbai, India. AIDS and Behavior, 14(4), 40-47.

Saggurti, N., Schensul, S.L., & Verma, R.K. (2011). The interrelationship of men’s self-reports of sexual risk behavior and symptoms and laboratory-confirmed STI-status in India. AIDS Care, 23(2), 163-170.
Salazar, L.F., DiClemente, R.J., Wingood, G.M., Crosby, R.A., Harrington, K., Davies, S. et al. (2004). Self-concept and adolescents’ refusal of unprotected sex: A test of mediating mechanisms among African American girls. Prevention Science, 5(3), 137-149.new window
Santelli, J.S., Brener, N.D., Lowry, R., Bhatt, A., & Zabin, L.S. (1998). Multiple sexual partners among U.S. adolescents and young adults. Family Planning Perspectives, 30(6), 271-275.
Santelli, J.S., Kaiser, J., Hirsch, L., Radosh, A., Simkin, L., & Middlestadt, S. (2004). Initiation of sexual intercourse among middle school adolescents: The influence of psychosocial factors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 34(3), 200-208.
Sayles, J.N., Pettifor, A., Wong, M.D., MacPhail, C., Lee, S.J., Hendriksen, E. et al. (2006). Factors associated with self-efficacy for condom use and sexual negotiation among South African youth. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 43(2), 226-233.
Seal, A., Minichiello, V., & Omodei, M. (1997). Young women’s sexual risk taking behavior: Revisiting the influences of sexual self-efficacy and sexual self-esteem. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 8(3), 159-165.
Senn, T.E., & Carey, M.P. (2011). Age of partner at first adolescent intercourse and adult sexual risk behavior among women. Journal of Women’s Health, 20(1), 61-66.
Shafii, T., Stovel, K., & Holmes, K. (2007). Association between condom use at sexual debut and subsequent sexual trajectories: A longitudinal study using biomarkers. American Journal of Public Health, 97(6), 1090-1095.

Shirazi, K.K., & Morowatisharifabad, M.A. (2009). Religiosity and determinants of safe sex in Iranian Non-Medical Male Students. Journal of Religion and Health, 48(1), 29-36.
Shokravi, F.A., Chapman, H., & Peyman, N. (2009). A comparison study: Risk factors of unplanned pregnancies in a Group of Iranian and New Zealander Women. European Journal of Scientific Research, 26(1), 108-121.
Shortridge-Baggett, L.M., & van der Bijl, J.J. (1996). International collaborative research on management self-efficacy in diabetes mellitus. Journal of the New York State Nurses Association, 27(3), 9-14.
Sieving, R.E., Bearinger, L.H., Resnick, M.D., Pettingell, S., & Skay, C. (2007). Adolescent dual method use: Relevant attitudes, normative beliefs and self-efficacy. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40(275e), 15-22.
Skinner, M.L., Haggerty, K.P., Fleming, C.B., & Catalano, R.F. (2009). Predicting functional resilience among young-adult children of opiate-dependent parents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 44(3), 283-290.
Skinner, S.R., Parsons, A., Kang, M., Williams, H., & Fairley, C. (2007). Sexually transmitted infection. Initatives for prevention. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 19(3), 285-294.
Smith, B.W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194-200.
Smokowski, P.R., Reynolds, A.J., & Bezruczko, N. (1999). Resilience and protective factors in adolescence: An autobiographical perspective from disadvantaged youth. Journal of School Psychology, 37(4), 425-448.
Stajduhar, K.I., Funk, L., Shaw, A.L., Bottorff, J.L., & Johnson, J. (2009). Resilience from the perspective of the illicit injection drug user: An exploratory descriptive study. International Journal of Drug Policy, 20(4), 309-316.
Stall, R.D., Coates, T.J., & Hoff, C. (1988). Behavioral risk reduction for hiv infection among gay and bisexual men: A review of results from the United States. American Psychology, 43(11), 878-885.
Steinke, E.E., Wright, D.W., Chung, M.L., & Moser, D.K. (2008). Sexual self-concept, anxiety, and self-efficacy predict sexual activity in heart failure and healthy elders. Heart and Lung: Journal of Acute and Critical Care, 37(5), 323-333.
Stokols, D. (1996). Translating social ecological theory into guidelines for community health promotion. American Journal of Health Promotion, 10(2), 282-298.
Stretcher, V.J., Devellis, B., Becker, M.H., & Rosenstock, I.M. (1986). The role of self-efficacy in achieving health behavior change. Health Education Quarterly, 13(1), 72-91.
Swenson, R.R., Rizzo, C.J., Brown, L.K., Vanable, P.A., Carey, M.P., Valois, R.F. et al. (2010). HIV knowledge and its contribution to sexual health behaviors of low-income African American adolescents. Journal of the National Medical Association, 102(12), 1173-1182.
Taylor, M., Dlamini, S.B., Kagoro, H., Jinabhai, C.C., & De Vries, H. (2003). Understanding high school students’ risk behaviors to help reduce the HIV/AIDS epidemic in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Journal of School Health, 73(3), 97-100.
Taylor-Seehafer, M., & Rew, L., (2000). Risky sexual behavior among adolescent women. Journal of the Society of Pediatric Nurses, 5(1), 15-24.
Thato, S., Hanna, K.M., & Rodcumdee, B. (2005). Translation and validation of the condom self-efficacy scale with Thai adolescents and young adults. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 37(1), 36-40.
Tinsley, B., Lees, N., & Sumartojo, E. (2004). Child and adolescent HIV risk: Familial and cultural perspectives. Journal of Family Psychology, 18(1), 208-224.
Tsitsika, A., Greydanus, D., Konstantoulaki, E., Bountziouka, V., Deligiannis, I., Dimitrakopoulou, V. et al. (2010). Adolescents dealing with sexuality issues: A cross-sectional study in Greece. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 23(5), 298-304.
Turnera, A.K., Latkinb, C., Sonensteinc, F., & Tandond, D.S. (2011). Psychiatric disorder symptoms, substance use, and sexual risk behavior among African-American out of school youth. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 115(1-2), 67-73.
Tusaie, K., & Dyer, J. (2004). Resilience: A historical review of the construct. Holistic Nursing Practice, 18(1), 3-8.
United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (2011). South Africa, 1 June: 2,500 young people newly infected with HIV every day, according to ‘Opportunity in Crisis’. Retrieved July 25, 2011, from http://www.unicef.org/esaro/5440_Opportunity_in_crisis_press.html
United States Department of Health and Human Service (2008). Research on parents, abstinence and teens. Retrieved January 4, 2011, from the World Wide Web:http://dhfs.wisconsin.gov/waiy/parents/stats.htm
Upchurch, D.M., Levy-Storms, L., Sucoff, C.A., & Aneshensel, C.S. (1998). Gender and ethnic differences in the timing of first sexual intercourse. Family Planning Perspectives, 30(3), 121-127.
Vaage, A.B., Thomsen, P.H., Rousseau, C., Wentzel-Larsen, T., Ta, T.V., & Hauff, E. (2011). Paternal predictors of the mental health of children of Vietnamese refugees. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 5(2), doi:10.1186/1753-2000-5-2.
van der Bijl, J.J., & Shortridge-Baggett, L.M. (2001). The theory and measuuement of the self-efficacy construct. Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice: An International Journal, 15(3), 189-207.

