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題名:從決策理論看杜魯門政府第二任期中國政策的轉變(1948-1952)
作者:唐珮君
作者(外文):Tang, Pei-Chun
校院名稱:淡江大學
系所名稱:美國研究所
指導教授:陳一新
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2003
主題關鍵詞:國際體系理論決策理論杜魯門政府中國政策袖手旁觀政策艾奇遜韓戰International System TheoryDecision Making TheoryTruman AdministrationChina PolicyHands-off PolicyAchesonKorean War
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學界有關杜魯門時期中美關係的研究成果在質量上均頗為豐碩。惟其中以歷史研究居多,政治研究較少,而決策研究更少。以艾里遜 (Graham T. Allison) 的三個決策模式將數個政策彙集作整體觀察者迄今未見。為補強此時期中美關係決策研究之不足,本文研究範圍以杜魯門政府第二任期的中國政策為主,研究時期則以中共建政及韓戰爆發為界,分別為:(一)1948年至1949年10月前;(二)1949年10月以後至1950年6月;(三)1950年6月至任期結束。本文以艾里遜之決策理論為經,其他相關之國際體系理論為緯,演繹出所需的假設,並藉此檢驗其任內一系列之中國政策,從而以理論觀點闡釋美國之中國政策轉變的原因。
此一系列政策包括:(1)1948年通過的「援華法案」;(2)1949年2月以後的等待「塵埃落定」政策;(3)1949年中共建政後的準備「承認中共」的計畫;(4)1950年1月的對台「袖手旁觀」政策;(5) 韓戰爆發後的「加強台灣防禦能力」;(6)保衛聯合國「中國代表權」。筆者認為,將上述政策貫串起來,做一完整的決策分析,必能一窺杜魯門政府之中國政策轉變的梗概。
以理性決策的觀點分析,筆者發現此時期整體中國政策未必全然符合理性決策的要求。其原因是,雖然整體政策已朝實現兩極對抗的戰略目的設計,但產出的結果卻不盡然符合代價最小或獲利最大的原則。在冷戰的國際政治架構下,杜魯門政府中國政策純粹是為「反蘇」政治利益而服務,因此反應出搖擺不定的立場。
其次從組織決策的角度切入,組織的角色與功能在此時期的決策過程中充分發揮。不論在任何時期,中國政策的制定與決策過程,組織的影響力均扮演重要的角色,其中又以國務院為主,軍方僅在韓戰發生後的國防安全方面才有置喙餘地。
最後就政府政治的層面探討,則吾人可知此一時期各方勢力對整體中國政策的影響不一。事實證明,在外交決策過程中是否需有一掌握行動管道的優勢者,對決策結果固然重要,但此並非決定性因素。杜魯門總統在中國政策制定上常侷限於各部門所提供之政策選項,但決策時卻受自我主觀意識影響。至於國會等其他國內政治力量,雖然對杜魯門政府中國政策沒有立即的、短期的壓力,但對美國社會卻有深刻的、長期的影響。
因此,本論文研究結果顯示,即使從決策理論檢視仍然可以證明:此一時期美國的中國政策由原先承認國府、中共建政後可能承認中共、至最後因韓戰爆發而回到原先承認國府的立場,此一政策的轉變,是杜魯門政府衡諸與中共建交無望,又面臨國內反共浪潮高漲下的產物。
There are voluminous and fruitful academic studies on Sino-American Relation in the Truman Administration. Among them, most are historic studies, few are political and fewest decision-making. However, the study that incorporating several theories, observing a series of cases and being examined by the Allison’s three decision-making models has yet been found. To reinforce the insufficiency of decision-making studies of this period, this dissertation thus explores the shift of a series of China Policy in the second tenure of Truman Administration on decision-making study basis in order to explain the reason of policy shift theoretically.
The author herein divides the second tenure of Truman Administration into three stages: 1.1948-October of 1949 AD; 2. October of 1949-June of 1950 AD; 3.June of 1950-1952 AD. The series of China Policy being analyzed are: 1.The China Aid Act of 1948; 2.Waiting the dust settled after February of 1949; 3.Prepairing for recognizing PRC after the regime being established; 4.The Hands-off Policy announced in January of 1950; 5.Reinforcing Taiwan defense capability after the outbreak of Korean War; and 6.Protecting the ROC’s China Representation in UN.
Analyzing on the Rational Actor’s viewpoint, China policy of this period as a whole reflects not completely rational. The result could be explained as that, under the Cold War framework, all the U.S. foreign policies had been enacted to counter the threat of bipolar confrontation. Yet, the outcomes of decision-making would not necessarily meet the requirements of least cost or most profit. Politically, China policy has been made on the Anti-Soviet premise that apparently served neither U.S. nor China’s interest. That as well explains why staggering happened in China Policy during the Truman Administration.
Exploring the whole China policy by the Organizational Behavior Model, the role and function of organizations successfully played the most important part in decision-making process. Department of State especially dominated China policy-making and had a formidable impact on decision-making. The military establishment speaks its words only in the Korean War era.
Furthermore, various powers have shown different impacts on the result of foreign policy decision-making, as examined by Governmental Politics Model. Facts have proved that one who acquires the privilege on action channel is a dominant but not decisive factor in the decision-making process. The president is always the most powerful decision-maker. Thus, the options of China Policy have generally served for Truman’s preference. The Congress, together with some other domestic political powers, imposes less immediate pressure on China Policy. However, its long-term impact on the whole society remains influential.
In this regard, the finding of this dissertation further assures the validity that, even examined by Allison’s Decision-Making Theory, the uncertainty of building political tie with Communist China and the uproar of Anti-Communism provided few choices for the Truman Administration in making China Policy.
