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題名:國族論述下的新加坡華人聚落變遷
作者:葉韻翠
作者(外文):Yeh Yun Tsui
校院名稱:國立臺灣師範大學
系所名稱:地理學系
指導教授:陳國川
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2009
主題關鍵詞:公共組屋國族主義新加坡華人聚落變遷Public HousingNationalismSingapore ChineseSettlement Transformation
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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本文為了解「在區域脈絡下,新加坡政府與華人地方社群對於聚落土地書寫上,所展現出的差異與變遷」所進行的一項研究。係透過對於聚落地景、社會空間、公共空間的分析,來解析聚落變遷。
為了對夾峙於周圍的馬來西亞、印尼兩大族裔國族主義國家造成的壓迫,及國內多元族群所潛藏的國家不穩定因素作出回應,新加坡政府以倡導公民國族主義作為柔性反制。在聚落變造過程中注入國族建構的想法,新加坡政府自1960年代以來強力介入了新、舊聚落的演替過程,以大規模的現代化政府組屋取代傳統聚落景觀。新、舊聚落的變遷不僅僅是為了解決長期的嚴重屋荒問題,由於國族論述趁勢加諸於變遷之中,使得華人聚落變遷存在著一些特性。
本文的研究結果顯示:新加坡政府透過對於聚落地景、空間的清除與改造,塑造出其認為有助於國族建構的基層社會環境。藉由組屋中族群比例的調配,使得一致性的組屋地景可以成為國家身分的象徵符號。混合不同族群、社群所創造出來的社會空間,以及各項規劃新構的公共空間,都成了政府建構國族認同的一項手段。而在從事「建構」之前,對於傳統聚落的「破除」,是新加坡政府國族建構中相當重要的一個環節。華人傳統聚落地景的破除,象徵著清除了殖民時期舊有的族群、城鄉、社經差異;蘊藏在傳統聚落地景中的社會空間的打破,解構了原有的族群間,甚至是華人地方社群間的居住領域隔離現象,也消除了社會分類下的強烈地方社群意識;華人傳統聚落公共空間的消失,是聚落地景演替下的連帶結果,但重新座落在組屋區中的華人廟宇,卻又將原先遭到破除了華人地方社群空間,在廟宇所在的「異地」重新地建構起來。組屋政策雖對於傳統人際網絡、家庭成員的緊密聯繫產生了影響,但在高度國家認同的背後,新社區的人際關係卻是疏離的。
This study mainly looked into the differences and changes of land-writing between the Singapore government and Chinese local communities. It analyzed the transformation of settlements by means of dealing with settlement landscapes, social spaces and public spaces.
The Singapore government has been intervening in the transformation of settlement with strong national attempts. In order to react to the pressure of Malaysian and Indonesian ethnic nationalism and internal multiethnic society, the Singapore government has advocated civic nationalism as a gentle response. Rewriting the land is one of her powerful means. Since 1960s, the Singapore government has greatly involved in the process of the transformation of settlements. Extensive public housing has been replacing traditional residential landscapes. The transformation of settlement not only solved problems of house shortages, there are some special characteristics within it since the national idea was poured into.
This study indicated that public housing was changes of land-writing and symbols-endowing made by the government, and caused the relationship change between the land and people. As for Singapore government, the new settlement which replaced the old one was the beginning of national identity construction. But to Chinese local communities, it made some deconstructions and changes to Chinese traditional culture.
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廖建裕著、楊啟光譯(1996)〈印度尼西亞的華人社會〉,見潘明智編著《華人社會與宗鄉會館》。新加坡:玲子大眾傳播中心。頁149-158。
潘永強(2005)〈抗議與順從:馬哈迪時代的馬來西亞華人政治〉,見何國忠編《百年回眸:馬華社會與政治》。馬來西亞吉隆坡:華社研究中心。頁203-232。
Wallerstein, Immanuel著、黃燕堃譯(1998)〈族群身分的建構-種族主義、國族主義、族裔身分〉,見香港嶺南學院翻譯系文化/社會研究譯叢編委會編《解殖與民族主義》(Decolonization & Nationalism)。中國香港:牛津大學出版社。頁129-146。
Agnew, John(1993)“Representing Space: Space, Scale and Culture in Social Science,” in James Duncan & David Ley eds., Place/ Culture/ Representation. London and New York:Routledge. pp. 251-271.
