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引文資料
題名:
美國各州教育人員集體成績作弊現象與原因之探討
書刊名:
教育政策論壇
作者:
陳成宏
作者(外文):
Chen, Cheng-hung
出版日期:
2015
卷期:
18:2=54
頁次:
頁31-57
主題關鍵詞:
坎貝爾法則
;
沒有孩子落後法案
;
教育人員作弊
;
Campbell's law
;
No Child Left Behind ACT
;
Educators' cheating
原始連結:
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相關次數:
被引用次數:期刊(
5
) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
排除自我引用:
5
共同引用:0
點閱:114
美國《沒有孩子落後法案》(No Child Left Behind Act, NCLB)自2002年實施至 今已逾12個年頭,期間陸續發生的諸州大規模教育人員集體成績作弊事件震驚各 界,教育人員的形象與學生學習權利同時受到嚴重斲傷。雖說此一法案仍是持續生 效中,但反對暨檢討修正的聲浪未曾停歇。針對此一議題,本文首先對於美國諸州 教育人員集體成績作弊現象進行探討。其次,本文以坎貝爾法則(Campbell’s law)為論述架構,就《沒有孩子落後法案》的標準化測驗綁學校績效所衍生出的 教育人員集體成績作弊與之相對應。坎貝爾法則認為,愈是使用量化的社會指標來 做為社會決策的依據,就愈容易屈服於腐化的壓力,也就愈容易曲解和破壞原本該 指標所要關注的社會歷程。坎貝爾法則相當程度反映出《沒有孩子落後法案》所造 成的教育人員集體成績作弊現象,標準化測驗的量化指標原本是做為獎懲學校與教 職員的客觀依據,但也因而被主觀濫用以致扭曲了其制定的始意初衷。本文再一步 綜理文獻分析教育人員集體成績作弊的可能原因,進而嘗試以之與坎貝爾法則做結 合進行應用詮釋。本文最後提出歸結與啟示供參考。
以文找文
It has been more than 12 years since the No Child Left Behind ACT (NCLB) was enacted in 2002. During its implementation, large-scale educators’ cheating on students’ high stakes standardized testing was found sequentially in a large number of states in the U.S., which not only astounds the public, but impairs the images of educators and learning rights of students as well. Although NCLB is still in effect, the oppositions and calls for revision never recede. This paper aimed, firstly, to investigate the phenomena of educators’ collective cheating on high stakes standardized testing in a large number of states in the U.S. Secondly, it attempted to explore the correspondence between the causal discourse that “attaching high stakes standardized testing to school accountability under NCLB” might lead to “educators’ collective cheating on testing scores” and the central thesis of Campbell’s Law. Campbell’s Law asserts that “the more any quantitative social indicator is used for social decision-making, the more subject it will be to corruption pressures, and the more apt it will be to distort and corrupt the social processes it is intended to monitor”. This assertion is, to a great extent, consistent with the alleged causal discourse that “the higher stakes the standardized testing holds, the more possible it will bring about educators’ cheating.” This paper further analyzed relevant literature to synthesize the causes of educators’ collective cheating on high stakes standardized testing, for the purpose of integrating the analysis with Campbell’s Law and, consequently, proceeding with its practical implications.
以文找文
期刊論文
1.
Carnoy, M.、Loeb, S.(2003)。Does external accountability affect student outcomes? A cross-state analysis。Education Evaluation and Policy Analysis,24(4),305-331。
2.
Jacob, B.(2005)。Accountability, incentives and behaviour: Evidence from school reform in Chicago。Journal of Public Economics,89(5/6),761-796。
3.
黃怡雯(20080300)。美國中小學教育改革對我國之啟示。學校行政,54,94-116。
延伸查詢
4.
張佳琳(2012)。美國《沒有孩子落後(NCLB)》法案簽署10週年回顧。特教園丁季刊,27(3),46-47。
延伸查詢
5.
Dee, T. S.、Jacob, B.(2011)。The impact of No Child Left Behind on student achievement。Journal of Policy Analysis and Management,30(3),418-446。
6.
Figlio, D. N.(2006)。Testing, crime, punishment。Journal of Public Economics,90(4/5),837-851。
7.
Goldstein, A.(20001106)。Bush and Gore: Who's the educational president?。Time Magazine。
8.
Hanushek, E. A.、Raymond, M. E.(2004)。The effect of school accountability systems on the level and distribution of student achievement。Journal of the European Economics Association,2(2/3),406-415。
9.
Hanushek, E. A.、Raymond, M. E.(2005)。Does school accountability lead to improved student performance?。Journal of Policy Analysis and Management,24,297-327。
10.
Jacob, B.、Levitt, S.(2003)。Rotten apples: An investigation of the prevalence and predictors of teacher chea。Quarterly Journal of Economics,118(3),843-877。
11.
Koretz, D.(2005)。Alignment, high stakes, and the inflation of test scores。Yearbook of National Society for the Study of Education,104(2),99-118。
12.
Ladd, H. F.、Lauen, D. L.(2010)。Status versus growth: The distributional effects of school accountability policies。Journal of Policy Analysis and Management,29(3),426-450。
13.
Loeb, S.、Strunk, K.(2007)。Accountability and Local Control: Response to Incentives with and without Authority over Resource Generation and Allocation。Education Finance and Policy,2(1),10-39。
14.
Onosko, J.(2011)。Race to the top leaves children and future citizens behind: The devastating effects of centralization, standardization, and high stakes accountability。Democracy and Education,19(2),1-11。
15.
Vogell, H.(20110726)。Investigation into APS cheating finds unethical behavior across every level。Atlanta Journal Constitution。
16.