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______。「美國對臺政策轉變的考察 (1950年12月﹣1951年 5月)」。中央研究院近代史研究所集刊,19 民79.06 頁469-486。
______。「評Rosemary Foot: The Practice of Power: US Relations with China Since 1949」。中央研究院近代史研究所集刊,27 民86.06 頁311-318。
______。「藍欽大使與一九五Ο年代的美國對臺政策」。歐美研究,28:1 民87.03 頁193-262。
張慶琪。「紐約時報的對華政策(1945-1949)」。軍事史評論,1 民83.06 頁149-172。new window
梁敬錞。「一九五○年中美關係之1--韓戰與臺灣」。傳記文學,37:4 民69.10,頁25-30。
______。「一九五○年中美關係之2--韓戰期中我國國際地位之震撼」。傳記文學,37:5-6 民69.11-12,頁18-24。
______。「抗戰勝利前後的中美關係(1945-1949)--自馬歇爾使華至蔣夫人訪美一宗歷史公案的檢判」。傳記文學,31:2 民66.08,頁37-46。
______。「美國對華白皮書之經緯與反應--艾契遜一石三鳥政策之1」。傳記文學,33:1 民67.07,頁32-36。
______。「馬歇爾奉使來華」(下)。傳記文學,29:5 民65.11,頁108-119。
______。「馬歇爾奉使來華」(上)。傳記文學,29:4 民65.10,頁48-57。
莊榮輝。『「失去中國」﹖簡介美國外交史家有關杜魯門政府對中國內戰政策之論點』。近代中國,138 民89.08,頁133-156。
陳一新。「柯林頓政府台海危機決策制訂過程---個案研究」,遠景季刊,2000年1月,第一卷,第一期,頁87-138。new window
______。「美國在『單極為主多級政經體系中的新地位與挑戰』」。美國月刊,7:2民81.02。
陳之邁。「艾奇遜(Dean Acheson)與中美關係白皮書」。傳記文學,26:6 民64.06,頁9-15。
______。「美國參議員塔夫特」。傳記文學,25:5 民63.11,頁17-19。
陳荔彤。「臺灣的法律地位:一九七九年中共與美國關係正常化年代前一個中國原則之研究」(The Legal Status of Taiwan: The Formation of "One China" Principle Prior to the Normalization of US-PRC Relations in 1979)。東海大學法學研究,14 民88.12,頁25-68。new window
陳毓鈞。「美國的『一個中國』政策 (下)」。美國月刊,:2=94 民83.02,頁50-65。
______。「美國的『一個中國』政策 (下)」。美國月刊,9:3=95 民83.03,頁62-77。
陳鴻瑜。「在『一個中國』與『兩國關係』之間:特殊的國與國關係」。政策月刊,50 民88.09,頁2-5。
陳禮頌譯;傅涇波校訂。「中共統治下司徒雷登百日日記」。傳記文學,42:6=253,民72.06,頁23-31。
陶文釗。「赫爾利使華與美國政府扶華反共政策的確定」。近代史研究,2 民76,頁263-282。
章百家。「1945-1955年終美關係史學術討論會論評」。歷史研究,2 民76,頁34-53。
______。『美國對華政策新解:評「從赫爾利到馬歇爾」』。歷史研究,4 民79,頁71-78。
黃仁宇。「張學良、孫立人和大歷史」。歷史月刊,8 民77.09,頁124-133。
黃文齡。「司徒雷登(John Leaghton, Stuart)使華之研究」。軍史事評論,1 民83.06,頁128-147。new window
黃秀端。「總統﹑國務卿與國家安全顧問」。美國月刊,5:6=54 民79.10 頁18-29。
楊勇毅。「中央情報局與美國外交政策」。美國研究,民86.09。
楊奎松。「1946年國共兩黨鬥爭與馬歇爾調處」。歷史研究,5 民79,頁52-67。
資中筠,「追根溯源:對美國對華政策(1945-1950)的再思考」。美國研究,2000年第3期,頁9-11。
趙春山。「『一個中國』問題的分析探討」。中央月刊,25:6 民81.06,頁25-26。
趙綺娜。「一九四九年代美國外交政策中台灣戰略地位」。美國研究,12: 1 民71。
______。「美國參議員史密斯(H. Alexander Smith )與杜魯門政府的對華政策」。國立台灣大學歷史系學報,18 民83.12,頁179-207。
______。「美國親國府議員對杜魯門政府中國政策影響之評估」,歐美研究。中央研究院歐美研究所。第21卷第3期,民國80年9月,頁102-103。
劉維開。「蔣中正總統對韓戰及相關問題的看法與政策--民國三十九年」。近代中國,137 民89.06 頁90-100。
______。「『從顧維鈞回憶錄』看顧維鈞在韓戰初期中美外交中的角色」。近代中國,140 民89.12,頁39-57。
蔡政諭。「一九五0年韓戰美國臺海政策轉變之研究--國家利益的理性選擇」。軍事史評論,7 民89.06,頁97-117。new window
蔡國裕。「馬歇爾來華調處國共關係之經過」。近代中國,79 民79.10,頁167-183。
謝信堯。「『一個中國』意涵與兩岸關係之研究」。黃埔學報,35 民87.06,頁95-108。new window
韓道誠。「吳國楨案有關資料彙輯」。傳記文學,45:3=268 民73.09,頁121-132。
顧長永著、楊日旭評。「美國總統與國家安全會議及中央情報局之關係:兼論美國總統的情治指揮權」。中山社會科學,5:1 民79.03,頁22-33。
(四)會議論文
王成勉。「馬歇爾(George C. Marshall)與中國─國務卿任內之探討」。國史館館刊,22 民86.06,頁205-228。
王綱領。「一九四八年的美國【援華法案】」。一九四九年:中國的關鍵年代學術討論會論文集。台北:國史館,民國八十九年。
朱浤源。「孫立人與麥帥:一九四九年」。一九四九年:中國的關鍵年代學術研討會論文集。台北:國史館。民國89年。new window
李本京。「韓戰前美國對華外交政策」。中華民國建國史討論集,5 民81 頁344-365。
戴萬欽。「馬歇爾使華的再探討:運用調停理論的分析」。美國對華未來政策:馬歇爾使華五十週年之蠡測。台北:淡江大學美國研究所,民87。
______。「舊金山和約與中日和約談判:杜魯門政府的利益與角色」,賴澤涵、于子橋主編。台灣與四鄰論文集。中壢:國立中央大學歷史研究所,民國87年,頁94。
(五)學位論文
林文集。「國民黨在一個中國政策上的爭鬥」。台灣大學新聞所碩士論文,1993年。
胡永銘。「一九四九至一九五○年美國對華關係 : 蔣公引退至韓戰爆發前夕」。政治大學外交研究所碩士論文,1987年。
陳宗堯。「美國對華政策(1946-1952)」。國立政治大學外交研究所。1958年。
陳寶鈴。「美國對華政策之研究(1947-1950)─以紐克特蘭的國家利益架構分析」。淡江大學美國研究所碩士論文。1989年
詹竣傑。「韓戰時期美國對華政策」。淡江大學美國研究所碩士論文。1990年。
劉奇峰。「韓戰爆發前美國對台採取袖手旁觀政策的決策過程」。淡江大學美國研究所碩士論文。2002年。
劉傳暘。「杜魯門政府與中國(一九四七∼一九四九)」。中國文化大學史學研究所碩士論文。2000年。
(六)網路資源
公共電視。「孫立人三部曲」

李兆杰,饒戈平。「一個中國的原則與國際法」。
http://big5.huaxia.com/HaiXiaJuJiao/JiaoDian/ZhongGuoYuanZe/GBK/14705.html
陳孝惇,「戰後海軍接收美國泊菲艦艇之研究(上)」,「海軍學術月刊」網站,

張偉。「1949年,司徒雷登差點到北京(1)」。
http://military.china.com/zh_cn/history4/62/20020711/11289495.html
「美國的中國老手戴維斯病逝」,“ John Davies, An Old China Hand Dies, 美國之音報導(VOA report), December 24, 1999.

