臺灣人文及社會科學引文索引資料庫系統

:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
第 1 筆 / 總合 1 筆   第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁
/1頁
題名：台灣閩南語否定祈使句研究
作者：鄧冠明
作者(外文)：Teng, Kuan-ming
校院名稱：國立清華大學
系所名稱：語言學研究所
指導教授：連金發
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2017
主題關鍵詞：否定祈使；主語；動詞；句末助詞；台灣閩南語；Negative imperatives；subject；verb；sentence-final particles；TSM
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
相關次數：
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(1) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:1
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:9
本論文旨從語法、語義和語用三方面來探索台灣現代閩南語否定祈使句的相關議題。深究的主題有三：(1) 否定祈使句的句法結構及主語特性、(2) 否定祈使句中否定、情態和後接成分的互動；以及(3) 否定祈使句句末助詞的核心語義、言談功能及相對位階。本研究主要採用的理論模式為制圖理論(Cartographic Approach)和會話隱涵理論(Conversational Implicature)。
根據台灣現代閩南語語料庫的資料，本文首先嘗試區分否定祈使句和帶有義務情態詞的否定直陳式之間的差別，然後提出一套可以完整分析台閩語否定祈使句徵性的句法結構，包括否定祈使句的主語如何得到聽話者特徵(addressee feature)以及否定祈使句如何與祈使念力(imperative force)相結合。在主語方面，我們論證第一人稱單數代名詞(gua2)可以進入(否定)祈使句的結構，而第三人稱代名詞(i1/in1)則因為語義本質的問題，無法作為(否定)祈使句之主語。
接著本文利用動詞語義特徵(semantic features)和詞彙時貌(lexical aspects)將動詞作系統性的分類，以否定祈使句中常見的否定詞「勿(mai3)」和「免(bein2)」為例，一一檢視各類動詞與否定情態之間的互動關係，藉以了解哪些類別的動詞可以合法地出現在否定祈使句當中。我們發現在生理性非自主動詞和非可控動詞的結合上，兩個否定情態詞的表現不一樣，這是因為勿(mai3)和免(bein2)兩者的權威來源(source of authority)不同所致。在詞彙時貌方面，終結性(telicity)會影響動詞是否可以進入祈使句當中。而不同的情態詞搭配上各種狀語、句末助詞、主語或呼格(vocatives)則會呈現不同強弱語氣的祈使形式。
最後，本文探討五個在否定祈使句中出現頻率最高的句末助詞，即：啦(lah)、啊(ah)、喔(ooh)、呼(honn)和咧(leh)，嘗試利用語料庫中的自然口語語料，從語境中來分析每一個句末助詞的核心語義和語用功能，並進而從連用的情形來比較其投射位階的高低，最後我們提出台閩語句末助詞的階層結構由低至高分別是：Clow (咧1，啊1) < AttitudeP (咧2，啊2，啦，喔) < ForceP (呼)。
總而言之，本論文從語法、語義和語用三方面嘗試探索三個和否定祈使句相關的議題，藉由對否定祈使句結構的剖析了解祈使句中主語的特性，運用動詞語義和詞彙時貌來深究否定、情態和動詞在否定祈使句中的搭配情形，並利用語境來挖掘否定祈使句中常見句末助詞的核心語義、語用功能和相對位階，祈能映證理論之可行性並對台灣現代閩南語有更進一步的認識。
In this dissertation, we aim to explore three relevant issues on negative imperative sentences in Taiwanese Southern Min (henceforth TSM). The topics discussed are as follows: (1) the syntactic structure and the subject properties of negative imperatives, (2) the interaction among negation, modality and the attached complements, and (3) the core meanings and discourse functions of sentence-final particles and their relative hierarchical positions. The studies primarily adopt Cartographic Approach and Theory of Conversational Implicature for analysis.
According to the data in the corpus of modern TSM, the first study in this dissertation at first makes a distinction between negative imperative sentences and negative indicative sentences with deontic modals in TSM. Then it is intended to characterize the syntactic structure of negative imperatives and explain how the subject gets the feature [+addressee]. Further, it suggests that the first person singular pronoun (i.e., gua2) legally be the subject of negative imperatives though its rate of appearance is quite low in the corpus data. By contrast, the third person pronoun (i.e., i1 and in1) can hardly be regarded as the subject of negative imperative sentences owing to the fact that their property of being a bystander in a conversation conflicts with the feature [+addressee].
Next, the second study examines the interaction among negation, modality and the complements attached in terms of the properties of verbs, lexical aspects, and meanings in order to learn about the collocations of the imperative mood and a variety of verbs. It is found that the properties of physical volitionality, controlness, and telicity play parts in deciding the combination between modals and verbs. On the other hand, this study also attempts to elaborate on how imperative sentences are formed to deliver different-level powers of imperatives based on what kind of adverbs, final particles, subjects, or even vocatives are chosen to modify the imperative sentences.
Then the third study, according to the spoken data in the corpus, explores the core meanings and discourse functions of five sentence-final particles (henceforth SFPs) which most frequently appear in the context of negative imperatives. It is found that the five SFPs separately have their own core meanings and play different roles in the discourse. The study also takes a further step to make a comparison among these final particles to make an order of their relevant hierarchical positions. The hierarchical structure of these SFPs is shown from low to high as follows: Clow (leh1, ah1) < AttitudeP (leh2, ah2, lah, ooh) < ForceP (honn).
To sum up, this dissertation intends to investigate three issues on negative imperatives from the perspectives of syntax, semantics and pragmatics. According to the analysis of the syntactic structure of negative imperatives, it mainly illustrates the properties of subjects in negative imperatives. Based on the properties of verbs, it primarily explores the relationship among negation, modality, and verbs in negative imperatives. And within the context of negative imperatives, it seeks to find out the core meanings, discourse functions and relative hierarchical positions of sentence-final particles. We expect these studies can verify the compatibility of theories adopted inhere and provide some further understanding of TSM, one of the important dialects spoken in Taiwan.
Austin, J. L. 1962. How to Do Things with Words. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Bennis, H. 2006. Agreement, pro and Imperatives. In Ackema, P., Brandt, P., Schoorlemmer, M., and Weerman, F. (eds) Arguments and agreement. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 101–123.

