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題名:由「改變中國」視角探討美國對華政策演變
作者:淡志隆
作者(外文):Chih-Lung Tan
校院名稱:國立中山大學
系所名稱:中國與亞太區域研究所
指導教授:林文程
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2019
主題關鍵詞:美國主義天定命運美國例外修昔底德陷阱中國威脅論自由主義國家利益ExceptionismAmericanismmanifest destinyThucydides TrapChina threatsnational interest
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美國自建國起即謹守孤立主義政策,至獲得兩次大戰勝利後開始擁抱霸權主義,除領導自由陣營對抗共產主義擴張,更在冷戰結束後成為唯一超強。中國則自滿清中葉起不斷受帝國主義國家侵略,雖帝制終被推翻並建立民主共和,但仍內憂外患不斷,直至實施改革開放政策後方得以逐步邁向現代化並成為今日舉足輕重的大國。美、中兩國成為強權的歷史截然不同,雖然美國是協助中國改革開放進而富強的重要推手,但彼此的利益觀不僅相異甚至對撞,導致過去70年間,兩國經歷了由友變敵,由敵變友,又互為競爭對手的過程,除印證國際關係的詭譎多變,也反映出美國於不同時空背景下對國家利益的不同思考。
美國所追求的國家利益除有形的安全與經濟等實質利益外,更包含較他國尤為強烈的意識型態價值利益,使得對外決策兼具現實主義與理想主義特徵。尤其美國於建國時即有將自由、民主、人權等價值普世化,以建立理想世界及彰顯上帝榮耀的動機,此被視為天定命運的思維更進一步擴大成為塑造美利堅治世的基礎,導致基於利益考量而促使他國改變以成為美國理想中之國度,常為對外政策重要內涵,其中尤以異於他國的中國政策對美國政府及民間言更具特殊意義。
本研究循歷史研究途徑,由改變中國的視角,就美國決策者、政府、社會等三個微觀層次,及政治、軍事、經濟、文化四個宏觀面向,分析美國的對華政策演變。經研究發現,雖然政策因戰略環境變遷及對國家利益的不同衡量而異,但以非戰爭手段誘導或迫使中國追隨美國意志則是基本原則,除依時序可歸納出「基督教化」、「現代化」、「民主化」、「和平化」與「扈從化」等因理想主義與現實主義思維相互競爭妥協而產生的不同階段性目標,另在不同時空背景下,對中國則先後採取了和平演變、制裁、交往、圍交、圍遏等約束、改變中國行為的不同策略。
As the first constitutional republic established by Puritans, the American frontiers believed they are indorsed by God with manifest destiny to expand their physical territory in the new continent and build “Americana” by spreading American spiritual values of freedom and democracy to the whole world. Two centuries later, the United States has successfully become leader among all states and strongest framer and keeper of world order after the cold war. While China on the other hand, Den Xiao-ping’s efforts of “reform and opening-up” as well as “relation formalization” with the U.S. in late 1970s, has made China a economic power only next to the United States 40 years later, and now is striving for a great rejuvenation of “China dream” under President Xi Jing-pin’s leadership after years of “humiliated history”.
The United States has no doubt been a major role in helping China’s economic rise and contradictorily made China a major power that in turn challenging U.S. hegemonic status. It is author’s intention to explore what original goal was when such inconsistent China policy was made. Historical research approach was adopted to explore policies in different period and concluded goals of Christianizing, modernizing, democratizing, pacifying, and subduing in time sequence were found as results of balanced consideration between realism and idealism in term of “Changing China.” Various policies such as peace evolution, sanction, engagement, congagement and containment were also made by US government to change and shape China’s behaviors owing to different time and space background and dynamical conditions of mutual relationship.