______(2005)“Space: Place,” in Paul Cloke& Ron Johnston eds., Spaces of Geographical Thought: Deconstructing Human Geography’s Binaries. London:Sage. pp. 81-96.
Anderson, K. J.(1996)“Culture Hegemony and the Race-definition Process in Chinatown, Vancouver: 1880-1980,” in Chris Hamnett ed., Social Geography: a Reader. London:Arnold. pp. 209-233.
Ang, John & M.S.W.(1975)“High-rise and High-density Living: Some Social Implications,” in Tan It Koon ed., Towards a Better Singapore. Proceeding of the First Convention of the Singapore Professional Centre October 9-13, 1975. pp. 28-31.
Chiew, Seen Kong(1983)“Ethnicity and National Integration: the Evolution of a Multi-ethnic Society,” in Peter S. J. Chen ed., Singapore Development Policies and Trends. Singapore & New York:Oxford University Press. pp. 29-64.
Cloke, Paul & Ron Johnston(2005)“Deconstructing Human Geography’s Binaries,” in Paul Cloke & Ron Johnston eds., Spaces of Geographical Thought: Deconstructing Human Geography’s Binaries. London:Sage. pp. 1-20.
Driver, Felix(1999)“Imaginative Geographies,” in Paul Cloke et al eds., Introducing Human Geographies. London:Arnold. pp. 209-216.
Freedman, Maurice & Marjorie Topley(1994)“Religion and Social Realignment among the Chinese in Singapore,” in G. William Skinner selected and introduced, The Study of Chinese Society: Essays by Maurice Freedman. Taipei:SMC Publishing Inc.. pp. 161-185.
Gruffudd, Pyrs(1999)“Nationalism,” in Paul Cloke et al eds., Introducing Human Geographies. London:Arnold. pp. 199-206.
Hee, LiMin & Giok Ling Ooi(2002)“Public Space in Public Housing: Everydays Spaces for Everyday Life,” in Low Boon Liang & Hee LiMin eds., Proceeding of Great Asian Streets Symposium “Public Space 2002”. Singapore:National University of Singapore. pp. 29-34.
Hooker, Virginia Matheson(2004)“Reconfiguring Malay and Islam in Contemporary Malaysia,” in Timothy P. Barnard ed., Contesting Malayness: Malay Identity Across Boundaries. Singapore:Singapore University Press. pp. 149-167.
Hooson, David(1994)“Introduction,” in David Hooson ed., Geography and National Identity. Oxford:Blackwell. pp. 1-11.
Kliot, Nurit(1991)“An Introduction,” in Nurit Kliot & Stanley Waterman eds., The Political Geography of Conflict and Peace. London: Belhaven Press. pp. 1-17.
Leo, Suryadinata(1999)“National Ideology and Nation-Building in Multi-Ethnic States: Lessons from Other Countries,” in Jon S. T. Quah ed., In Search of Singapore’s National Values, reprinted with White Paper on “Shared Values” 1999. Singapore:Times Academic Press for the Institute of Policy Studies. pp. 24-44.
Liu, Thai Ker(1975a)“Design for Better Living Conditions,” in Stephen H.K.Yeh ed., Public Housing in Singapore: a Multi-disciplinary Study. Singapore:Singapore University Press. pp. 117-184.
Mitchell, W. J. T.(1994)“Introduction,” in W. J. T. Mitchell ed., Landscape and Power. Chicago and London:the University of Chicago Press. pp.1-4.
Nash, Catherine(1999)“Landscapes,” in Paul Cloke et al eds., Introducing Human Geographies. London:Arnold. pp. 217-225.