傅建中,「中國災難的幽靈重現」,中國時報,1999年3月15日。
< http://www.chinatimes.com.tw/report/spy/88031507.htm>
2. 英文部分
I. Government Publication
Assessing the Soviet Threat: The Early Cold War Years, Langley, VA: Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, 1997.
Department of State, Foreign Relation of United States,
1946, Vol. 8, (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1972)
1946, Vol. 9, (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1972)
1946, Vol. 10, (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1972)
1947, Vol. 7, (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1972)
1948, Vol. 7, (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1973)
1948, Vol. 8, (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1973)
1949, Vol. 8, (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1978)
1949, Vol. 9, (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1978)
1950, Vol. 6, (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976)
1950, Vol. 7, (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976)
1951, Vol. 7, (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1983)
1952-54, Vol. 14, (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1985)
China and U.S. Foreign Policy. Washington D. C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1971.
Congressional Quarterly, Inc. China and U.S. Far East Policy, 1945-1966. Washington D. C.: Congressional Quarterly Service, 1967.
Decade of American Foreign Policy : Basic Documents 1941-1949. Washington D.C.: Department of State. 1985.
Department of State Bulletin. Washington D.C.: Department of State, 1949-1952.
Important Documents Concerning the Question of Taiwan. Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1955.
Public papers of the Presidents of the United States; Harry Truman: 1946.
http://www.trumanlibrary.org/trumanpapers/pppus/1946/index.htm
Public papers of the Presidents of the United States; Harry Truman: 1947.
http://www.trumanlibrary.org/trumanpapers/pppus/1947/index.htm
Public papers of the Presidents of the United States; Harry Truman: 1948.
http://www.trumanlibrary.org/trumanpapers/pppus/1948/index.htm
Public papers of the Presidents of the United States; Harry Truman: 1949
http://www.trumanlibrary.org/trumanpapers/pppus/1949/index.htm
Public papers of the Presidents of the United States; Harry Truman: 1950
http://www.trumanlibrary.org/trumanpapers/pppus/1950/index.htm
Public papers of the Presidents of the United States; Harry Truman: 1951
http://www.trumanlibrary.org/trumanpapers/pppus/1951/index.htm
Public papers of the Presidents of the United States; Harry Truman: 1952-53
http://www.trumanlibrary.org/trumanpapers/pppus/1952/index.htm
The United States in World Affairs since 1932. New York: Published by Harper & Brothers for the Council on Foreign Relations.
II. Books
Accinelli, Robert. Crisis and Commitment : United States Policy toward Taiwan, 1950-1955. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
Acheson, Dean. Present at the Creation : My Years in the State Department. New York: Norton, 1987.
Alexander, Bevin. Korea :The First War We Lost. New York: Hippocrene Books, 1986.
Allison, Graham. Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Boston: Little, Brown, 1971.
_____________. Remaking Foreign Policy : the Organizational Connection. New York: Basic Books, 1976.
_____________. Rethinking America''s Security : Beyond Cold War to New World Order. New York: W.W. Norton, 1992
Almond, Gabriel Abraham. The American People and Foreign Policy. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1977.
Asian American Assembly Position Paper II : A Review of U.S. Employment Policy. Baltimore, Md.: School of Law, University of Maryland, 1977.
Ballantine, Joseph William. Formosa : A Problem for United States Foreign Policy. Washington D. C. : Brookings Institution, 1952.
Barber, James David. The Presidential Character: Predicting Performance in the White House. Eaglewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1985.
Barnds, William J. China and America : The Search for a New Relationship. New York: New York University Press, 1977.
Barnett, A. Doak. Communist China and Asia: Challenge to American Policy. N. Y.: Vintage Book, 1960.
Bernstein, Barton J., ed. The Truman Administration : a Documentary History. New York: Harper & Row, 1966.
Blum, Robert. Drawing the Line: the Origin of the American Containment Policy in East Asia. New York: Norton, 1982.
___________. The United States and China in World Affairs. New York: Published for the Council on Foreign Relations by McGraw-Hill, 1966.
Bohlen, Charles E. Witness to History, 1929-1969. New York: Norton, 1973.
Borg, Dorothy and Heinrich, Waldo eds. Uncertain Years : Chinese-American Relations, 1947-1950. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980.
Braybrook, David and Lindblom, Charles E. A Strategy of Decision. New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1963.
Brzezinsky, Zbigniew. Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977-1981. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983.
Bueler, William M. U.S. China Policy and the Problem of Taiwan. Boulder, Colorado Associated University Press, 1971.
Buhite, Russell D. Soviet-American Relations in China. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1981.
Carter, Ashton B. and Perry, William J. Preventive Defense: A New Security Strategy for America. Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1998.
Chang, Jaw-ling Joanne. United States-China Normalization : an Evaluation of Foreign Policy Decision Making. Denver, Colo.: Graduate School of International Studies, University of Denver, 1986.
Chang, Su-ya. Pragmatism and Opportunism : Truman''s Policy toward Taiwan, 1949-1952. University Microfilms International, 1988.
Chen, Jian. China''s Road to the Korean War : the Making of the Sino-American Confrontation. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994.
Chen, Lung-chu. Formosa, China, and the United Nations : Formosa in the World Community. New York: St. Martin''s Press, 1967.
Chi, Hsi-sheng. Nationalist China at War : Military Defeats and Political Collapse, 1937-45. Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press, 1982.
Chiu, Hundah. China and the Taiwan Issue. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1979.
Christensen, Thomas J., Useful Adversaries: Grand Strategy, Domestic Mobilization, and Sino-American Conflict, 1947-1958. Princeton University Press.
Ch''un Tuan-sheng. The Government and Politics of China. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1961.
Clough, Ralph N. East Asia and U. S. Security. Washington, D. C.: The Brookings Institution, 1975.
Clough, Ralph N. Island China. Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1978.
Clubb, O. Edmund (Oliver Edmund). 20th Century China. New York : Columbia Univ. Press, 1964.
Cochran, Bert, Harry Truman and the Crisis Presidency. New York, Funk & Wagnalls, 1973.
Cohen, Warren I. America''s Response to China : a History of Sino-American Relations. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.