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五、 研討會論文
1.王友仁,1994。〈從甲午戰爭看日本如何走向軍國主義〉,《中日甲午戰爭一百週年學術研討會論文輯》。臺北︰國家建設文教基金會。頁53-75。
六、 網際網路
1.官方網站
(1)中國工業和資訊化部,
(2)中國人大網,
(3)中國公安部,
(4)中國政府網,
(5)中國國家宗教事務局,
(6)中國網,
(7)中華人民共和國外交部,
(8)日本國駐華大使館,
(9)全國人民代表大會,
(10)國家新聞出版廣電總局,
(11)國務院新聞辦公室,
2.新聞網站
(1)人民網,
(2)上報,
(3)大紀元,
(4)中央社,
(5)中共北京市委前線雜誌社,
(6)中時電子報,
(7)中國日報,
(8)中國共產黨新聞網,
(9)中國評論新聞網,
(10)中國新聞出版廣電報,
(11)多維新聞網,
(12)求是網,
(13)法國國際廣播電臺,
(14)青年日報,
(15)信報財經新聞,
(16)看中國,
(17)美國之音,.
(18)美國僑報網,
(19)風傳媒,
(20)時代論壇,
(21)烏有之鄉網刊,
(22)國史網,
(23)國際線上,
(24)博訊新聞網,
(25)壹讀,
(26)開放網,
(27)愛思想,
(28)新浪網,(29)新華網,
(30)電子商務時報,
(31)察網,
(32)環球網,
(33)聯合報,
3.智庫、學術機構
(1)寧波諾丁漢大學,
(2)百度文庫,
(3)博智研究論文寫作指導網,
(4)中國社會科學網,
(5)對華援助協會,
(6)財團法人國家政策研究基金會,
貳、 外文部分
一、 專書
1.Adam, Charles F., 1851. The works of John Adams, second President of the United States. Volume 6. Boston: Charles Little and James Brown.
2.Alexander, Robert Jackson, 1981. The Right Opposition: The Lovestoneites and the International Communist Opposition of the 1930''s. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
3.Barnett, Doak, 2001. China and the Major Powers in East Asia. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
4.Brinkley, Douglas, 2014. The Nixon Tapes: 1971–1972. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
5.Brzezinski, Zbigniew K., 1985. Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Advisor 1977-1981. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
6.Cardenal, Juan Pablo et al., 2017. Sharp Power: Rising Authoritarian Influence. Washington D.C.: NED.
7.Carter, Ashton B., Perry, William J., 1999. Preventive Defense: A New Security Strategy for America, Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
8.Cheney, Dick, Cheney, Liz, 2015. Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America. New York: Simon & Schuster.
9.Christensen, Thomas J., 2015. The China Challenge: Shaping the Choices of a Rising Power. New York NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
10.Crèvecoeur, St. John de, Hector, J., 1904. Letters from an American farmer. New York: Fox, Duffield & company.
11.Daalder, Ivo H., 2003. James M. Lindsay. America Unbound: The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institute Press.
12.Dean, David, 2014. Unofficial Diplomacy, the American Institute in Taiwan: a memoir. Bloomington, IN: Xlibris.
13.DeBeuche, Leslie Midkiff, 1997. Reel Patriotism: The Movies and World War I. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press.
14.Dietze, Gottfried, 1993. American democracy: aspects of practical liberalism. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
15.Dobbins, James et al., 2017. Conflict with China Revisited. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
16.Dole, John W., 2000. Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
17.Dougherty, James E., Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, 2001. Contending theories of International Relations: a Comprehensive Survey. New York: Longman.
18.Edge, Laura Bufano, 2007. William McKinley. Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books.
19.Elsbree, Oliver W., 1928. The Rise of the Missionary Sprit. Williamsport, PA: The Williamsport Printing and Binding Co..
20.Ferling, John, 2013. Jefferson and Hamilton: The Rivalry That Forged a Nation. New York: Bloomsbury Press.
21.Fradin, Dennis B., 2007. The Mayflower Compact. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark.
22.Garson, Robert, 1994. The United States and China since 1949. London: Pinter Publishers.
23.Gellner, Ernest, 2008. Nations and Nationalism, 2nd edition. (New York: Cornell University Press.
24.Gilpin, Robert, 1981. War and Change in World Politics. Cambridge U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
25.Gilpin, Robert, 2001. Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Economic Order. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
26.Halperin, M. H., 1966. The 1958 Taiwan Straits Crisis: A Documented History (U). Santa Monica CA: Rand Cooperation.
27.Harding, Harry, 1972. A Fragile Relationship: The United States and China since 1972. Washington: Brookings Institution Press.