Painter, Joe(2005)“State: Society,” in Paul Cloke & Ron Johnston eds., Spaces of Geographical Thought: Deconstructing Human Geography’s Binaries. London:Sage. pp. 42-60.
Quah, Jon S. T.(1999)“Government Policies and Nation-Building,” in Jon S. T. Quah ed., In Search of Singapore’s National Values, reprinted with White Paper on “Shared Values” 1999. Singapore:Times Academic Press for the Institute of Policy Studies. pp. 45-65.
Ragaz, Cheri(1994)“Tradition, Cluture and Imposed Change in Indonesia,” in David Hooson ed., Geography and National Identity. Oxford:Blackwell. pp. 331-345.
Sharp, Joanne P.(1999)“Critical Geopolitics,” in Paul Cloke etal eds., Introducing Human Geographies. London:Arnold. pp. 181-188.
Smith, Susan J.(1999)“Society-Space,” in Paul Cloke et al eds., Introducing Human Geographies. London:Arnold. pp. 12-23.
Tai, Ching Ling & Peter S. J. Chen(1982)“Social and Political Implications of Public Housing in Singapore,” in Housing as a Basic Need, Issued under the auspices of the Regional Institute of Higher Education and Development. Hong Kong:Maruzen Asia Pte. Ltd. pp. 167-185.
Tan, Tony Keng Joo & Tai-Chee Wong(2008)“Public housing in Singapore: A Sustainable Housing Form and Development,” in Tai-Chee Wong et al eds., Spatial Planning for a Sustainable Singapore. Singapore:Springer. pp. 135-150.
Wang, Gungwu(1989)“The Chinese as Immigrants and Settlers,” in Kernial Singh Sandhu & Paul Wheatley eds., Management of Success: the Moulding of Modern Singapore. Singapore:Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 552-562
Willmott, W.E.(1989)“The Emergence of Nationalism,” in Kernial Singh Sandhu & Paul Wheatley eds., Management of Success: the Moulding of Modern Singapore. Singapore:Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 578-598.
Yang, Tsung-rong Edwin(2002)“Hometown is Fatherland: Nanyang Chinese Searching for New Identity in Malaya and Indonesia, 1945-1949,”見張存武、湯熙勇主編《海外華族研究論集 第三卷:文化、教育與認同》。臺北:華僑協會總會。頁369-406。
Yeoh, Michael Oon Kheng(1988)“The Chinese Political Dilemma,” in Ling Liong Sik et al eds., The Future of Malaysian Chinese. Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur:Malaysian Chinese Association. pp. 21-36.
Zeng, Ling(2006)“The Transformation and Readjustment of Contemporary Chinese Clan Associations amidst the Social Changes in Singapore,” in Lee Guan Kin ed., Demarcating Ethnicity in New Nations: Cases of the Chinese in Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Singapore:Konrad Adenauer Stiftung & Singapore Society of Asian Studies. pp. 85-121.