_____________. America''s Response to China : An Interpretative History of Sino-American Relations. New York: Wiley, 1980.
_____________. New Frontiers in American-East Asian Relations : essays Presented to Dorothy Borg. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983.
_____________. The Great Powers in East Asia, 1953-1960. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990.
Crabb, Cecil V. & Mulcathy, Kevin V. Presidents & Foreign Policy Making: From FDR To Reagan. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press, 1986.
_____________. The Doctrines of American Foreign Policy. Baton Rouge & London: Louisiana State University Press, 1982.
Cumings, Bruce. ed. Child of Conflict : the Korean-American Relationship, 1943-1953. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1983.
De Rivera, Joseph. The Psychological Dimension of Foreign Policy. Columbus, Ohio: C.E. Merrill Pub. Co., 1968.
Deutsch, Karl Wolfgang. The Analysis of International Relations. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1978.
Dewey, Thomas E. Journey to the Far Pacific. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1952.
Dinwiddie, Joseph. Aid to Nationalist China. New York: Vantage Press, 1957.
Donovan, Robert J. Eisenhower : The Inside Story. New York: Harper, 1956.
_______________. Tumultuous Years: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1949-1953. New York: Norton, 1982.
Dougherty, James E. American Foreign Policy: FDR to Reagan. New York: Harper & Row, 1986.
________________. and Pfaltzgraff, Robert L. Jr. Contending Theories of International Relations. New York: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1971.
Dower, John W. Empire and Aftermath : Yoshida Shigeru and the Japanese Experience, 1878-1954. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1979.
Downen, Robert L. The Pawn in the China Game---Congress to Rescue. Washington D. C.: The Center for Strategic and International Studies, Georgetown University, 1979.
Dulles, Foster Rhea. American Policy toward Communist China, 1949-1969. New York: Crowell, 1972.
Eastman, Lloyd E. Seeds of Destruction : Nationalist China in War and Revolution 1937-1949. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1984.
Edwards, Lee. Missionary for Freedom---The Life and Time of Walter Judd. N.Y.: Paragon House, 1990.
Eisenhower, Dwight D. Mandate for Change, 1953-1956 : The White House Years. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1963.
Elms, Alan C. Personality in Politics. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976.
Field, James A. Jr. History of United States Naval Operations: Korea. Washington, D.C.: G..P.O., 1980.
Finkelstein, David M. Washington''s Taiwan Dilemma, 1949-1950 : From Abandonment to Salvation. University Publishing Associates, 1994.
Finletter, Thomas Knight. Power and Policy : U. S. Foreign Policy and Military Power in the Hydrogen Age. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1954.
Fitch, Geraldine. Formosa Beachhead. Chicago, Ill.: H. Regnery, 1953.
Foot, Rosemary. The Wrong War : American Policy and the Dimensions of the Korean Conflict, 1950-1953. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985.
Friedrich, Carl J. Approaches to the Study of Politics : Twenty-two Contemporary Essays Exploring the Nature of Politics and Methods by which It Can Be Studied. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1958.
Gaddis, John Lewis. Strategies of Containment : A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.
Gallicchio, Marc S. The Cold War Begins in Asia: American East Asian Policy and the Fall of the Japanese Empire. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988.
Garver, John W. Face Off. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press, 1997.
Gati, Charles, comp. Caging the Bear: Containment and the Cold War. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1974.
Gawthrop, Louis C. Bureaucratic Behavior in the Executive Branch : an Analysis of Organizational Change. New York: Free Press, 1969.
George, Alexander L. Presidential Decisionmaking in Foreign Policy :Tthe Effective Use of Information and Advice. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1980.
Giber, Stephen P. and Carpenter, William M. America and Island China : a Documentary History. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1988.
Gittings, John. The World and China, 1922-1972. London : Eyre Methuen, 1974.
Goldman, Eric Frederick. Crucial Decade: America, 1945-1955. New York: Vintage Books, 1961.
Goodrich, Leland M. (Leland Matthew). Korea : A Study of U. S. Policy in the United Nations. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1979.
Graebner, Norman A. The New Isolationism : A Study in Politics and Foreign Policy since 1950. New York: Ronald Press, 1956.
Grasso, June M. Truman''s Two-China Policy : 1948-1950. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1987.
Greenstein, Fred I. Leadership in the Modern Presidency. Harvard University Press, 1988.
Griffith, William E. Cold War and Coexistence : Russia, China and the United States. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1971.
Gromyko, Andrei. Memoirs: From Stalin to Gorbachev. London: Arrow Books, 1989.
Guttmann Allen. Korea and the Theory of Limited War. Boston ; Lexington: Heath, 1967.
Halperin, Morton H. and Kantor, Arnold eds., Readings in American Foreign Policy---A Bureaucratic Perspective. Boston: Little Brown, 1973.
_______________. Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy. Washington : The Brookings Institution, 1974.
Harding, Harry and Yuan, Ming eds. Sino-American relations, 1945-1955. Wilmington, De.: SR Books, 1989.
Heller, Francis Howard. The Korean War: A 25- Year Perspective. Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1977.
Hess, Stephen. Organizing the Presidency. Washington D. C.: Brookings Institution, 1976.
___________. The Government. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1984.
Higgins, Trumbull. Korea and the Fall of MacArthur : A Précis in Limited War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1960.
Hilsman, Roger. The Politics of Policy Making in Defense and Foreign Affairs : Conceptual Models and Bureaucratic Politics. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1987.
_____________. To Move A Nation: The Politics of Foreign Policy in the Administration of John F. Kennedy. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1967.
Hinton, Harold C. China''s Turbulent Quest. New York: Macmillan, 1972.
______________. Taiwan and American Policy : The Dilemma in U. S.-China Relations. New York: Praeger, 1971.
Huntington, Samuel P. American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony. Cambridge. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1981.
Iriye, Akira. & Yonosuke Nagai. The Origins of the Cold War in Asia. New York : Columbia University Press, 1977.
_________. Across the Pacific : an Inner History of American-East Asian Relations. New York Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967.
_________. The Cold War in Asia : A Historical Introduction. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1974.
Isaak, Alan C. Scope and Methods of Political Science : An Introduction to the Methodology of Political Inquiry. Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey Press, 1975.
Jackson, D.G.M. Formosa and the Chinese Nationalist. Melbourne: Hawthorn, 1966.
Jacoby, Neil H. (Neil Herman). U.S. Aid to Taiwan : A Study of Foreign Aid, Self-Help, and Development. New York: F. A. Praeger, 1967.
James, D. Clayton. The Years of MacArthur, Vol. 3, Triumph and Disaster, 1945-1964. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970-1985.