28.Heginbotham, Eric et al., 2015. The U.S.-China Military Scorecard - Forces, Geography, and the Evolving Balance of Power, 1996–2017. Santa Monica CA: Rand Corp..
29.Hoffmann, Stanley, 1998. World Disorders: Troubled Peace in the Post-Cold War Era. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
30.Hoppens, Robert, 2015. The China Problem in Postwar Japan: Japanese National Identity and Sino-Japanese Relations. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
31.Houghton, David P., 2014. A Citizen’s Guide to American Foreign Policy: Tragic Choices and the Limits of Rationality. New York: Routledge.
32.Huntington, Samuel, 1981. American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
33.Huntington, Samuel, 2004 Who are we?: The challenges to America''s national identity. New York: Simon & Schuster.
34.Isaacs, Harold R., 1958. Scratches on Our Minds: American Images of China and India. New York: The John Day Company.
35.Isaksson, A. Sofie and Kotsadam, Andreas, 2016. Chinese aid and local corruption, Williamsburg: William &Mary.
36.Jentleson, Bruce W. et al., 1997. Encyclopedia of U.S. Foreign Relations Vol. 3. New York: Oxford University Press.
37.Keohane, Robert O. and Nye, Joseph S., 2012. Power of Interdependence. Boston: Longman.
38.Keohane, Robert O., 1984. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
39.Khalilzad, Zalmay, 1999. The United States and a Rising China, Strategic and Military Implications. Santa Monica, CA: Rand.
40.Kindleberger, Charles P., 1973. The World in Depression: 1929-1939. Berkeley: University of California Press.
41.Kissinger, Henry, 1994. Diplomacy. New York: Simon & Schuster.
42.Kissinger, Henry, 2011. On China. New York: Penguin Press.
43.Kissinger, Richard, 1979, White House Years. Boston: Little Brown and Company.
44.Koch, Adrienne, 1961. Power, Morals, and the Founding Fathers. Ithaca, N.Y.: Great Seal Books.
45.Kozak, Warren, 2009. Curtis LeMay: Strategist and Tactician. New York: Regnery History.
46.Lasater, Martin L., Peter Kien-hong Yu, 2000. Taiwan''s Security in the Post-Deng Xiaoping Era. London: Frank Cass Publisher.
47.Lewis, Gaddis, John, 2005. Strategies of containment: a critical appraisal of American national security policy during the Cold War, Revised and Expanded Edition. New York: Oxford University Press.
48.Li, Rex, 2009. A Rising China and Security in East Asia: Identity Construction and Security Discourse. New York: Routledge.
49.Lind, Michael, 1995. The Next American Nation: The New Nationalism and the Fourth American Revolution. New York: Free Press.
50.MacFarquhar, Roderick, 1972. Sino-American relations, 1949-1971. New York: Praeger Publishers.
51.Maddison, Angus, 2007. Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run, second edition, revised and updated 960-2030AD. Paris: OECD Development Centre.
52.Madsen, Richard, 1995. China and the American Dream: A Moral Inquiry. Berkeley: University of California Press.
53.Mccauley, Martin, 2003. Origins of the Cold War 1941-49: Revised 3rd Edition. New York, Routledge.
54.McLellan, David S., 1976. Dean Acheson: The State Department Years. New York:Dodd, Mead & Company.
55.McRae, Hamish, 1995. The world in 2020: Power, Culture and Prosperity: A Vision of the Future. New York: HarperCollins.
56.Mead, Walter Russell, 2002. Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and how it Changed the World. New York: Routledge.
57.Mearsheimer, John J., 2001. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
58.Medhurst, Martin J., 2000. Critical Reflections on the Cold War: Linking Rhetoric and History. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press.
59.Melville, Herman, 1924. White Jacket. London: Oxford University Press.
60.Menges, Constantine C., 2005. China: The Gathering Threat. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Inc..
61.Morgenthau, Hans J. and Thompson, Kenneth, 1985. Politics Among Nations. New York: McGraw-Hill.
62.Morgenthau, Hans J., 1978. Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, Fifth Edition. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
63.Morgenthau, Hans J., 1980. Dilemmas of Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
64.Münklerp, Herfried, 2007. Empires: The Logic of World Domination from Ancient Rome to the United States, trans. Patrick Camiller. Malden MA: Polity Press
65.Muravchik, Joshua, 1991. Exporting Democracy, Fulfilling America’s Destiny. Washington, D.C.: The AEI Press.