三、期刊論文
人民行動黨(1965)〈第一個十年:人民行動黨目標與政策聲明〉。《南洋文摘》,6(4):7-11。
方遠(1980)〈新加坡解決住房問題的措施和成效〉。《東南亞研究資料》,1:63-66、68。
王寧楠(2001)〈新加坡的公共住宅政策及其借鑑〉。《南洋問題研究》,106:43-48。
民眾聯絡所(1966)〈新加坡民眾聯絡所各種活動的計劃和組織〉。《南洋文摘》,7(4):231-234。
石川賢(2002)〈新加坡、馬來西亞的語言、教育政策和華人社會的階層結構〉。《南洋資料譯叢》,146:97-108。
李光耀(1960)〈行動黨政府政策,實現更公平社會〉。《南洋文摘》,1(6):3。
東姑阿都拉曼(1962)〈馬來西亞聯邦計劃〉。《南洋文摘》,3(1):1-6。
______(1963)〈馬來西亞宣言〉。《南洋文摘》,4(12):1。
星洲日報(1960)〈聯合邦緊急狀態十二年大事記〉。《南洋文摘》,10:10-11。
胡孝繩(1965)〈論馬來西亞的「共同」市場與「州際」貿易〉。《南洋文摘》,6(7):13-14。
孫采薇(2004)〈政策、制度、與族群關係:印尼與馬來西亞對境內華人族群政策的比較研究〉。《亞太研究論壇》,24:56-91。new window
馬來西亞協定(1963)〈馬來西亞協定全文〉。《南洋文摘》,4(10):1-2。
崔貴強(1973a)〈十九世紀新加坡的華族巨商〉。《南洋文摘》,14(3):頁145-151。
______(1973b)〈戰前新加坡華族史的特徵〉。《南洋文摘》,14(9):577-582。
______(1977)〈新馬華人政治認同的轉變1945-1957〉。《南洋學報》,32(1、2):53-63。
曹雲華(1989)〈新加坡人的國家意識及其培養〉。《南洋問題研究》,60:60-67。
梁炳琨、張長義(2004)〈地理學的文化經濟與地方再現〉。《地理學報》,35:81-99。new window
陳杰(1988)〈新加坡外交—其生存之道〉。《東南亞研究》,1:63-72。
陳衛忠(1973)〈新加坡的移殖情形〉。《南洋文摘》,14(9):581-584。
曾鐵忱(1966)〈馬來西亞概念之史的發展〉。《南洋文摘》,7(11):725-730。
黃松贊(1987)〈戰後新加坡華人社會變化略述〉。《東南亞研究》,1(2):123-127。
黃朝翰(2002)〈提倡儒家價值觀,促進社會經濟發展:新加坡經驗〉。《東亞論文》,40:1-11。
葉華國(1968)〈新加坡戶口的大小與結構〉。《南洋文摘》,9(7):433-442。
鄒豹君(1968)〈新加坡文化景的演進及其特徵〉。《新社季刊》,1(2):1-5。
潘明智(1972)〈星加坡地理景觀的變貌〉。《南洋文摘》,13(7):433-437。
潘醒農(1970)〈一五0年來新加坡的人口〉。《南洋文摘》,11(2):77-80。
鄭章遠(1980)〈新加坡的公共建屋事業〉。《東南亞研究資料》,3:110-120。
黎經富(1972)〈星加坡的建屋發展與供求問題〉。《南洋文摘》,13(6):361-365。
獨立協定(1965)〈新加坡脫離大馬成為獨立國〉。《南洋文摘》,6(11):1-7。
謝華(1980)〈新加坡的建屋發展局〉。《東南亞研究資料》,1:67-68。
顏清湟(2005b)〈一百年來馬來西亞華社所走過的道路〉。《南洋問題研究》,3:48-58。
蘇卡諾(1960)〈論印尼民族特性〉。《南洋文摘》,10:1-3。
顧德(1960)〈新加坡自治邦元首施政方針演詞〉。《南洋文摘》,1(1):2-4。
Aimee, Carrillo Rowe(2004)“Whose ‘America’? The Politics of Rhetoric and Space in the Formation of U.S. Nationalism.” Radical History Review, 89:115-134.
Akashi, Yoji(1970)“Japanese Policy Towards the Malayan Chinese 1941-1945.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 1(2):61-89.
Boyce, Peter(1965)“Policy without Authority: Singapore’s External Affairs Power.” Journal of Southeast Asian History, 6(2):87-103.
Chan, Heng Chee(陳慶珠)(1969)“Singapore’s Foreign Policy, 1965-1968.” Journal of Southeast Asian History, 10(2):177-191.
Chang, T. C.(2000)“Singapore’s Little India: A Tourist Attraction as A Contested Landscape.” Urban Studies, 37(2):343-366.
Chua, Beng Huat(1985)“Pragmatism of the People’s Action Party Government in Singapore: a Critical Assessment.” Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, 13(2):29-46.