John K. Fairbank. The Cambridge History of China. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978.
Judd, Walter Henry. Walter H. Judd, Chronicles of a Statesman. Denver. Grier, 1980.
Kalicki, J. H. The Pattern of Sino-American Crises : Political-Military Interactions in the 1950s. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1975.
Kaplan, Morton A. Systems and Process in International Politics. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1957.
Kaufman, Burton Ira. The Korean War: Challenges in Crisis, Credibility, and Command. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986.
Kennan, George Frost. Memoirs. Boston: Little, Brown, 1972.
Kerr, George H. Formosa Betrayed. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co.; Cambridge : The Riverside Press, 1965.
Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich. Khrushchev Remembers. Boston, Little, Brown, 1970.
Kierman, Frank A., Jr. The Fluke That Saved Formosa: A Footnote to History. Cambridge, MA: Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Techno- ledge, 1954.
Kirkendall, Richard, ed. The Truman Period as a Research Field: A Reappraisal, 1972. University of Missouri Press, 1974.
Kissinger, Henry. Diplomacy. New York : Simon & Schuster, 1994.
Koen, Ross Y. The China Lobby in American Politics. New York: Octagon Books, 1974.
Kolb, William L. A Dictionary of the Social Sciences. New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1964.
Kolko, Joyce. The Limits of Power : the World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954. New York: Harper & Row, 1972.
Kubek, Anthony. How the Far East Was Lost : American Policy and the Creation of Communist China, 1941-1949. Chicago: H. Regnery, 1963.
Kusnitz, Leonard A. Public Opinion and Foreign Policy : America''s China Policy, 1949-1979. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1984.
Lacey, Michael J. The Truman Presidency. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
LaFeber, Walter. America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1980. New York: Wiley, 1980.
Larson, Deborah Welch. Origins of Containment : A Psychological Explanation. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, c1985.
Latham, Earl. The Communist Controversy in Washington : From the New Deal to McCarthy. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1989.
Latourette, Kenneth Scott. The American Record in the Far East, 1945-1951. New York, Macmillan, 1952.
Lattimore, Owen. The Situation in Asia. Boston: Little, Brown, 1949.
Leary, William M. (William Matthew) Perilous Missions : Civil Air Transport and CIA Covert Operations in Asia. University, Ala.: University of Alabama Press, 1984.
Lee, Chae-Jin. Japan Faces China: Political and Economic Relations in the Postwar Era. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976.
Leffler, Melvyn P. A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War. Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University Press, 1992.
Li, Tsung-jen. The Memoirs of Li Tsung-jen. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1979.
Liska, George F. Nations in Alliance: The Limits of Interdependence. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1962.
Llyod C. Gardener. The Korean War. New York: Quadrangle Books, 1972.
Loh Pichon P. Y. The Kuomintang Debacle of 1949 : Conquest or Collapse ?. Boston: Heath, 1965.
Luard, Evan. Britain and China. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1962.
MacArthur, Douglas. Reminiscences. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964.
Mancall Mark. Formosa Today. New York: F. A. Praeger, 1964.
Mann, Thomas E. A Question of Balance: The President, the Congress, and Foreign Policy. Washington: Brookings Institution, 1990.
March, James G. Organizations. New York : Wiley, 1958.
May, Ernest R. "Lessons" of the Past : The Use and Misuse of History in American Foreign Policy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973.
May, Ernest R. The Truman Administration and China, 1945-1949. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1975.
May, Gary. China Scapegoat: The Diplomatic Ordeal of John Carter Vincent. Washington D.C.: New Republic Books, 1979.
Mayers, David Allan. Cracking the Monolith : U. S. Policy against the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1949-1955. Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press, 1986.
McCullough, David. Truman. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.
McGlothlen, Ronald L. Controlling the Waves---Dean Acheson and U.S. Foreign Policy in Asia. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1993.
Miller, Merle. Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman. New York: Berkely, 1973.
Miscamble, Wilson D. George F. Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy, 1947-1950. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992.
Montgomery, John Dickey. The Politics of Foreign Aid : American Experience in Southeast Asia. New York : Published for the Council on Foreign Relations by Praeger, 1962.
Morgenthau, Hans J. Politics among Nations. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984.
Muller, John D. War, Presidents, and Public Opinion. New York: Wiley, 1973.
Neustadt, Richard E. Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents : The Politics of Leadership from Roosevelt to Reagan. New York: Free Press, 1990.
Noble, Harold J. Embassy at War. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1975.
Nye, Jr, Joseph S. The Making of America''s Soviet Policy. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984.
Offner, Arnold A. Another Such Victory---President Truman and the Cold War 1945-1953. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002.
Oksenberg, Michael & Oxnam, Robert B. eds. Dragon and Eagle .N. Y.: Basic Books, Inc., 1973.
Ornstein, Norman J. Interest Groups, Lobbying, and Policymaking. Washington: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1978.
Paige, Glenn D. The Korean Decision, June 24-30, 1950. New York: Free Press, 1968.
Pepper, Suzanne. Civil War in China : The Political Struggle, 1945-1949. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.
Pious, Richard M. The American Presidency. New York: Basic Books, 1979.
Poole, Walter S. The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff : The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy. Wilmington, Delaware: Michael Glazier, 1979.
Porter, Brian Ernest. Britain and the Rise of Communist China : A Study of British Attitudes, 1945-1954. London: Oxford U.P., 1967.
Prados, John. Presidents'' Secret Wars : CIA and Pentagon Covert Operations since World War II. New York : W. Morrow, 1986.
Pruessen, Ronald W. John Foster Dulles : The road to power. New York: Free Press, 1982.
Purifoy, Lewis McCarroll. Harry Truman''s China Policy : McCarthyism and the Diplomacy of Hysteria, 1947-1951. New York : New Viewpoints, 1976.
Quandt, William B. Decade of Decisions: American Policy toward the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977.
Radford, Arthur William. From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam : The Memoirs of Admiral Arthur W. Radford. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1980.
Rankin, Karl Lott. China Assignment. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1964.
Ridgway, Matthew B. The Korean War. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1967.
Riggs, Fred Warren. Formosa under Chinese Nationalist Rule. New York: Octagon Books, 1972, c1952.
Rosati, Jerel A. The Politics of United States Foreign Policy. Fort Worth Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College, 1992.
Rose, Lisle A. Roots of Tragedy: The United States and the Struggle for Asia, 1945-1954. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1976.
Rovere, Richard Halworth, General MacArthur and President Truman : The Struggle for Control of American Foreign Policy. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1996.
Rusk, Dean. As I Saw It. New York: W.W. Norton, 1990.