Beukema, F. and P. Coopmans. 1989. A government-binding perspective on the imperative in English. Journal of Linguistics, 25, 417-436.

Brown, P. & Levinson, S. 1987. Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bolinger, D. 1967. The imperative in English. To Honor Roman Jakobson: Essays on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday, Volume 1. The Hague: Mouton, pp. 335-362.

Bybee, J., Perkins, R., and Pagliuca, W. 1994. The evolution of grammar: tense, aspect and modality in the languages of the world. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Chao, Y.-R. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Chen, C.-M. 1989. A Study on Taiwanese Sentence-Final Particles. M.A. Thesis. National Taiwan Normal University.

Cheng, R. L. 1989. Mandarin Function Words and Their Taiwanese Equivalents. Taipei: Crane. Taipei: Crane Publishing.

Cheng, L. and Li, Y. 1991. Double Negation in Chinese and Multi Projections. Paper presented at the North America Conference on Chinese Linguistics, Cornell University.

Cinque, G. 1999. Adverbs and Functional Heads: A Cross-linguistic Perspective. Oxford University Press.

Chiu, B. 1993. The Inflectional Structure of Mandarin Chinese, Doctoral Dissertation, UCLA.

Comrie, B. 1976. Aspect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Condoravdi, C. and Lauer, S. 2012. Imperatives: Meaning and Illocutionary Force. In Piñón, P. (ed). Empirical Issues in Syntax and Semantics 9, pp. 37–58.

Coniglio, M. & Zegrean, I. 2010. Splitting up Force, Evidence from Discourse Particles. Working Papers in Linguistics. Vol. 20. University of Venice.

Chu, C.-C. 2002. Relevance theory, discourse markers and the Mandarin utterance-final particle a/ya. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 37:1, 1-42.

Davies, E. 1986. The English imperative. London: Croom Helm.

Ding, S.-S. 1961. Xiandai Hanyu Yufa Jianghua 現代漢語語法講話 [Modern Chinese Grammar]. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan.

Downes, W. 1977. The imperative and pragmatics. Journal of Linguistics, 13: 77-97.

Endo Y. 2007. Locality and Information Structure – A Cartographic Approach to Japanese. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Erlewine, M. Y. 2013. Sentence-final particles at the vP phase edge. Paper presented at North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics 25 (NACCL 25), University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, June 21–23, 2013.

