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題名：雙面刃--清代施氏旗人家族與施氏漢人宗族研究
書刊名：歷史人類學學刊
作者：盧正恒
作者(外文)：Lu, Cheng-heng
出版日期：2017
卷期：15:2
頁次：頁53-87
主題關鍵詞：新清史；歷史人類學；八旗制度；中國宗族；地方社會；帝國；New Qing History；Historical anthropology；Eight Banners system；Chinese lineage；Local society；Empire
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「新清史」透過非漢材料並強調滿洲元素，在全球史與帝國史的脈絡下理解大清帝國。「歷史人類學」則藉由田野調查與民間文獻，從社會，宗教等層面來認識國家與地方的關係。兩個「學派」對晚期中華帝國的研究影響甚巨，但因為缺少合適的案例作為橋樑，致使對話有限。本文以施琅家族為案例，從帝國史的角度切入，配合新發現的滿，漢文爵位世襲冊等官方譜冊與在臺灣，泉州等地的田野調查以及施家族譜等民間文獻，指出清代的施氏氏族是八旗制度與地方宗族結合下誕生的產物。明中葉，施氏宗族因應明代鹽制改革以及倭寇侵擾對地方社會的影響逐漸強化其宗族。明清鼎革與禁海令的實施破壞了舊有的社會結構，但施琅在康熙四年（1665）禁海令未解除前就已返回原鄉重建施氏宗祠。康熙七年（1668）施琅與家人被編入漢軍鑲黃旗，施氏旗人家族因此扮演着帝國中間人的角色：施氏旗人家族一方面掌控福建水師提督長達33年，另一方面在清帝國的特許下，將旗人派回泉州管理宗族。清帝國為了掌握這個中間人，不僅容忍施家違法犯紀之事，且不允許施家離開八旗。乾隆朝以降，隨着施家旗人家族長期待在八旗制度底下，其認同改變、涉入不法、對福建水師的壟斷和影響力亦不復再，其中間人地位開始產生動搖。與此同時，泉州施氏宗族經濟能力逐漸提升，得以擺脫旗人管轄，透過修繕宗祠強調泉州原鄉出身者的低階功名，而抹去旗人親屬的痕跡。兩個系出同源卻分居南北，被制度隔離的家族，宗族終究各自發展，也象徵着帝國中間人的角色不再。簡言之，清帝國的八旗制度與地方宗族並非沒有交集，反而在泉州地區產生了旗人、漢人、地方社會之間互動緊密頻繁的模式。帝國中間人的角色令旗人家族、泉州宗族各自興盛發展，但也如同雙面刃一般讓二者距離越來越遠。
The New Qing History school is distinguished by the use of non- Chinese language materials and emphasis on Manchu elements to examine the Qing Empire in the context of global history. The South China Studies or Historical Anthropology school explores the relationship between state and society from social and religious perspectives, through fieldwork and the use of materials produced in local society. Though the two schools have contributed tremendously to the history of late imperial China, they have rarely been in dialogue with one another due to the lack of appropriate case studies. By combining newly discovered Manchu and Chinese materials with field work in Quanzhou and Taiwan, this article seeks to bridge the gap between two schools within the context of imperial history. The case of Shi Lang and the Shi lineage illustrates the interaction between the Eight Banners system and lineage institutions during the Qing period. The Shi lineage was first formally established in the mid-Ming in the context of the wokou (Japanese piracy) crisis and reforms to the system of tax registration. During the Ming-Qing transition, Shi Lang rebuilt his lineage's ancestral hall in its original location even before the coastal evacuation order was repealed, indicating his commitment to the lineage organization. At roughly the same time, Shi Lang and his immediate family were also enrolled into the Eight Banners system. The Shi ner family, a sub-group of the larger lineage, thus came to play a vital intermediary role between imperial authority and local society. It controlled the Fujianese navy and was authorized by the Qing Empire to manage the larger Shi lineage in Quanzhou. The Qing Empire tolerated its intermediary's illegal behavior while forbidding them from leaving the Eight Banners system. After the eighteenth-century, the Shi banner family gradually lost its monopoly over the Fujian navy and its ethnic identity was also transformed. Its role as an intermediary declined. As its economic power increased, the Shi lineage in Fujian began to stress the contributions of its members rather than their kinship with high-ranking officials in Beijing. Thus Eight Banners system interacted with local lineages in Quanzhou to create an imperial intermediary. But this was a double-edged sword that eventually created a separation between the Shi banner family and the larger Shi lineage.