Schaller, Michael. The American Occupation of Japan : The Origins of the Cold War in Asia. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.
______________. The United States and China in the Twentieth Century. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
Schlesinger, Arthur M. Congress Investigates : A Documented History, 1792-1974. New York: Chelsea House, 1975.
__________________. The Cycles of American History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1986.
Schnabel, James F., and Robert J. Watson. The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff : The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy. Vol. 3, The Korean War. Wilmington, Delaware: Michael Glazier, 1979.
Schoenbaum, Thomas J. Waging Peace and War : Dean Rusk in the Truman, Kennedy, and Johnson Years. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988.
Schurmann, Herbert Franz. The Logic of World Power : An Inquiry into the Origins, Currents, and Contradictions of World Politics. New York: Pantheon Books, 1974.
Sebald, William. With MacArthur in Japan: A Personal History of the Occupation. New York: Norton. 1965.
Sergeichuk, S. Through Russian Eyes : American-Chinese Relations. Arlington, Va.: International Library Book Publishers, 1975.
Simmons, Robert R. The Strained Alliance : Peking, Pyongyang, Moscow, and the Politics of the Korean Civil War. New York: Free Press, 1975.
Simon, Herbert A. and March, James G. Organization. N.Y.: John Wiley and Sons, 1958.
______________. Administrative Behavior : a Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organization. New York: Free Press, 1976.
______________. Models of Man, Social and Rational : Mathematical Essays on Rational Human Behavior in a Social Setting. New York: Garland Publishing, 1987.
Siracusa, Joseph M. The Impact of the Cold War : Reconsiderations. Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat Press, 1977.
Smith, Gaddis. Dean Acheson. Vol. 16 of Robert H. Ferrell and Samuel Flagg Bemis, eds. The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy. New York: Cooper Square, 1972.
Snyder, Glenn H. and Diesing, Paul. Conflict Among Nations. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1977.
Snyder, Richard C. Foreign Policy Decision-Making : An Approach to the Study of International Politics. New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1962.
Sorensen, Theodore C. Kennedy. New York: Harper & Row, 1965.
Spanier, John W. The Truman-MacArthur Controversy and the Korean War. Cambridge, Mass., Belknap Press, 1959.
Steele, A. T. The American People and China. New York: Published for the Council on Foreign Relations by McGraw-Hill, 1966.
Stoessinger, John George. Nations in Darkness : China, Russia, and America. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990.
____________________. The Wedemeyer Mission : American Politics and Foreign Policy during the Cold War. Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 1984.
Stuart, John Leighton. Fifty Years in China. N. Y.: Random House, 1949.
_________________. The Forgotten Ambassador : The Reports of John Leighton Stuart, 1946-1949. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1981.
Stueck, William Whitney. The Road to Confrontation : American Policy toward China and Korea, 1947-1950. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981.
Sutter, Robert G. China Watch : Toward Sino-American Reconciliation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.
Tang, Tsou. American''s Failure in China, 1941-1950. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1956.
The Brookings Institution. Major Problems of United States Foreign Policy, 1949-1950. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1947.
The China White Paper, August 1949. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1967.
Thompson, Victor Alexander. Bureaucracy and Innovation. University, Ala.: University of Alabama Press, 1969.
Thornton, Richard C. China, a Political History, 1917-1980. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1982.
Treverton, Gregory F. Covert Action: The Limits of Intervention in the Postwar World. New York: Basic Books, 1987.
Truman, Harry S. Memoirs, Vol. 2. New York : New American Library, 1956.
___________. Off the Record : The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman. New York: Penguin, 1980.
Truman, Margaret. Harry S. Truman. New York: Pocket books, 1974.
Tucker, Nancy Bernkopf. China Confidential : American Diplomats and Sino-American Relations, 1945-1996. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.
____________________. Patterns in the Dust : Chinese-American Relations and the Recognition Controversy, 1949-1950. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983.
United States. Dept. of State. United States Relations with China. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1967.
Vance, Cyrus. Hard Choice. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983.
Vertzberger, Yaacov. Risk Taking and Decisionmaking : Foreign Military Intervension Decisions. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1998.
Waltz, Kenneth. Theory of International Politics. Reading, Ma: Addison-Wesley, 1979.
Wang, Kuo-Chang. United Nations Voting on Chinese Representation : an Analysis of Genera Assembly Roll-Calls, 1950-1971. Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China: Institute of American Culture Academia Sinica, 1984.
Westerfield, H. Bradford. Foreign Policy and Party Politics: Pearl Harbor to Korea. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955.
Whiting, Allen Suess. China crosses the Yalu : The Decision to Enter the Korean War. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1960.
Wilcox, Francis Orlando. Recent American Foreign Policy : Basic Documents 1941-1951. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 1952.
Wolfers, Arnold. Discord and Collaboration : essays on international politics. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press, 1962.
Woodmman, Dorothy. Facing Facts in Formosa: A Challenge to Peace. London: Union of Democratic Control, 1951.
Yoshida, Shigeru. The Yoshida Memoirs: The Story of Japan in Crisis. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1973.
Yoshitsu, Michael M. Japan and the San Francisco Peace Settlement. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983.
III. Periodicals
Allison, Graham T. “Bureaucratic Politics: A Paradigm and Some Policy Implications” World Politics, Vol. 24, Supplement: Theory and Policy in International Relations, Spring 1972, pp. 40-79.
_______________. “Can the United States Promote Democracy?” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 107, No. 1. Spring 1992, pp. 81-98.
_______________. “Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis” The American Political Science Review, Vol. 63, No. 3, September 1969, pp. 689-718.
Allison, Graham T. “_______________”, International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), Vol. 61, No. 4, Autumn 1985, pp. 581-589.
Barnett, A. Doak. “Five Policies Toward China.” American Universities Field Staff Reports, East Asia Series, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1953, pp.29-43.
_____________. “Formosa: Political Potpourri.” American Universities Field Staff Reports, East Asia Series, Vol. 3, 1954, pp. 233-239.
_______________. “The Economy of Formosa: Progress on a Treadmill.” American Universities Field Staff Reports, East Asia Series, Vol. 3, No.14, 1954, pp. 241-251.
Berger, Henry W. “ Bipartisanship, Senator Taft, and the Truman Administration,” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 90, No. 2, Summer, 1975, pp. 221-237.
Bernstein, Barton J. “The Week We Went to War: American Intervention in the Korean Civil War.” Foreign Service Journal. January and February 1977, pp. 6-9, 33-35.
_______________. “Truman’s Secret Thoughts on Ending the Korean War.” Foreign Service Journal, November 1980, pp. 31-33, 44-45.