Frege, G. 1970. On sense and reference. In Geach, P. and Black, M. (eds) Translations from the Philosophical Writings of Gottlob Frege. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, pp. 56-78.

Gao, G.-S. 2001. Hanyu Yufa Yanju 漢語語法研究 [Research on Chinese Grammar]. Jinan: Shandong People's Press.

Gao, M.-K. 1945. Hanyu Yufalun 漢語語法論 [Theories of Chinese Syntax]. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan.

Goldberg, A. E. 1995. Constructions: A construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Grice, H. P. 1975. Logic and conversation. In Cole, P. and Morgan, J. (eds) Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts, New York: Academic Press, pp. 41-58.

Guo, R. 1993. A systematic analysis verbs representing course of event in Chinese. Zhongguo Yuwen, 6: 410-419.

Haegeman, L. 2006. Argument fronting in English, Romance CLLD and the left Periphery. In Zanuttini, R., Campos, H., Herburger, E., and Portner, P. (eds.) Negation, Tense and Clausal Architecture: Cross-linguistic Investigations. Georgetown University Press, pp. 27-52.
Han, C.-H. 1998. The Syntax and Semantics of Imperatives and Related Constructions. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.

Han, C.-H. 1999. Deontic Modality, Lexical Aspect and the Semantics of Imperatives. In TLS of Korea (eds.) Linguistics in morning calm 4. Seoul: Hanshin Publications. pp. 479-495.

Han, C.-H. 2000. The Structure and Interpretation of Imperatives: Mood and Force in Universal Grammar. Series in Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics, Garland Publishing, New York.

Hausser, R. R. 1979. Surface compositionality and the semantics of Mood. In R. Bartsch, (ed.) Amsterdam Papers in Formal Grammar: 2, Department of Philosophy, University of Amsterdam, pp. 174-193.

Hirschberg, J. 1985. A Theory of Scalar Implicature. Doctoral Dissertation. University of Pennsylvania.

Hsieh, M. 2001. Form and Meaning: Negation and Question in Chinese. Doctoral Dissertation. CA: University of Southern California.

Hu, M.-Y. 1981. Beijinghua de yuqi zhuci he tanci 北京話的語氣助詞與嘆詞 [Mood particles and interjections in the Beijing dialect]. Zhongguo Yuwen, 5: 347-350.

Huang, C.-T. J. 1982. Logical Relations in Chinese and the Theory of Grammar. Doctoral Dissertation, MIT, Cambridge, MA.

Huang, S.-F. 1993. Language, Society and Ethnic Identity: A Sociolinguistic Research on Taiwanese Languages. Taipei: Crane Publishing.

Huntley, M. 1984. The semantics of English imperatives. Linguistics and Philosophy, 7: 103-134.

Jensen, B. 2003. Imperatives in English and Scandinavian. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Oxford.

Jespersen, O. 1940. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles V: Syntax, London: George Allen and Unwin.

Jucker, A. H., 1993.The discourse marker well: A relevance theoretical account. Journal of Pragmatics, 19: 435-452.

Katz, J. and P. Postal. 1964. Integrated Theory of Linguistic Description. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Kay, P. 1995. Construction Grammar. In J. Verschueren, Jan-Ola Östman, and J. Blommaert (eds.) Handbook of Pragmatics. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 171-177.

Kratzer, A. 1991. Modality. In von Stechow, A. & Wunderlich, D. (eds.) Semantics: An International Handbook of Contemporary Research. Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 639–650.

Laka, I. 1990. Negation in Syntax: On the Nature of Functional Categories and Projections. Doctoral Dissertation, MIT, Cambridge, MA.

Lakoff, G. 1977. Linguistic gestalts. Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistics Society, 13: 236–287.

Larson, R. 1988. On the double object construction. Linguistic Inquiry, 19: 335-391.

Law, A. 2002. Cantonese Sentence-Final Particles and the CP Domain. UCL Working Papers in Linguistics, 14: 220-233.

Leech, G. 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. London & New York: Longman.

Leszek, A. 1995. A Critical Study on Imperatives. M.Sc. Thesis, MIT, Cambridge, MA.

Levelt, W. J. M. 1983. Monitoring and self-repair in speech. Cognition, 14, 41-104.