66.Niebuhr, Reinhold, 1932. Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics. New York, Charles Scribner.
67.Nixon, Richard, 1990. In The Arena, A Memoir of Victory, Defeat, and Renewal. New York: Simon & Schuster.
68.Nixon, Richard, 1992. Seize the Moment: America''s Challenge in A One-Superpower World. New York: Simon & Schuster.
69.Nixon, Richard, 1999: Victory Without War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), in Chapter 10: A New America.
70.Nolan, Cathal J., 1993. Principled Diplomacy: Security and Rights in U.S. Foreign Policy. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
71.Nye, Joseph S. Jr., 1990. Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power. New York: Basic Books.
72.Oksenberg, Michel, 1997. Taiwan, Tibet, and Hong Kong in Sino-American Relations. New York: W.W. Norton.
73.Parker, Peter, 1842. Statements Respecting Hospitals in China, Preceded by a letter to John Abercrombie, M.D., V.P.R.S.E.. Glasgow: James Maclehouse.
74.Piekalkiewicz, Jaroslaw and Penn, Alfred Wayne, 1995. Politics of Ideocracy. Albany: State University of New York Press.
75.Rockefeller, John D., 2003. Random Reminiscences of Menand Events, reprinted from the 1909 edition. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific.
76.Roosevelt, Theodore, 2005. Fear God and Take Your Own Part. New York, NY: Cosimo.
77.Roosevelt, Theodore, 2009. The Strenuous Life: Essays and Addresses. New York, Dover Publication.
78.Rowden, Thomas, 2017. Surface Force Strategy Return to Sea Control. San Diego: Naval Surface Forces.
79.Schwartz, Peter, 2004. The Foreign Policy of Self-Interest: A Moral Ideal for America. Irvine CA: Ayn Rand Institute Press.
80.Shultz, George Pratt, 1993. Turmoil and Triumph: Diplomacy, Power, and the Victory of the American Deal. New York: Charles Scribner''s Son.
81.Simon, Denis Fred and Cao, Cong, 2009. China''s Emerging Technological Edge: Assessing the Role of High-End Talent. New York: Cambridge University Press.
82.Slyke, Lyman Van, 1967, The China White Paper August 1949. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
83.Smith, Tony, 2012. America''s Mission: The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
84.Steinmetz, Sara, 1994. Democratic Transition and Human Rights: Perspectives on U.S. Foreign Policy. Albany New York: State University of New York Press.
85.Sutter, Robert el al., 2013. Balancing Acts: The U.S. Rebalance and the Asia Pacific Stability. Washington D.C.: Sigur Center for Asian Studies.
86.Tarrow, Sidney, 2010. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
87.Truman, Harry S., 1956. Years of Trial and Hope Vol-II. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc..
88.Tucker, Nancy B., 2011. Strait Talk. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
89.Viotti, Paul et al., 2010. International Relations and World Politics, Security Economy Identity, 3rd edition. London: Pearson Education.
90.Wheeler, Norton, 2013. The Role of American NGOs in China''s Modernization: Invited Influence. New York: Routledge.
91.Zhu, Xufeng, 2013. The Rise of Think Tanks in China. New York: Routledge.
二、 專書譯著
1.Tocqueville, Alexis de, 1840. Democracy in America: Part the Second: The Social Influence of Democracy (De la démocratie en Amérique, Deuxième partie, Influence de la démocratie sur les sentiments des Américains), trans., Henry Reeve3, ESQ. Philadelphia: Thomas, Cowperthwaite & Co.
三、 專書論文
1.Brands, Henry W., 1999. “The Idea of the National Interest,” in Michael J. Hogan eds., The Ambiguous Legacy: U.S. Foreign Relations in the American Century. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp.120-151.
2.Copeland, Dale, 2003. “Economic Interdependence and the Future of U.S.-Chinese Relations,” in G. John. Ikenberry & Michael Mastanduno, eds., International Relations Theory and the Asia-Pacific. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 323-352.