Clammer, John(1988)“Minorities and Minority Policy in Singapore.” Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, 16(2):96-110.
Demeritt, David(1994)“The Nature of Metaphors in Cultural Geography and Environmental History.” Progress in Human Geography, 18(2):163-185.
Duncan, James(1995)“Landscape Geography, 1993-94.” Progress in Human Geography, 19(3):414-422.
Freedman, Maurice(1962)“Chinese Kinship and Marriage in Singapore.” Journal of Southeast Asian History, 3(2):65-73.
Grant, Will J.(2005)“The Space of the Nation: An Examination of the Spatial Productions of Hindu Nationalism.” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 11:321-347.
Gruffudd, Pyrs(1995)“Remaking Wales: Nation-Building and the Geographical Imagination, 1925-50.” Political Geography, 14(3):219-239.
Jackson, Peter(2000)“Rematerializing Social and Cultural Geography.” Social & Cultural Geography, 1(1):9-14.
Jones, Roy & Brian J. Shaw(2006)“Palimpsests of Progress: Erasing the Past and Rewriting the Future in Developing Societies-Case Studies of Singapore and Jakarta.” International Jpurnal of Heritages Studies, 12(2):122-138.
Koefoed, Lasse & Kirsten Simonsen(2007)“The Price of Goodness: Everyday Nationalist Narratives in Denmark.” Antipode, 39(2):311-330.
Koh, Aaron(2003)“Global flows of foreign talent: identity anxieties in Singapore’s ethnoscape.” SOJOURN, 18(2):230-256.
Lau, Teik Soon(1969)“Malaysia-Singapore Relation: Crisis of Adjustment, 1965-68.” Journal of Southeast Asian History, 10(1):155-176.
Lee, Therese(2002)“Malaysia and the Internal Security Act: the Insecurity of Human Rights after September 11.” Singapore Journal of Legal Studies, pp. 56-72.
Leifer, Michael(1965)“Singapore in Malaysia: the Politics of Federation.” Journal of Southeast Asian History, 6(2):54-70.
Leo, Suryadinata(廖建裕)(1985)“Government Policies towards the Ethnic Chinese: a Comparison between Indonesia and Malaysia.” Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, 13(2):15-28.
______(1988)“Government Policy and National Integration in Indonesia.” Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, 16(2):111-131.
Lim, How Seng(林孝勝)(2002)“Singapore Chinese Society in the 19th Century: Power Structure and Bang Politics.” Asian Culture, 26:26-52.
Matless, David(1995)“Culture Run Riot? Work in Social and Culture Geography, 1994.” Progress in Human Geography, 19(3):395-403.
Neville, Warwick(1966)“Singapore: Ethnic Diversity and its Implications.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 56(2):236-253.
Nogué, Joan & Joan Vicente(2004)“Landscape and National Identity in Catalonia.” Political Geography, 23:113-132.
Öktem, Kerem(2004)“Incorporating the Time and Space of the Ethnic ‘Other’: Nationalism and Space in Southeast Turkey in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries.” Nations and Nationalism, 10(4):559-578.
Png, Poh-Seng(1969)“The Straits Chinese in Singapore: a Case of Local Identity and Socio-Cultural Accommodation.” Journal of Southeast Asian History, 10(1):95-114.
Pretes, Michael(2003)“Tourism and Nationalism.” Annals of Tourism Research, 30(1):125-142.
Sin, Chih Hoong(2002)“The Quest for a Balanced Ethnic Mix: Singapore’s Ethnic Quota Policy Examined.” Urban Studues, 39(8):1347-1374.
______(2003)“The Politics of Ethnic Integration in Singapore: Malay ‘Regrouping’ as an Ideological Construct.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 27(3):527-544.
Teo, Siew Eng & David R. Phillips(1989)“Attitudes towards Service Provision in Public Housing Estates and New Towns in Singapore.” Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 10(1):74-95.