Li, B. 2006. Chinese Final Particles and the Syntax of the Periphery. Doctoral Dissertation, Leiden University.

Li, I. C. 1999. Sentence-Final Particle in Taiwanese: A Discourse-Pragmatic Analysis. Taipei: The Crane Publishing.

Li, I. C. 2000. Pragmatics: The Chinese Connection. Chinese Studies, 18: 323-356.

Li, J.-X. 1924. Hsinzhu Guoyu Wenfa 新著國語文法 [The New Chinese Grammar]. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan.

Li, P. J.-K. 1971. Two Negative Markers in Taiwanese. Bulletin of the Institute of History & Philology (BIHP) 43(2): 201-220.

Lien, C. 1988. Taiwanese Sentence-Final Particles. In R. L. Cheng and S. Huang (eds.) The Structure of Taiwanese: A Modern Synthesis. Taipei: The Crane Publishing, pp. 209-240.

Lien, C. 2010. Negative imperatives in Earlier Southern Min. Paper presented at The 7th International Symposium on Ancient Chinese Grammar (ISACG-7), Roscoff, France.

Lien, C. 2013. Negative patterns of modals in Taiwanese Southern Min 台灣閩南語的否定類型探索. Language and Linguistics, 14(2): 213-239.

Lien, C. 2015a. Polyfunctionality of Bo5 in modern Southern Min: a case of its interpretation in tandem with hierarchical positions現代閩南語「無」的多重功能：從階層結構入手. Language and Linguistics, 16(2): 169-186.

Lien, C. 2015b. Imperative negatives in early Southern Min and their later development. Faits de Langues, 46(2): 187-200.

Lindner, K. 1991. “Wir sind ja doch alte Bekannte.” The use of German ja and doch as modal particles. In Werner Abraham (ed.), Discourse Particles. 163-201. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Liu, Y.-H. 1996. Shiyung Xiandai Hanyu Yufa實用現代漢語語法 [A Practical Modern Mandarin Grammar]. Taipei: Shida Shuyuan.

Lu, S.-X. 1942. Zhungguo Wenfa Yaolue中國文法要略 [An Outline of Chinese Grammar]. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan.

Lu, S.-X. 1993. Lushuxiang Wenji 呂叔湘文集, Volume 5. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan.

Ma, J.-Z. 1898. Mashi Wentong馬氏文通. Shanghai: Shangwu Yinshuguan.

Ma, Q.-Z. 1988. Controllable verbs and uncontrollable verbs. Zhongguo Yuyan Xuebao, 3: 157-180.

Mauck, S., Pak, M., Portner, P., and Zanuttini, R. 2005. Imperative subjects: A Cross-linguistic Perspective, In Brandstetter, C. and Rus, D. (eds.) Georgetown University Working Papers in Theoretical Linguistics, Georgetown, pp. 135-152.

Norman, J. 1995. Jianyang fangyan foudingci tanyuan 建陽方言否定詞探源 [Etymological origin of negative words in Jianyang]. Fangyan. 1995, 1: 31-32.

Pak, M. 2006. Jussive clauses and agreement of sentence final particles in Korean. In: Vance, T. (ed.), Japanese/Korean Linguistics Volume 14. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications, pp. 295-306.

Pak, M., Portner, P., and Zanuttini, R. 2007. Agreement and the Subjects of Jussive Clauses in Korean. In Elfner, E. and Walkow, W. (eds.) The Proceedings of NELS 37. Amherst: GLSA.

Pak, M., P. Portner, and R. Zanuttini. 2008. Agreement in promissive, imperative, and exhortative clauses. Korean Linguistics, 14: 157–175.

Palmer, F. R. 1986. Mood and Modality. Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics, Cambridge: CUP.

Papafragou, A. 2010. Source-goal asymmetries in motion representation: Implications for language production and comprehension. Cognitive Science, 34: 1064-1092.

Paul, W. 2014. Why particles are not particular: Sentence-final particles in Chinese as heads of a split CP. Studia Linguistica, 68(1): 77-115.

Platzack, C. and I. Rosengren. 1998. On the subject of imperatives: A minimalist account of the imperative clause. The Journal of Comparative Linguistics, 1: 177-224.

Pollock, J.-Y. 1989. Verb movement, Universal Grammar, and the structure of IP. Linguistic Inquiry, 20: 365-424.