Betts, Richard K. “Wealth, Power, and Instability: East Asia and the United States after the Cold War (in Peril and Promise on the Pacific Rim).” International Security, Vol. 18, No. 3, Winter 1993-1994, pp. 34-77.
Bingham, Woodbridge. “American Responsibility in China.” Far Eastern Survey, Vol. 18, No. 3, February 9, 1949, pp. 28-31.
Bolles, Blair. “Asia Policy and the Election.” Far Eastern Survey, Vol. 19, No. 21, December 6, 1950, pp. 221-224.
Borg, Dorothy. “American Loses Chinese Good Will.” Far Eastern Survey, Vol. 18, No. 4, February 23, 1949, pp. 37-45.
Bradley, Omar N. “Address at a Luncheon Meeting of the National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters, Stevens Hotel, Chicago, April 17, 1951.” U. S. News & World Report, April 27, 1951, pp. 74-75.
Bridgham, Philip, Arthur Cohen, and Leonard Jaffe.“ Mao’s Road and Sino- Soviet Relations: A View from Washington, 1953.” The China Quarterly, Vol. 51, 1972, pp. 670-698.
Buhite, Russell D. “ Missed Opportunities? American Policy and the Chinese Communists,1949.” Mid-America, Vol. 61, 1970, pp. 179-188.
______________. “‘Major Interests’: American Policy toward China, Taiwan, and Korea, 1945-1950.” Pacific historical review, Vol. 47, No. 3,1978, pp. 425-451.
Chai, Trong R. “ Taiwan for the Taiwanese: Taiwan Independence Movement. Its Characteristics and Prospects.” in Jack F. William. ed. The Taiwan Issue. East Lansing: Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University, 1976, pp. 79-83.
Chan, Steve. “Chinese Conflict Calculus and Behavior: Assessment from a Perspective of Conflict Management”. World Politics, Vol. 30, No. 3, April 1978, pp. 391-410.
Chandler, Geoffrey. “American Opinion and Foreign Policy.” International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), Vol. 31, No. 4, October 1955, pp. 447-458.
Chang, David W. “ U.S. Aid and Economic Progress in Taiwan.” Asian Survey, Vol. 5, No. 3, March 1965, pp.152-160.
Chang, Gordon H., Di, He. ‘The Absence of War in the U.S.-China Confrontation over Quemoy and Matsu in 1954-1955: Contingency, Luck, Deterrence?” The American Historical Review, Vol. 98, No. 5, December 1993, pp. 1500-1524.
Chang, Su-Ya. “ The United States and the Long-term Disposition of Taiwan in the Making of Peace with Japan, 1950-1952.” Asian Profile, August 1988.
Chen, Jian. “The Myth of America’s “Lost Chance” in China: A Chinese Perspective in Light of New Evidence.” Diplomatic History, Vol. 21, No. 1, Winter 1997, pp. 77-86.
Chern, Kenneth S. “Politics of American China Policy, 1945: Roots of the Cold War in Asia.” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 91, No. 4, Winter 1976-1977, pp. 631-647.
Clubb, O. Edmund. “Formosa and the Offshore Islands in American Policy, 1950-1955.” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 74, December 1959, pp. 519-531.
Cohen, Warren I. “The China Lobby.” In Alexander DeConde, ed. Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy. New York : Scribner, 1978, pp. 104-110.
Dawisha Karen. “Soviet Decision-Making in the Middle East: The 1973 October War and the 1980 Gulf War” International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), Vol. 57, No. 1, Winter 1980-1981, pp. 43-59.
Dean, Arthur H. “United States Foreign Policy and Formosa.” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 33, 1955, pp.360-375.
Destler, I. M. “National Security Advice to U.S. Presidents: Some Lessons from Thirty Years.” World Politics, Vol. 29, No. 2., January 1977, pp. 143-176.
Divine, Robert A. “The Cold War and the Election of 1948.” The Journal of American History, Vol. 59, No. 1, June 1972, pp. 90-110.
Dobbs, Charles M. “Limiting Room to Maneuver: The Korea Assistant Act of 1949.” Historian: A Journal of History, Vol. 48, August 1986, pp. 525-538.
Dockrill, M. L. “ The Foreign Office, Anglo-American Relations and the Korean War, June 1950-June 1951. (in Anglo-US Diplomacy and the Korean War).” International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), Vol. 62, No. 3, Summer 1986, pp. 459-476.
Dyke, Vernon Van. Davis, Edward Lane. “Senator Taft and American Security.” The Journal of Politics, Vol. 14, No. 2, May 1952, pp. 177-202.
Etheredge, Lloyd S. “Personality Effects on American Foreign Policy, 1898-1968: A Test of Interpersonal Generalization Theory.” The American Political Science Review, Vol. 72, No. 2, June 1978, pp. 434-451.
Etzold, Thomas H. “The Far East in American Strategy, 1948-1951.” in Etzold ed. Aspects of Sino-American Relations since 1784. New York : New View Points, 1978, pp. 102-126.
Feaver, John H. “The China Aid Bill of 1948: Limited Assistance as a Cold War Strategy.” Diplomatic History, Vol. 5, 1981, pp. 107-120.
Field, Rusell H. “Formosa Acquires Strategic Value in China Crisis.” Foreign Policy Bulletin, Vol. 29, March 4, 1949.
FitzGerald, C. P. “The Chinese Revolution and the West.” Pacific Affairs, 24:1, 1951, pp. 43-58.
Foot, Rosemary. “Anglo-American Relations in the Korean Crisis: the British Effort to Avert an Expanded War, December 1950- January 1951.” Diplomatic History, Vol. 10, No. 1, Winter 1986, pp. 43-58.
_____________. “Decision-making and the Korean War (Reviews)” Reviews in American History, December 1992, Vol. 20, Issue 4, pp. 561-69.
_____________. “Nuclear Coercion and the Ending of the Korean Conflict (in Truman, Eisenhower, and the Uses of Atomic Superiority).” International Security, Vol. 13, No. 3,Winter 1988-1989, pp. 92-112.
_____________. “The Eisenhower Administration''s Fear of Empowering the Chinese.” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 111, No. 3, Autumn 1996, pp. 505-521.
Freedman, Lawrence. “Logic, Politics and Foreign Policy Processes: A Critique of the Bureaucratic Politics Model” International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), Vol. 52, No. 3, July 1976, pp. 434-449.
Gaddis, John Lewis. “Containment: a Reassessment.” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 55, No. 4, July 1977, pp. 873-887.
________________. “Was Truman Doctrine a Real Turning Point?” Foreign Affairs, Vol.52, No. 2, January 1974, pp. 386-402.
Galtung, Johan. “ Summit Meetings and International Relations.” Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1964, pp. 36-54.
