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題名:鄒語語法結構與主語問題探究
作者:張雅音
作者(外文):Ya-yin Chang
校院名稱:國立清華大學
系所名稱:語言學研究所
指導教授:梅廣
蔡維天
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2004
主題關鍵詞:主語鄒語南島語CP語序論元結構邊緣結構語用句法CPSubjectA'-movementpragmatic syntaxTsouAustronesian languagesverb initial word orderperipheral structure
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本論文探究一個核心問題:為什麼鄒語和其他世界上的語言如此的不同?本論文寫作的宗旨即是從理論句法的角度來回答這個問題,並嘗試找出鄒語語法的運作機制與其核心句法,來解釋鄒語中成系列的特殊語法現象。
第二章開始回顧一些在文獻上廣為句法學家所討論的南島語獨特性之句法議題,這些南島語的獨特性跟主語行為有關,包括:(1) 主語普遍出現在句首(SVO語序),但南島語的主語卻出現在語法結構的右緣(VOS或VSO語序);(2) 形成被動式主語僅有一種構成,亦即賓語論元擔任被動式主語,但南島語卻允許句中任何名詞組成份擔任「被動式主語」;(3) 主語的特性在南島語分屬兩個不同的語法成分:語法上的主語(grammatical subject)與主事者論元(ACTOR phrase);(4) 南島語的主語有具有主題的屬性;(5) 理論上,賓語的A'-移位(A'-movement)比主語容易,但南島語只允許主語的A'-移位,賓語的A'-移位反而不合語法。而文獻上,針對這些南島語主語的獨特性所討論的議題可以歸納為四個:(1) 語法上的主語和動詞構詞上的語法對應關係為何?(2) 究竟主語的語法角色為何?(3) 理論上要如何解釋主語出現在語法結構的右緣?(4) 如何解釋主語的A'-移位?
為了解決這些議題,並提出鄒語的核心語法來解釋其特殊性,第三章先從鄒語基本的論元結構著手,提出主語和動詞構詞上的對應關係是焦點對應(voice agreement)的看法。第四章從鄒語邊緣結構(peripheral structure)的研究,回答其他三個問題,論證鄒語中的主語是非論元(A'-element)成分,主張出現結構右緣的主語(VOS語序)實際上是移位的結果。而主語的A'-移位僅是表象,許多語法證據顯示鄒語其實是個道地的在位語言(wh-in-situ language)。
綜觀這些鄒語的特色,本論文認為可以用「CP-顯著句法(CP-prominent syntax)」來解釋。也就是說,相對於英語的「IP-顯著性」,「CP-顯著性」深植在鄒語的核心句法中,因此許多鄒語的句法行為都與CP的屬性息息相關,而不是IP,所以造成鄒語成系列的特殊的語法現象。
This dissertation begins with a question: why does Tsou look so "exotic"? This question is followed up in Chapter 2 with an overview of some formal issues, specifically those that are generally identified as the hallmarks of the Austronesian linguistics. Those "exotic" Austronesian characteristics are: (i) the grammatical "subject" at the right-periphery, (ii) many possible "passive subjects", (iii) the split subjecthood, (iv) the topic-like "subject," and (v) the "subject-sensitive" A'-extraction. Essentially, there are four main questions involved in the debate in the literature: [1] What is the grammatical relation between the grammatical subject, and the verbal morphology? [2] What is the role of the "subject"? [3] How to account for the grammatical "subject" at the right edge? [4] How to account for the A'-extraction object-"subject" asymmetry?
Built on the fundamental argument structure in Tsou, Chapter 3 provides an answer for question [1]. It is the agreement of VOICE feature and the assigned EPP-feature that associates the relation between the "subject" and the verbal morphology. In response to questions [2]-[4], Chapter 4 explores the architecture of the peripheral structures and argues that "subject" is an A'-element, or adjunct, and the right peripheral "subject" on the surface are actually derived from the leftward movement of "subject" and proposition, an effect of "generalized pied-piping". Since the role of the "subject" is a perspective-taker, the proposition evaluated by the pivot ("subject") is thus pied-piped unto the perspective-taker's domain. Moreover, Tsou is proven to be a truly wh-in-situ language, no A'-extraction occurs at all.
These properties that give Tsou the distinctive character can be converged into one essential way, the CP-prominent syntax, which demands the pragmatic properties be formally represented in the core syntax. In other words, the macro-parametric CP-prominence is so deeply embedded in the Tsou grammar that it permeates the architecture of the syntactic structure in Tsou. It is the CP-prominent variation that that makes Tsou so radically different from the better-known IP-prominent languages such as English. Accordingly, the mystery of the "exotic" Tsou language is unraveled.