Potsdam, E. 1995. Phrase Structure of the English Imperative. In the Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Formal Linguistics Society of Midamerica. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club Publications, pp. 143-154.

Potsdam, E. 1996. Syntactic Issues in the English Imperative. Doctoral dissertation, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz.

Potsdam, E. 1998. Syntactic issues in the English imperative. Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.

Poulos, G. and Bosch, S. E. 1997. Zulu. (Languages of the World/Materials, 50.) München: Lincom Europa.

Qi, H.-Y. 2002. Yuqici yu Yuqixitong 語氣詞與語氣系統 [Mood Words and Mood System]. Hefei: Anhui Education Press.

Rivero, M.-L. 1994. Negation, imperatives and Wackernagel effects," Rivista di Linguistica, 6:(1), 39-66.

Rivero, M.-L. and A. Terzi. 1995. Imperatives, V-movement and logical mood. Journal of Linguistics, 31: 301-332.

Rizzi, L. 1997. The fine structure of the left periphery. In L. Haegeman (ed.) Elements of grammar: Handbook of generative syntax. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 281–337.

Rizzi, L. 2000. Comparative Syntax and Language Acquisition, Routledge, London.

Rizzi, L. 2004. Locality and left periphery. In A. Belletti (ed.) Structures and Beyond. The Cartography of Syntactic Structures. Volume 3. New York: Oxford University Press.

Ross, J. R. 1970. On Declarative Sentences. In Jacobs, R. A. & Rosenbaum, P. S. (eds.) Readings in English transformational grammar. Washington: Georgetown University Press, pp. 222-272.

Rupp, L. 1999. Aspects in the syntax of English imperatives, Doctoral Dissertation, University of Essex, Essex.

Rupp, L. 2003. The syntax of imperatives in English and Germanic: Word order variation in the Minimalist framework. Basingstone: Palgrave MacMillan.

Sadack, J. M. & Zwicky, A. M. 1985. Sentence Types. In Shopen, T. (ed.) Language Typology and Syntactic Description, vol. 1: Clause structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 155-96.

Schmerling, S. F. 1975. Imperative deletion and some related matters. Linguistic Inquiry 6: 501-511.

Schmerling, S. F. 1982. How imperatives are special, and how they aren't. In R. Schneider, K. Tuttle, and R. Chametsky (eds.) Papers from the Parasession on Nondeclaratives. Chicago Linguistics Society, University of Chicago, pp. 202-218.

Searle, J. R. 1969. Speech Acts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Searle, J. R. 1975. Indirect speech acts. In P. Cole and J. L. Morgan (eds.) Speech Acts. Academic Press, Inc. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York, pp. 59-82.

Shen J.-X. 1999. Asymmetry and Markedness Theory. Nanchang: Jiaxi Education Press.

Shi, Y.-Z. 1992. Symmetries and Asymmetries between Affirmation and Negation in Chinese. Taiwan: Student Book Co., Ltd.

Shao, J.-M. and Luo, X.-I. 2004. The negative adverb Bie2: Its grammatical meanings and the verb/adjective it negates. Chinese Teaching in the World, 4, 18-26.

Speas, P. and Tenny, C. 2003. Configurational Properties of Point of View Roles. In DiSciullo, A. (ed.), Asymmetry in Grammar. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 315-344.

Sweet, H. 1960. A New English grammar, Logical and Historical. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.

Tai, J. H-Y. 1984. Verbs and Times in Chinese: Vendler's Four Categories. Papers from the Parasession on Lexical Semantics. Chicago Linguistic Society, University of Chicago, pp. 289-296.

Tang, C. 2010. Monitoring Discourse Markers in Classroom Monologue Narratives. Concentric: Studies in Linguistics, 36(1): 105-131.

Tang, C. 2011. Self-Repair Devices in Classroom Monologue Discourse. Concentric: Studies in Linguistics, 37(1): 93-120.

Teng, S.-H. 1986. Hanyu dongci de shijian jiegou 漢語動詞的時間結構 [Temporal structure of Chinese verbs]. Diyijie Guoji Hanyu Jiaoxue Taolunhui Lunwen Xuanji. Beijing: Beijing Language Institute, pp. 7-17.

Travis, L. 1984. Parameters and Effects of Word Order Variation, Doctoral Dissertation, MIT.