Veselska, Z., Geckova, A.M., Orosova, O., Gajdosova, B., van Dijk, J.P., & Reijneveld, S.A. (2009). Self-esteem and resilience: The connection with risky behavior among adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 34(3), 287-291.
Waaktaar, T, & Torgersen, S. (2010). How resilient are resilience scales? The Big Five scales outperform resilience scales in predicting adjustment in adolescents. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51(2), 157-163.
Walton, M.A., Resko, S., Whiteside, L., Chermack, S.T., Zimmerman, M., & Cunningham, R.M. (2011). Sexual risk behaviors among teens at an urban emergency department: Relationship with violent behaviors and substance use. Journal of Adolescent Health, 48(3), 303-305.
Wang, R.H., & Chiou, C.J. (2008). Relative contribution of intrapersonal and partner factors to contraceptive behavior among Taiwanese female adolescents. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 40(2), 131-136.
Wang, R.H., Hsu, M.T., & Wang, H.H. (2004). Potetial factors associated with contraceptive intention among adolescent males inTaiwan. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 20(3), 115-123.
Wang, S.T., & Wang, R.H. (2000). The determinants of safe sex behaviors of junior college students with sexual experience. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 16(11), 574 -581.
Weber, P.S., Weber, J.E., Sleeper, B.R., & Schneider, K.L. (2004). Self-efficacy toward service, civic participation and the business student: Scale development and validation. Journal of Business Ethics, 49(4), 359-369.
Weisman, C.S., Maccannon, D.S., Henderson, J.T., Shortridge, E., & Orso, C.L. (2002). Contraceptive counseling in managed care: Preventing unintended pregnancy in adults. Women’s Health Issues, 12(2), 79-95.


Wellings, K.J., Nanchahal, K., Macdowall, W., McManus, S., Erens, B., & Mercer, C.H. (2001). Sexual behavior in britain: Early heterosexual experience. Lancet, 358(9296), 1843-1850.
Werner, E.E. (1989). High-risk children in young adulthood: A longitudinal study from birth to 32 years. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59(1), 72-82.
Wiener, L.S., Battles, H.B., & Wood, L.V. (2007). A longitudinal study of adolescents with perinatally or transfusion acquired HIV infection: Sexual knowledge, risk reduction self-efficacy and sexual behavior. AIDS Behavior, 11(3), 471-478.
Wingood, G.M., & DiClemente, R. (1998). Partner influences and gender-related factors associated with noncondom use among young adult African-American women. American Journal of Community Psychology, 26(1), 29-51.
Wood, E.B. (2010). HIV-related sexual risk behaviours among late-adolescent Jamaican girls with older male partners. West Indian Medical Journal, 59(4), 403-408.
World Health Organization (2009). Concepts for sexual health. Retrieved January 30, 2011, from http:search.who.int/search.
Wouhabe, M. (2007). Sexual behavior, knowledge and awareness of related reproductive health issues among single youth in Ethiopia. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 11(1), 14-21.
Yancey, A.K., Grant, D., Kurosky, S., Kravitz-Wirtz, N., & Mistry, R. (2011). Role modeling, risk, and resilience in California adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 48(1), 36-43.
Yen, C.F. (2004). Relationship between methamphetamine use and risky sexual behavior in adolescents. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 20(4), 160-165.

Yen, C.F., Cheng, C.P., Wang, S.Y., Ko, N.Y., & Hsu, S.T. (2009). Multidimensional discriminative factors for unprotected sex among adolescents in Southern Taiwan. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 25(4), 193-202.
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance (2009). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved July 7, 2011, from http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/yrbs/factsheets/index.htm#2



















 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
:::
無相關書籍
 
無相關著作
 
QR Code
QRCODE