Van Ham, Maarten & David Manley(2009)“Social Housing Allocation, Choice and Neighbourhood Ethnic Mix in England.” Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, published online: 02 September 2009.
Wang, Gungwu(1970)“Chinese Politics in Malaya.” The China Quarterly, 43:1-30.
______(2000)“Political Heritage and Nation Building.” Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 73(2):5-30.
Yiftachel, Oren(2004)“Contradictions and Dialectics: Reshaping Political Space in Israel/ Palestine. An Indirect Response to Lina Jamoul.” Antipode, 36(4):607-613.

四、研討會論文、研究報告
崔貴強(1994)〈新加坡雙語教育政策的推行、成效及影響〉。發表於國立屏東師範學院主辦「東南亞華人教育國際研討會」。
張景良(1987)〈開幕詞〉,見陳祖排編《國家文化的理念》,國家文化研討會論文集。馬來西亞雪蘭莪:中華大會堂。頁7-10。
陳秀容(2001)〈東南亞華人融入所在國主流社會的地域差異:印尼與泰國之比較〉,見世界海外華人研究學會、中央研究院中山人文社會科學研究所主辦《第四屆世界海外華人國際學術研討會論文集Ⅱ》。臺北:世界海外華人研究學會、中央研究院中山人文社會科學研究所。頁276-288。
Chan, Heng Chee(陳慶珠)(1971)“Nation-Building in Southeast Asia: the Singapore Case,” Occasional paper no. 3. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Chiew, Seen Kong & Tan Ern Ser(1990)“The Singaporean: Ethnicity, National Identity and Citizenship; Singapore Identity and Citizenship,” IPS survey: press release. Singapore:Institute of Policy Studies.
Clammer, John(1980)“Asian Values and the Paradoxes of Transition in Singapore,” presented at DSE-RIHED Conference on “Cultural Heritage versus Technological Development: Challenges to Education”. Singapore, 23-27 September 1980.
Drakakis-Smith, D.W. & Yue-man Yeung(1977)Pubilc housing in the City-states of Hong Kong and Singapore, Occational Paper No. 8. Canberra:the Development Studies Centre, the Australian National University.
Edmund Tie & Company(1997)Private Residential Demand in Singapore, Occasional Paper Series No. 1. Singapore:Edmund N S Tie & Company Pte Ltd.
Lee, Raymond L. M.(1986)“Symbols of Separatism: Ethnicity and Status Politics in Contemporary Malaysia,” in Raymond Lee ed., Ethnicity and Ethnic Relation in Malaysia, Occasional Paper No. 12. USA, Dekalb, Illinois:Northern Illinois University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 28-46.
Lim, William S.W. & Philip Motha(1979)Land Policy in Singapore, to be publishes in the special issue of Habitat International 1979 on Urban Land. Singapore:DP Architects Pte..
Liu, Thai Ker(1975b)“Designing for Highrise Living,” in Tan It Koon ed., Towards a Better Singapore. Proceeding of the First Convention of the Singapore Professional Centre October 9-13, 1975. pp. 8-16.
Pre-University Seminar(1989)Pre-U Seminar “Shared Valure for All Singaporeans” 18-23 June. Singapore:Ministry of Education, Victoria Junior College.
Singapore Planning & Urban Research Group(1970)Report of the Seminar on the Planning and Development of New Urban Centres with Jurong as A Case Study. Singapore:Singapore Planning & Urban Research Group.
Tai, Ching Ling & Peter S.J. Chen(1977)Life and Living Environment in Kampongs and HDB Housing Estates in Singapore, No. 63. Singapore.
Tan, Augustine H.H. & Phang Sock-Yong(1991)The Singapore Experience in Public Housing, Occasional Paper No. 9. Singapore:Centre for Advanced Studies National University of Singapore, Times Academic Press.
Wu, Teh-Yao(吳德耀)(1975)The Cultural Heritage of Singapore: the Essence of the Chinese Tradition, Occasional Paper Series No. 25. Singapore:Department of Political Science University of Singapore.