Haladyna, T. M.、Downing, S. M.(2004)。Construct-irrelevant variance in high-stakes testing。Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice,23(1),17-27。
圖書
1.
Cizek, G. J.(1999)。Cheating on tests: How to do it, detect it, and prevent it。Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates。
2.
Cizek, G. J.(2003)。Educational testing integrity: Why educators and students cheat and how to prevent it。
3.
Nichols, S. L.、Berliner, D. C.(2007)。Collateral damage: How high-stakes testing corrupts America s schools。Cambridge, MA:Harvard Education Press。
4.
Starratt, R. J.(1994)。Building an ethical schools。London:Falmer Press。
5.
Anderman, E. M.、Murdock, T. B.(2007)。Psychology of academic cheating。San Diego, CA:Elsevier。
其他
1.
Brumback, K.(20130329)。Three dozen indicted in Atlanta cheating scandal,http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/3-dozen-indicted-in-atlanta-cheating-scandal/2013/03/29/86711356-98c2-11e2-97cd-3d8clafe4f0f_story.html。
2.
Bush, G.(20000710)。Speech delivered at the 91st annual convention of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People,http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=123409。
3.
Campbell, D. T.(1976)。Assessing the impact of planned social change,http://portals.wi.wur.nl/files/docs/ppme/Assessing_impact_of_planned_social_change.pdf。
4.
Cullen, J. B.,Reback, R.(2006)。Tinkering toward accolades: School gaming under a performance accountability system,http://www.nber.org/papers/wl2286。
5.
Ganem, J.(20130930)。CampbelPs law in education: Test scores vs. accountability,http://www.thedailyriff.com/articles/campbells-law-in-education-test-scores-vs-accountability-716.php。
6.
Graham, K.,Purcell, D.(20110501)。City school’s fast-rising test scores questioned,http://articles.philly.com/2011-05-0l/news/29493382 _l_pssa-results-allegations-of-testing-irregularities-roosevelt-teachers。
7.
Herold, B.,Mezzacappa, D.(20110711)。2009 report identified dozens of Pa. schools for possible cheating,http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2011/07/11/37pnbk_phicheating.h3 0.html?tkn=RMSF7awbKYyBlgAFzNXYF6ecFL7hQgGTAZ94&cmp=ENL-EU-NEWS2。
8.
Hamilton, L. S.,Stecher, B. M.(2006)。Measuring instructional responses to standard-based accountability,http://130.154.3.14/content/dam/rand/pubs/working_papers/2006/RAND_WR373.pdf。
9.
Herold, B.(20110711)。One-third of district schools had pattern of suspicious erasures,http://thenotebook.org/blog/113873/one-third-district-schools-had-suspicious-erasures。
10.
Hing, J.(20110708)。How fear and intimidation lead to mass Atlanta school cheating,http://colorlines.com/archives/2011/07/atlanta_schools_scandal.html。
11.
Lai, E.,Waltman, K.(2007)。High stakes testing and test preparation: Examining teacher beliefs and practices,http://www.ierea.org/2006Conference/IEREA_2006_Test_Preparation.pdf。
12.
Lohman, J.(2010)。Comparing no Child Left Behind and Race to the Top,http://www.cga.ct.gov/olr/。
13.
Nichols, S. L.,Berliner, D. C.(2008)。Why has high-stakes testing so easily slipped into contemporary American life?。
14.
Patrick, K.,Eichel, L.(20060625)。Education tests: Who’s minding the scores? A poll shows less than half of states look for cheating,http://articles.philly.com/2006-06-25/news/25403588_l_education-tests-test-scores-cheating。
15.
Pedulla, J. J.,Abrams, L. M.,Madaus, G. R.,Russel, M. K.,Ramos, M. A.,Miao, J.(2003)。Perceived effects of state-mandated testing programs on teaching and learning: Findings from a national survey of teachers,http://www.bc.edu/research/nbetpp/statements/nbr2.pdf。
16.
Reback, R.(2007)。Teaching to the rating: School accountability and the distribution of student achievement,http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/artide/pii/S0047272707000862。
17.
Resmovits, J.(2011)。Atlanta public schools shaken by cheating report,https://svteach.wikispaces.com/Atlanta+Public+Schools+Shaken+By+Cheating+Report。
18.
Sadler, J. R.(2013)。No school left uncorrupted: How cheating, high-stakes testing, and declining budgets affected student achievement in Philadelphia,http://repository.upenn.edu/curej/163。
19.
Samuels, C.(20110804)。Cheating scandals intensify focus on test pressures,http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2011/08/04/37cheating_ep.h30.html。
20.
Severson, K.,Blinder, A.(20140606)。Test scandal in Atlanta brings more guilty pleas,http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/07/education/test-scandal-in-atlanta-brings-more-guilty-pleas.html?_r=0。
21.
Sorensen, D.(2006)。2006 state education test security survey results,http://www.caveon.com/pr/2006_ed test_security.pdf。
22.
The Associated Press(20130329)。Massive Atlanta school cheating scandal 'could not have taken place, without former superintendent Beverly Hall: Fulton County D.A.,http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/georgia-superintendent-orchestrated-cheating-scandal-article-1.1303002。
23.
(20120325)。Schools cheating investigation: Atlanta Journal Constitution flags improbable test scores in analysis,http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/24/schools-cheating-investig_n_1377767.html。
24.
Thiessen, B.(2007)。Case study-policies to address educator cheating,http://www.bradthiessen.com/html5/docs/format.pdf。
圖書論文
1.
Koretz, D.(2008)。The pending reauthorization of NCLB。Holding NCLB accountable: Achieving accountability, equity, & school reform。Thousand Oaks,CA:Corwin Press。
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