Garver, John W. “Sino-Vietnamese Conflict and the Sino-American Rapproachment.” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 96, No. 3, Autumn 1981, pp. 445-464.
Goldstein, Avery. “Discounting the Free Ride: Alliances and Security in the Postwar World” International Organization, Vol. 49, No. 1, Winter 1995, pp. 39-71.
Goldstein, Steven M. “Problems of Centralization in Republican China: the Case of Ch’en Ch’eng and Kuomingtang.” Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 29, No. 4, August 1970, pp. 835-850.
Graber, Doris A. “ The Truman and Eisenhower Doctrines in the Light of the Doctrine of Non- Intervention.” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 73, No. 3, September 1958, pp. 321-334.
Graebner, Norman A. “Changing Perceptions of China Since Mid-Century.” The Problems and prospects of American-East Asian relations. Boulder, Colo. : Westview Press, 1977, pp. 51-73.
_________________. “The President as Commander in Chief: A Study in Power.” The Journal of Military History, Vol. 57, No. 1, January 1993, pp. 111-132.
Grandstaff, Mark R. “Making the Military American: Advertising, Reform, and the Demise of an Antistanding Military Tradition, 1945-1955.” The Journal of Military History, Vol. 60, No. 2, April 1996, pp. 299-323.
Gupta, Karunaka. “How Did The Korean War Begin?” The China Quarterly, Vol. 51,1972, pp. 699-716.
Hamby Alonzo L. “An American Democrat: A Reevaluation of the Personality of Harry S. Truman.” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 106, No. 1, Spring 1991, pp. 33-55.
Hollis Martin, Smith Steve. “Roles and Reasons in Foreign Policy Decision Making“ British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 16, No. 3, July 1986, pp. 269-286.
Holsti, Kal J. “Politics in Command: Foreign Trade as National Security Policy” International Organization, Vol. 40, No. 3, Summer 1986, pp. 643-671.
Horton, Philip. “The China Lobby.” The Reporter, Vol. 5, April 1952, pp. 4-24.
Hosoya Chihiro. “Characteristics of the Foreign Policy Decision-Making System in Japan” World Politics, Vol. 26, No. 3, April 1974, pp. 353-369.
Huebner, Jon W. “Chinese Anti-Americanism, 1946-48 (in Studies).” The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, No. 17, January 1987, pp. 115-125.
Hunt, Michael H. “Beijing and the Korean Crisis, June 1950-June 1951.” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 107, No. 3, Autumn 1992, pp. 453-478.
Huntington, Samuel P. “Paradigms of American Politics:Beyond the One, the Two and the Many,” Political Science Quarterly, March 1974, p.12.
Jacoby, Neil H. (Neil Herman). An Evaluation of U. S. Aid to Free China, 1951-1965(A.I.D. Discussion Paper No.11. Bureau for the Far East, Agency for International Development, January, 1966)
Jain, J. P. “The Legal Status of Formosa: A Study of British, Chinese and Indian Views.” American Journal of International Law, Vol. 57, No. 1, January 1963, pp. 25-45.
Javits, Jacob. “Congress and Foreign Relations: The Taiwan Relations Act,” Foreign Affairs, Fall 1981, p. 56.
Jervis, Robert. “The Impact of the Korean War on the Cold War.” The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 24, No. 4, December 1980, pp. 563-592.
Johnson, Chalmers. “ Political Science and East Asian Area Studies (in Research Notes).” World Politics, Vol. 26, No. 4, July 1974, pp. 560-575.
Kerner, Robert J. “ The Setting of Far Eastern Policy.” Far Eastern Survey, Vol. 18, No. 3., Feb. 9, 1949, pp. 25-28.
Kerr, George. “Formosa: The March Massacres.” Far Eastern Survey, Vol. 16, No. 19, November 5, 1947, pp. 224-226.
LaFeber, Walter “American Policy-Makers, Public Opinion, and the Outbreak of the Cold War, 1945-1950, “ in Nagai, Yonosuke and Iriye, Akira eds., The Origins of the Cold War in Asia. New York: Columbia University Press, 1977, pp.43-44.
Laski, Harold J. “The American President and Foreign Relations (in The Presidency in Transition).” The Journal of Politics, Vol. 11, No. 1, Febuary 1949, pp. 171-205.
Laursen, Finn. “Security Versus Access to Resources: Explaining a Decade of U.S. Ocean Policy” World Politics, Vol. 34, No. 2, January 1982, pp. 197-229.
Leary, William M. Jr. “Aircraft and Anti-Communists: CAY in Action, 1949-52.” China Quarterly, Vol. 51, 1972, pp. 645-669.
Leites, Nathan. Rowe, David Nelson. “Choice in China.” World Politics, Vol. 1, No. 3, April 1949, pp. 277-307.
Lentner Howard H. “Foreign Policy Decision Making: The Case of Canada and Nuclear Weapons” World Politics, Vol. 29, No. 1, October 1976, pp. 29-66.
Lijphart, Arent. "Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method,” American Political Science Review. Vol. 65, No. 3, September 1971, pp.689-691.
Lin, T. J. “A Study of Sino-American Diplomatic Relations: Redefinition of U.S. Policy, 1950-1954.” Chinese Culture: A Quarterly Review. Vol. 16, No. 4, December 1957, pp. 47-83.
Linebarger, Paul M. A. “The Case for Aid to China.” Far Eastern Survey, Vol. 17, No. 3, Febuary 11, 1948, pp. 37-39.
Matray, James I. “Truman''s Plan for Victory: National Self-Determination and the Thirty-Eighth Parallel Decision in Korea.” The Journal of American History, Vol. 66, No. 2, September 1979, pp. 314-333.
Matthews, Geoffrey. “American’s Reluctant Crusade: Truman’s Commitment of Combat Troops in the Korean War.” Historian: A Journal of History, Vol. 42, No. 3, May 1980, pp. 437-455.
________________. “Robert A. Taft, The Constitution and American Foreign Policy, 1939-53.” Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 17, No. 3, July 1982, pp. 507-522.
Mayers, David. “Containment and the Primacy of Diplomacy: George Kennan''s Views, 1947-1948 (in New Interpretations of Historical Issues).” International Security, Vol. 11, No. 1, Summer 1986, pp. 124-162.
_____________. “Dean Acheson and the Korean War.” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 83, No. 1, Mar 1968, pp. 16-39.
McLean, David. “American Nationalism, the China Myth, and the Truman Doctrine: The Question of Accommodation with Peking, 1949-50.” Diplomatic History,
 
 
 
 
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