3.Eikenberry, John, 2000. “America’s Liberal Grand Strategy: Democracy and National Security in the Post-War Era,” in Michael Cox ed. American Democracy Promotion, Impulses, Strategies, and Impacts. New York: Oxford University Press, pp.103-126.
4.Fewsmith, Joseph, 2014. “Political Consultation and Consultative Politics,” in Kenneth Lieberthal et al. eds., China''s Political Development. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, pp.136-164.
5.Gilpin, Robert, 2003. “Sources of American-Japanese Economic Conflict,” in G. John. Ikenberry & Michael Mastanduno, eds., International Relations Theory and the Asia-Pacific. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 299-322.
6.Goldstein, Avery, 2003. “An Emerging China’s Emerging Grand Strategy: A Neo-Bismarckian Turn?” in G. John. Ikenberry & Michael Mastanduno, eds., International Relations Theory and the Asia-Pacific. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 57-106.
7.Ignatieff, Michael, 2005. “American Exceptionalism and Human Rights”, in Michael Ignatieff eds., American Exceptionalism and Human Rights. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 1-26.
8.Kirshner, Jonathan, 2003. “State, Markets, and Great Power Relations,” in G. John. Ikenberry & Michael Mastanduno, eds., International Relations Theory and the Asia-Pacific. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 273-298.
9.Yu, Keping, 2014. “Toward Good Governance in China: Perspectives of Chinese and American Scholars,” in Kenneth Lieberthal et al. eds., China''s Political Development, Chinese and American Perspecdtive. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, pp. 1-38.
10.Ma, Qiusha, 2009. “From Religion to Science: Western Medicine’s Role in Reforming China,” in MeIris Borowy eds., Uneasy Encounters: The Politics of Medicine and Health in China, 1900-1937. Frankfurt Germany: Peter Lang GmbH, pp. 35-62.
11.Roberts, Timothy and DiCuirci, Lindsay, 2013. “General Introduction”, in Timothy Roberts eds., American Exceptionalism Vol.1 Land and Prosperity. New York: Routledge, pp. ix-xx.
12.Shambaugh, David, 1999. “The United States and China: Cooperation or Confrontation?” in Orville Schell and David Shambaugh eds., The China Reader: The Reform Era. New York: Vintage Books, pp. 470-479.
13.Shinn, James, 1996, “Conditional Engagement with China,” in James Shinn eds., Weaving the Net: Conditional Engagement with China. New York: Council on Foreign Affairs Press, pp. 3-78.
14.Wang, Changjiang, 2014. “Transition from a Revolutionary Party to a Governing Party,” in Kenneth Lieberthal et al. eds., China''s Political Development. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, pp. 73-102.
15.Wang, Ming, 2014. “The Rise of Civil Society in China,” in Kenneth Lieberthal et al. eds., China''s Political Development. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, pp. 165-191.
16.Yu, Keping, 2014. “The People''s Republic of China''s Sixty Years of Political Development,” in Kenneth Lieberthal et al. eds., China''s Political Development. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, pp. 39-72.
17.Zheng, Su et al., 2015. “A World Leader-to-be? Popular attitude toward China’s Global Role,” in Alastair Iain Johnston and Mingming Shen eds. Perception and Misperception in American and Chinese Views of the Other, Washington D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, pp. 23-40.
四、 期刊論文
1.Backer, Larry C., 2014. “The Trans-Pacific Partnership: Japan, China, the U.S. and the Emerging Shape of a New World Trade Regulatory Order,” Washington University Global Studies Law Review, Vol.13, No. 1, pp. 49-82.
2.Baker, Jame, 1991. “America in Asia: Emerging Architecture for a Pacific Community,” Foreign Affairs, Vol.70, no.5 (Winter 1991-92), pp. 1-18.
3.Bellah, Robert N., 1967. “Civil Religion in America,” Dædalus, Winter 1967, Vol. 96, No. 1, Winter, 1967, pp. 1-21.
4.Billington, Michael, 2013. “Air-Sea Battle Is a Plan for War on China,” Executive Intelligence Review, Volume 40, Number 26, June 28, 2013, pp. 29-31.
5.Bonikowski, Bart and DiMaggio, Paul, 2016. “Varieties of American Popular Nationalism,” American Sociological Review, Vol. 81(5), pp. 949-980.
