印尼擁有全世界最多的穆斯林，但卻不是一個所謂的伊斯蘭國家，因爲宗教自由受到憲法保障，這是當初獨立建國時的務實選擇。以印尼多元民族、語言、宗教和文化的背景，如果以原生論來建構國家認同，會是高難度且不合宜的走向。所幸當初建國五原則，採取寬容、融合的精神與規則，才能站穩獨立建國的第一步。印尼的分離主義雖然一直存在，但也不到危及國家發展的地步。然而如果被有心人士操弄，仍然會是動盪的因素。主要的癥結在於經濟資源的分配不均問題，這種非根基於原生論的差異，並不是難以解開的死結。興利與分配的關連性是所有國家都共同面對的課題，當經濟情況良好時，社會資本相對提昇，人民的容忍度與包容性也會提高。因此，分離主義應不至於演變成印尼國家發展的障礙。

Indonesia is the largest Islam country in the world in terms of Muslim population. Meanwhile she is diversified in various religions with freedom of religious choices. Indonesia is also diversified in ethnic components with many major groups living in the thousands of islands. One of the most significant factors for Indonesian ethnic peace lied in the constitution design which adopted the more open and tolerating approach to embrace different beliefs. Therefore, Islam was never put as state religion. Aceh independence movement is the major secession in Indonesia with long term conflict. It is under appropriate management so did not become obstacle for Indonesian national development. However, the inequity in regional economic distribution should be focused to prevent further radical secession movements.