五、其他
《星洲日報》
Straits Times
Business Times
黎敏斐編繪(1959)《馬來亞地圖集》。中國香港:香港海光出版社。
Mighty Minds(2006)Singapore Street Directory, New 2006 Edition. Singapore:Mighty Minds Publishing Pte Ltd.
Land Acquisition(1984)Reprint of the Land Acquisition Act, Chapter 272 of the Revised Edition. Singapore:Attorney-General’s Chambers.
Religious Harmony(1989)Maintenance of Religious Harmony, Cmd. 21 of 1989. Presented to Parliament by Command of The President of the Republic of Singapore.
Shared Values(1991)Shared Values, Cmd. 1 of 1991. Presented to Parliament by Command of The President of the Republic of Singapore.
URA(2008)The Planning Act Master Plan Written Statement 2008. Singapore:Singapore Government.
〈印尼2006年華人人口統計推估〉,下載自中華民國僑務委員會,www.ocac.gov.tw/download.asp?tag=P&file=DownFile/File_9894.pdf&no=9894。檢索日期:2009.06.01。
〈馬來西亞2006年華人人口統計分析〉,下載自中華民國僑務委員會,www.ocac.gov.tw/download.asp?tag=P&file=DownFile/File_810.pdf&no=810。檢索日期:2009.05.19。
法律教育網‧新加坡共和國憲法, http://www.chinalawedu.com/news/2006/1/ma44013442261421600213376.html。檢索日期:2009.04.20。
星洲互動,http://www.sinchew-i.com/sciWWW/taxonomy/term/186。檢索日期:2009.05.29。
劉麗(2008)〈世界主要國家國有土地管理概述〉。《國土資源情報》,1。資源網,http://big5.lrn.cn/bookscollection/magazines/maginfo/2008maginfo/qingbao200801/200803/t20080310_206223.htm。檢索日期:2009.05.09。
〈Malaysian Constitution〉,下載自Scribd,http://www.scribd.com/doc/491814/Malaysian-Constitution?autodown=txt。檢索日期:2009.05.20。
〈Singapore’s foreign policy: beginnings and future〉,下載自Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Singapore,http://app.mfa.gov.sg/2006/press/view_press.asp?post_id=3800。檢索日期:2009.05.15。
Housing & Development Board,http://www.hdb.gov.sg/。檢索日期:2009.02.06。
MINDEF Singapore,http://www.nexus.gov.sg/imindef/news_and_events/nr/2002/feb/07feb02_nr.html。檢索日期:2009.05.15。
Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts,http://app.mica.gov.sg/Default.aspx?tabid=210 (最近更新2008/10/22)。檢索日期:2009.11.13。
Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts,http://app.mica.gov.sg/Default.aspx?tabid=107 (最近更新2009/01/13)。檢索日期:2009.11.13。
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Singapore,http://www.mfa.gov.sg/。檢索日期:2009.05.15。
My Government, the Malaysia Government’s Official Portal,http://www.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/GovRukunegara/Pages/GovRukunegara.aspx。檢索日期:2009.05.23。
My Government, the Malaysia Government’s Official Portal,http://www.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Relevant%20Topics/IndustryInMalaysia/Business/BusinessManufacturing/BMLegislationAndPolicy/Pages/BMLegislationAndPolicy.aspx。檢索日期:2009.5.22。
People’s Association,http://www.pa.gov.sg/1226885842710/1225681560690.html (最近更新2008/12/09)。檢索日期:2009.04.01。
Prime Minister’s Office of Malaysia,http://www.pmo.gov.my/。檢索日期:2009.05.19。
Sing Singapore 2005,http://www.singsingapore.org.sg/songs-lyric.asp?sid=18。檢索日期:2009.01.11。
Urban Redevelopment Authority,http://www.ura.gov.sg/conservation/conservation.htm(最近更新2010/01/05)。檢索日期:2010.01.05。
 
 
 
 
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