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題名:知識辯證的微觀動態:當代生物科學期刊如何接受一篇論文
書刊名:科技、醫療與社會
作者:楊倍昌
作者(外文):Yang, Bei-chang
出版日期:2016
卷期:22
頁次:頁109-155+157
主題關鍵詞:生物學實作認知辯證動態辯駁信Practice in biosciencesCognitionDynamic of judgmentRebuttal letter
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(3) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:2
  • 共同引用共同引用:10
  • 點閱點閱:13
現代科學家是一種以發現新知為目標的職業。研究者在實作過程經常會面對兩道挑戰:一、如何證成新知;二、說服別人。這些問題的辯證是極為動態的過程。綜合一般性的經驗以及投稿過程之通訊辯駁信為文本基礎,本文嘗試類比神經解剖學中「認知地圖、地標辨識、方向感」這三個思維類型作為論述架構,來定義「整體概念架構、數據評價、邏輯判斷」及其延伸之十項細則的內容,作為討論架構,來分析科學實作中,知識辯證的動態。整體概念架構的內容包括兩子項:1.研究結論的整體印象,2.產生新的觀念與新的研究方案;數據評價問題包括五子項:1.材料及技術的可信度,2.適當的控制組/合宜的實驗設計,3.明確的事實,4.比較性的觀測值差異明顯,5.論斷所需資料之有無;邏輯推論則包括三子項:1.合於常理的判讀,2.符合典範內的解釋,3.解釋清晰/不矛盾。   雖然研究的議題及方法學不同,在一般性科學討論的印象中,以「材料及技術可信度」以及「實驗資料不夠」是發生率最高的兩則提問子項。若以辯駁信為檢驗文本,各子項出現的發生率則與一般性印象調查略有不同。在總共223則審查提問中,數據評價問題的提問數是155次,為每一篇文章中產生爭論最多的項目。其他爭議的發生率包括,38次是邏輯檢驗的問題,17次是整體概念架構的問題,無法歸類的議題只有13次。這種偏重在經驗的提問方式,反映出生物科學是一種實存、實證科學的特質。在回應質疑的策略中,最常出現的四種依序是:1.交代推論所需的實驗證據,2.加強說明,3.引用文獻,提供典範內的解釋,4.提供清楚,明顯的資料。總計與物質證據有關的回應策略,接近一半。總而言之,「整體概念架構、數據評價、邏輯判斷」這三個層面構成認知元素,用來分析科學家之間的對話,不只可以顯示經驗理性,納入科學社群所建構的共識 (典範),更指出,經驗下所認知的自然現象才是判斷真偽的基礎。
Scientists today face two challenges in their daily professional activities of discovering facts and converting them into new knowledge: how to contribute solid scientific discoveries and how to convince their colleagues that they have. In analyzing this dynamic dialectic, I apply a neuroanatomy-based, three-level analytical framework of cognitive mapping, sensory landmarks (observable cues), and judgment of truth to reveal the choice underlying successful rebuttals of scientific journals in medical biology. The subcategories of cognitive mapping are the overall impression of conclusion and new insight of the study. The subcategories of sensory landmarks include reliability of materials and methods, adequate experimental design with appropriate control group, facts as such, significance of comparative results, and sufficient evidence. The subcategories of judgment of truth are fitting in the common sense interpretation of the scientific community, paradigm coherence, and clarity without contradiction.
期刊論文
1.Tolman, E. C.(1948)。Cognitive Maps in rats and men。Psychological review,55,189-208。  new window
2.Moser, E. I.、Kropff, E.、Moser, M. -B.(2008)。Place Cells, Grid Cells, and the Brain's Spatial Representation System。Annual Review of Neuroscience,31(1),69-89。  new window
3.Aguirre, Geoffrey K.、D'Esposito, Mark(1999)。Topographical Disorientation: a Synthesis and Taxonomy。Brain,122(9),1613-1628。  new window
4.Buckner, R. L.、Snyder, A. Z.、Shannon, B. J.、LaRossa, G.、Sachs, R.、Fotenos, A. F.、Sheline, Y. I.、Klunk, W. E.、Mathis, C. A.、Morris, J. C.、Mintun, M. A.(2005)。Molecular, structural, and functional characterization of Alzheimer's disease: evidence for a relationship between default activity, amyloid, and memory。The Journal of Neuroscience,25,7709-7717。  new window
5.Lin, H. C.、Mao, S. C.、Chen, P. S.、Gean, P. W.(2008)。Resistant to the Extinction of Fear Memory after Chronic Administration of CB1 Receptor Agonist to Rats。Learning and Memory,15,876-884。  new window
6.Lin, H. H.、Lai, J. S. Y.、Chin, A. L.、Chen, Y. C.、Chiang, A. S.(2007)。A Map of Olfactory Representation in the Drosophila Mushroom Body。Cell,128,1205-1217。  new window
7.Nelkin, Dorothy(1996)。The Science Wars: Responses to a Marriage Failed。Social Text,46/47,93-100。  new window
8.Ou, Li-Chun、Gean, Po-Wu(2007)。Transcriptional Regulation of Brain- Derived Neurotrophic Factor in the Amygdala during Consolidation of Fear Memory。Molecular Pharmacology,172,350-358。  new window
9.Wu, Chia-Lin、Xia, S.、Fu, T. F.、Wang, H.、Chen, Y. H.、Leong, D.、Chiang, A. S.、Tully, T.(2007)。Specific Requirement of NMDA Receptors for Long-Term Memory Consolidation in Drosophila Ellipsoid body。Nature Neuroscience,10,1578-1586。  new window
10.陳瑞麟(20010600)。社會建構中的「實在」。國立政治大學哲學學報,7,97-125。new window  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.Latour, B.、余曉嵐、林文源、許全義(2012)。我們從未現代過。台北市:群學出版。  延伸查詢new window
2.O'Keefe, John、Nadel, Lynn(1978)。The hippocampus as a cognitive map。Oxford:Oxford University Press。  new window
3.Latour, Bruno(1987)。Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society。Harvard University Press。  new window
4.Shapin, Steven、Schaffer, Simon、蔡佩君(2006)。利維坦與空氣泵浦:霍布斯、波以耳與實驗生活。台北:行人文化。  延伸查詢new window
5.Bloor, David(1976)。The Social Knowledge and Image。London:Routledge。  new window
6.Latour, Bruno、Woolgar, Steve(1979)。Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts。Princeton University Press。  new window
圖書論文
1.陳瑞麟(2012)。模塑、實驗行為與理論化。認知與評價。台北:台大出版中心。  延伸查詢new window
2.楊倍昌(2008)。新手常犯的錯誤。看不見的工具。台南:成大醫學、科技與社會研究中心。  延伸查詢new window
3.Hacking, Ian(1999)。Don’t Ask for the Meaning, Ask What’s the Point。The social Construction of What?。Harvard University Press。  new window
 
 
 
 
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