Oysters are a significant daily food resource worldwide. In the Southern Fukien dialect of Taiwan and Fukien they are called 蚵仔 (pronounced ô-á), and are used to make oyster pancakes and oyster noodle soup, two of most popular dishes in traditional Taiwanese cuisine. Based on fossil evidence, it was about 400 million or more years ago that shellfish began to appear on the earth, and 135 million years ago when the first oysters appeared. Up to now, more than 18 families and 100 species have been recorded around the world. 5 families and 14 species are found around the Taiwan coast, especially on the southwestern side. Archaeologists have found abundant oyster shell middens on the Nankuanli site and the Nankuanli East site. Apparently, oysters formed a very important part of the diet. There are at least 12 species which can be distinguished from those archaeological remains. Among them, four species, including the Chinese river oyster (Crassostrea rivularis), Dalian bay oyster (Crassostrea talienwhanensis), Ostrea sinensis, and Neoprocnodonte musashiam have never shown up in modern survey records. Judging by carbon and oxygen stable isotope analyses, most oysters were gathered in winter and spring. In addition to raw oysters, roasted oysters were also consumed by the prehistoric Nankuanli people. Coastal environments of southwestern Taiwan have been continuously changing in the last 5,000 years. Nevertheless, oysters are still grown successfully in this water environment.