Tsai, W.-T. D. 2007. Two Types of Light Verbs in Chinese. Paper presented in IACL-15/NACCL-19, Columbia University, New York.

Vendler, Z. 1967. Linguistics in Philosophy. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.

Wang, L. 1944. Zhongguo Yufa Lilun 中國語法理論 [Theoretical grammar of Chinese]. Shanghai: Shangwu Yinshuguan.

Wang, H.-Q. 1996. “Bie2 V le” de yiyi shi shen me- jianlun juzi geshi yiyi de gai kua“別V了” 的意義是什麼—兼論句子格式意義的概括. Hanyu Xuexi, 4: 14-19.

Wang, H.-Q. 1997. “Bie2 V le1” zhong dongci de tezheng “別V了1” 中動詞的特徵. Hanyu Xuexi, 5: 12-16.

Wang, H.-Q. 1999. Dongci de tezheng yu “bie2 V le1” de qiyi zhishu 動詞的特徵與“別V了1” 的歧義指數. Yuwen Yanjiu, 3: 11-21.

Xu, D. 1997. Functional Categories in Mandarin Chinese, Doctoral Dissertation, Leiden University.

Xu, J.-D. 1990. Taiwanyu Gailun臺灣語概論 [An introduction to Taiwanese]. Taipei: Taiwan Yuwen Yanju Fazhan Jijinhui.

Yang, C.-H. 2014. Sentence-final Particles in Taiwanese Southern Min: Their Semantic Properties, Pragmatic Functions, and Syntactic Analysis. Master Thesis. NTHU, Hsinchu.

Yang, H.-F. 1991. Taiwan Minnanyu Yufagao 台灣閩南語語法稿 [A Draft for a Grammar of Taiwanese Southern Min]. Taipei: Daan Press.

Yang, L.-S. 1971. Hanyu Foudingci Zatan 漢語否定詞雜談 [Miscellaneous notes on negatives in Classical and Modern Chinese]. Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies, New Series 9.1–2: 160.

Yang, P.-L. 2010. Chinese Imperatives, Master Thesis. Taipei, NCCU.

Yuan, Y.-L. 1991. Qishi jushi he dongci de lei 祈使句式和動詞的類 [Imperative Sentence and the Category of Verbs]. Zhongguo Yuwen, 1: 10-20.

Yuan, Y.-L. 1993. Xiandai Hanyu Qishiju Yanjiu 現代漢語祈使句研究。Beijing: Peking University Press.

Zanuttini, R. 1991. Syntactic properties of sentential negation: A comparative study of Romance languages. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.

Zanuttini, R. 1997. Negation and Clausal Structure. A Comparative Study of Romance Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Zanuttini, R. 2008. Encoding the addressee in the syntax: Evidence from English imperative subjects. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 26: 185–218.

Zeijlstra, H. 2006. The Ban on True Negative Imperatives. Empirical Issues in Syntax and Semantics: 6, 405-424.

Zhang, S. 1990. The Status of Imperatives in Theories of Grammar. Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona.

Zhang, S. 1991. Negation in imperatives and interrogatives: Arguments against Inversion. In Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistic Society 27. Chicago Linguistics Society, University of Chicago. pp. 359-373.

Zhang, Z.-X. 1989. Taiwan Minnanyu Fangyan Jilue台灣閩南語方言記略 [An outline of the Southern Min dialect on Taiwan]. Fujian: People’s Publishing House.

Zhu, D.-X. 1982. Yufa Jiangyi 語法講義 [Mandarin Grammar]. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan.

Zwicky, A. 1988. On the subject of bare imperatives in English. In C. Duncan-Rose (ed.) On Language: Rhetorica, Phonoligica, Syntactica: A Festschrift for Robert P. Stockwell from His Friends and Colleagues. London: Routledge. pp. 437-450.
 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
:::
無相關著作
 
無相關點閱
 
QR Code
QRCODE

臺灣人文及社會科學引文索引資料庫

目前上線人數：1432（臺灣：1408，外國：24） ／ 本年度總使用人次：2488187 ／ 訪客人次（自102年09月）：68288809
國家圖書館著作權聲明 Copyright © 2013 All rights reserved.
本館地址: 100201臺北市中山南路20號． 本館地圖及交通資訊．
總機：(02)23619132．最佳瀏覽解析度為1024x768以上