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題名:美國因應「中國崛起」之思維與策略-兼論米爾斯海默(John J. Mearsheimer)攻勢現實主義
作者:廖文義
作者(外文):Liao,Wen-Yi
校院名稱:中國文化大學
系所名稱:政治學研究所
指導教授:邵玉銘
姜家雄
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2007
主題關鍵詞:中國崛起美國的中國政策米爾斯海默攻勢現實主義The Rise of ChinaU.S. Policy toward ChinaJohn Mearsheimer''s Offensive Realism
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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「中國崛起」的議題成為近十多年來在學術界與國際政治中多方討論的焦點。不同國家對「中國崛起」存在不同的認知,而本文主要探討美國因應「中國崛起」的思維與作為。對於問題的理解,本文試從John Mearsheimer攻勢現實主義的觀點出發,一方面建立簡要的分析架構來分析問題,一方面檢證該理論的解釋力,以達到理論與事實相互輔佐的功能。
John Mearsheimer攻勢現實主義的架構即是「霸權國與崛起大國」的關係,崛起大國的目的是取代既有霸權國的地位,而既有霸權國則是要避免崛起大國的挑戰。這個簡要的架構適用於「中國崛起」聲浪後的美中關係,因為美國已經視中國為崛起大國,只是這個崛起大國目前不具備挑戰美國霸權地位的實力,但是具備這樣的潛在能力。
依據John Mearsheimer攻勢現實主義的觀點,因應大國崛起,「推卸責任」的作法為首要選項。中國在未能對美國霸權地位構成威脅之前,作為「離岸平衡者」的美國應該「推卸責任」,讓中國周邊國家來對抗中國。事實上,觀察自1990年至今近十六年來美國的實際作為,它並沒有「推卸責任」,而是積極介入「中國崛起」,透過多種可行的方式來維持美國霸權地位的穩固。目的是希望能夠更早掌控崛起大國可能帶來之威脅,並期望能有效限制崛起大國之威脅在霸權國可接受範圍之內。
The rise of China has been a focal point, which arouses hot debates among academics and nations in the past decade. Different countries have different perceptions on the rise of China. This dissertation mainly examines how the Untied States reacts, in terms of thinking and actions, to the rise of China. Drawing on John Mersheimer’s offensive realism, this research establishes a novel analytical framework and then examines the explanatory power of Mersheimer’s theory for the purpose of complementing and integrating both theory and facts.
This dissertation finds that John Mearsheimer’s offensive realism provides an essential framework to explain the relationships between hegemonic powers and emerging powers. While emerging powers aim to take place of existing hegemon (namely the US), the latter takes all necessary means to prevent emerging powers from challenging its status and authority. This logic of analytical framework applies to the US-China relationships in the wake of the rising China. As the US perceives China as an emerging power, China acquires potential capability to challenge US hegemonic status in the future.
According to John Mersheimer’s offensive realism, shirking is the top option for existing hegemon in response to emerging powers. This dissertation argues that as an offshore balancer, the US should shirk its dominant role and invite surrounding countries of China to counterbalance China before Beijing actually poses a threat to US hegemonic status. Ironically, in observing US practices since 1990, Washington has not been shirking its responsibility. Instead, the US chooses to actively intervene the rise of China and maintain its hegemonic position through multiple approaches. A reasonable explanation is that the US aims to control and contain the threat of emerging powers as early as possible and expect to constrain the emerging powers within an acceptable scope.
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