期刊論文
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3.羅桂林、王敏(2014)。清代駐防旗人的生活與認同--以洋嶼賴氏為中心。清史研究，2014(2)，111-124。  延伸查詢new window
4.徐泓(2016)。「新清史」論爭：從何炳棣、羅友枝論戰說起。首都師範大學學報（社會科學版），2016(1)，1-13。  延伸查詢new window
5.黃麗君(2016)。歐立德教授演講「A Reflection and Response to the New Qing History （歷史學與政治話語：關於新清史的反省與回應)」紀要。明清研究通訊，56。  延伸查詢new window
6.Ghosh, Durba(2012)。Another Set of Imperial Turns?。The American Historical Review，117(3)，772-793。  new window
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12.Schmid, Andre(2000)。Colonialism and the 'Korea Problem' in the Historiography of Modern Japan: A Review Article。Journal of Asian Studies，59(4)，952-953。  new window
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會議論文
1.盧正恆(2016)。難番、羨石、鎮臣、官常、帝國：乾隆十八年呂宋難番船事件初探。季風亞洲：近代初期中的西班牙與東亞國際研討會，中研院臺灣史研究所、國立清華大學人文社會研究中心 (會議日期: 2016年6月20日至21日)。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
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4.黃富三(2006)。臺灣水田化運動先驅：施世榜家族史。國史館臺灣文獻館。  延伸查詢new window
5.Crossley, Pamela Kyle、Siu, Helen F.、Sutton, Donald S.(2006)。Empire at The Margins: Culture, Ethnicity, and Frontier in Early Modern China。University of California Press。  new window
6.Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida(1998)。The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions。University of California Press。  new window
7.劉志偉(2010)。在國家與社會之間：明清廣東地區里甲賦役制度與鄉村社會。中國人民大學出版社。  延伸查詢new window
8.Faure, David、Ho, Ts'ui-p'ing(2013)。Chieftains into Ancestors: Imperial Expansion and Indigenous Society in Southwest China。University of British Columbia Press。  new window
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13.臺灣銀行經濟研究室(1994)。清代臺灣大租調查書。南投市：臺灣省文獻委員會。  延伸查詢new window
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15.Kuhn, Philip A.(2008)。Chinese among others: emigration in modern times。Rowman & Littlefield Publishers。  new window
16.鄭振滿、丁荷生(2003)。福建宗教碑銘匯編‧泉州府分冊。福州：福建人民出版社。  延伸查詢new window
17.(1985)。清高宗實錄。北京：中華書局。  延伸查詢new window
18.來新夏(2006)。清代科舉人物家傳資料匯編。北京：學苑出版社。  延伸查詢new window
19.Lieberman, Victor(2003)。Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800-1830 (Vol. 1): Integration on the Mainland。Cambridge University Press。  new window
20.Elliott, Mark C.、青石(2014)。乾隆帝。北京：社會科學文獻出版社。  延伸查詢new window
21.鄧津華(2004)。Taiwan's Imagined Geography: Chinese Colonial Travel Writing and Pictures, 1683-1895。Cambridge：Harvard University Asia Center。  new window
22.Dean, Kenneth(1993)。Taoist Ritual and Popular Cults of Southeast China。Princeton University Press。  new window
23.國立故宮博物院(1976)。宮中檔康熙朝奏摺。臺北：國立故宮博物院。  延伸查詢new window
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27.李其霖(2014)。見風轉舵：清代前期沿海的水師與戰船。五南。  延伸查詢new window
28.汪榮祖(2014)。清帝國性質的在商榷：回應新清史。臺北：遠流出版社。new window  延伸查詢new window
29.Rawski, Evelyn S.(2015)。Early Modern China and Northeast Asia: Cross- border Perspectives。Cambridge University Press。  new window
30.Kim, Kwangmin(2016)。Borderland Capitalism: Turkestan Produce, Qing Silver, and the Birth of an Eastern Market。Stanford, CA：Stanford University Press。  new window
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32.Yannakakis, Yanna(2008)。The Art o Being In-between: Native, Intermediary, Indian Identity, and Local Rule in Colonial Oaxaca。Durham：Duke University Press。  new window
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35.勞格文、科大衛(2014)。中國鄉村與墟鎮神聖空間的建構。北京：社會科學文獻出版社。  延伸查詢new window
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37.施偉青、施玉森(2005)。施琅將軍傳。長沙：岳麓書社。  延伸查詢new window
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42.Lim, Ivy Maria(2010)。Lineage Society on the Southeastern Coast of China: The Impact of Japanese Piracy in the 16th Century。New York：Cambria Press。  new window
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48.The Public Union of Sy family who traveled in the Philippines(1986)。Return to Celebrate the Completion of (Gneral Sy Lang's Memorial Hall and Grand Ancestral Hall。Manila：The Public Union of Sy family who traveled in the Philippines。  new window
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其他
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圖書論文
1.陳春聲(2001)。從「倭亂」到「遷海」--明末清初潮州地方動亂與鄉村社會變遷。明清論叢。北京：紫禁城出版社。  延伸查詢new window
2.Cheng, Weichung(2016)。Admiral Shi Lang's Secret Proposal to Return Taiwan to the VOC。See Roers, Silver, and Samurai: Maritime East Asia in Global History, 1550-1700。Honolulu：University of Hawaii Press。  new window
3.王鍾翰(2004)。清代八旗中的滿漢民族成分問題。王鍾翰清史論集。北京：中華書局。  延伸查詢new window
4.Wills, John E.(2004)。Contingent Connections: Fujian, the Empire, and the Early Modern World。The Qing Formation in World-historical Time。Cambridge：Harvard University Asia Center。  new window
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8.秦國經(1997)。乾隆朝•施廷翰。清代官員履歷檔案全編。上海：華東師範大學出版社。  延伸查詢new window
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10.中研院歷史語言研究所(1972)。福建布政使司德舒殘冊。明清史料。南港：中研院歷史語言研究所員工福利委員會。  延伸查詢new window
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