LIST OF THE LITERATURE ON TSOU
(based on Li's 1991 bibliographical list)
[IN JAPANESE]
小島由道 1915.《番族慣習調查報告書》,第四卷曹族,臨時台灣舊慣調查會,台北。
Sayama, Y. 佐山融吉 1915.《番族調查報告書‧曹族》,臨時台灣舊慣調查會,台北。
Asai, Erin. 淺井惠倫 1931. "Survey report on Bunun and Tsou," The Japanese Journal of Ethnology Vol. 1, Osaka.
Ogawa, Naoyoshi and Asai, Erin 小川尚義和淺井惠倫 1935.《原語台灣高砂族傳說集》[The Myths and Traditions of the Formosan Native Tribes.] Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Taihoku Imperial University.
Asai, Erin. 淺井惠倫 1954. "Survey report on Bunun and Tsou," The Japanese Journal of Ethnology Vol. 18:1.2, Osaka.
[IN RUSSIAN]
Nevskij, N. A. 聶甫斯基 1935. Materialy po Govoram Jazyka Cou [Dialect material of the Tsou language]. Moskva: Trudy Instituta Vostokovedenija 11, pp. 136.
Nevskij, N. A. 聶甫斯基 1981. Materialy po Govoram Jazyka Cou. Slovar' Dialekta Severnych Cou [Dictionary of northern Tsou dialect]. Moskva: Izdatel'stvo.
[IN GERMANY]
Szakos, József (1994) Die Sprache der Cou: Untersuchungen zur Synchronie einer austronesischen Sprache auf Taiwan. Doctoral Dissertation. Bonn: universität Bonn.
[IN FRENCH]
Zeitoun, Elizabeth (1996) oblemes de linguistique dans les langues aborigenes de Taiwan [Issues on Formosan linguistics]. Ph. D. dissertation, Universite Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris.
[IN CHINESE]
何大安 (Ho, Dah-an) 1976.〈鄒語音韻〉《中研院史語所集刊》147.2: 245-174.new window
李壬癸 (Li, Paul Jen-kuei) 1992.《台灣南島語言的語音符號系統》[The phonological system of the Formosan languages],教育部。new window
土田茲 (Tsuchida, Shigeru) 1993.〈鄒語動詞的詞頭分類〉《台灣南島語言研究論文日文中譯彙編》。黃秀敏譯,李壬癸編審,國立台灣史前博物館籌備處,一九九三年六月。pp. 452-487。
張雅音 (Chang, Ya-Yin Melody) 1997.〈鄒語主題句初探〉《台灣語言發展學術研討會論文集初編》,新竹:國立新竹師院,pp. 321-34。
張雅音 (Chang, Ya-Yin Melody) (1998)〈鄒語的疑問詞移位現象〉,台灣語言及其教學國際研討會,新竹:國立新竹師範學院。
張雅音 (Chang, Ya-Yin Melody) (2001)〈鄒語重疊形式研究〉,全國語言學論文研討會,新竹:國立清華大學。
蔡維天 (Tsai, Wei-tien Dylan) 1998.〈台灣南島語疑問詞的無定用法-噶瑪蘭語、鄒語及賽德克的比較研究〉,《清華學報》新二十七卷第四期,新竹,pp. 381-422。new window
翁翠霞 (Wong, Cui-xia) 2000.《鄒語和邵語的時、態、貌系統之比較與研究》,嘉義:國立中正大學。
-TRANSLATIONS
白嗣宏、李福清、浦忠成(譯) 1993.《台灣鄒族語典》,聶甫斯基 (Nevskij, N. A.) (原著),台原出版社,台北。
中央研究院民族所 (譯) 2001.《番族慣習調查報告書》,第四卷曹族,小島由道 (原著),中研院民族所,台北。
-TEXTBOOKS/ LEFERENCE GRAMMARS
達邦國小 1996.《嘉義縣阿里山鄉鄒族母語教材》,嘉義縣政府教育局。
達邦國小 1996.《嘉義縣阿里山鄉鄒語簡易字典》,嘉義縣政府教育局。
鄒語工作室 1998.《鄒語初級教材》,文鶴出版社,台北。
齊莉莎 2000.《鄒語參考語法》,台北:遠流出版社。new window
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