6.Brinkley, Douglas, 1997. “Democratic Enlargement: The Clinton Doctrine,” Foreign Policy, Vol. 106 (Spring 1997), pp. 111-127.
7.Chao, Chiang-nan et al., 2017. “Chinese Students’ Motivations for Studying in the United States,” Journal of International Students, Vol. 7(2), pp. 257-269.
8.Christensen, Thomas J., 2001. “Posing Problems without Catching Up: China’s Rise and Challenges for U.S. Security Policy,” International Security, Vol. 25, Issue 4 (Spring 2001), pp. 5-40.
9.Colby, Elbridge et al., 2012. “Asia’s Real ‘America Problem’,” PacNet, No. 16, pp. 1-2.
10.Cossa, Ralph, and Glosserman, Brad, 2012. “Return to Asia: It''s Not (All) About China,” PacNet, Pacific Forum CSIS, Number 7, (January 30, 2012), pp. 1-2.
11.Cossa, Ralph, and Glosserman, Brad, 2012. “US Rebalances as Others Squabble,” Comparative Connections, Volume 14, Issue 2, September 2012, pp. 1-16.
12.Dollar, David, 2015. “China’s Rise as a Regional and Global Power - The AIIB and the One Belt, One Road,” Horizons, Summer 2015/Issue No. 4., pp. 162-172.
13.Dominguez, Gabriel, 2017. “Turning the tide”, Jane’s Defence Weekly, Vol 54, Issue 8, February 22, 2017, pp. 29-32.
14.Donovan, Hedley, 1972. “Man of the Year: Nixon: Determined to Make a Difference,” Time, Vol. 99 No. 1, Jan. 3, 1972.
15.Fukuyama, Francis, 1989. “The End of History,” The National Interest, Vol. 16, (Summer 1989), pp. 3-18.
16.Gerhard, Wilfried, 2014. “American Exceptionalism and the War in Iraq,” ENDC Proceedings, Vol. 18, pp. 11-24.
17.Harding, Harry, 2015. “Has U.S. China Policy Failed?” The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 38, Issue 3 (Fall, 2015), pp. 95-122.
18.Herz, John H., 1950. “Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma,” World Politics, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Jan., 1950), pp. 157-180.
19.Hubbard, Jesse, 2010.“Hegemonic Stability Theory: An Empirical Analysis,” The International Studies and Research Journal, May 28, 2010, pp. 5-28.
20.Huntington, Samuel P., 1982. “American Ideals versus American Institutions,” Political Science Quarterly Vol. 97, No. 1 (Spring, 1982), pp. 1-37.
21.Huntington, Samuel P., 1997. “The Erosion of American National Interests,” Foreign Affairs, September/October 1997 Issue, pp. 28-49.
22.Kennan, George F., 1947. “X,” “The Sources of Soviet Conduct,” Foreign Affairs, XXV, July 1947, pp. 566–78, 580–82.
23.Kennedy, Emmet, 1979. “Ideology from Destutt De Tracy to Marx,” Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 40, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep.,1979), pp. 353-368.
24.Lipset, Seymour M., 1992. “Affirmative Action and the American Creed,” The Wilson Quarterly, Winter 1992, pp. 52–62.
25.Maisuwong, Wanwarang, 2012. “The Promotion of American Culture through Hollywood Movies to the World,” International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 1 Issue 4, June – 2012, pp. 1-7.
26.Nelan, Bruce W., 1992/12. “Taking on the Thugs in Somalia” Times, Vol. 140, No. 24.
27.Ross, Robert S., 1997. “Beijing as a Conservative Power,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 76, No. 2 (March/April 1997), pp. 33-44.
28.Tucker, Nancy Bernkopf, 2005/6. “Taiwan Expendable? Nixon and Kissinger Go to China,” The Journal of American History, Vol. 92, No. 1, pp. 109-135.
29.Wang, Fei-Ling, 1998/1. “To Incorporate China: A New Policy for a New Era,” The Washington Quarterly Vol. 21, No. 1 (Winter 1998), pp. 67-81.
30.Wolfowitz, Paul, “Remembering the Future,” The National Interest, No. 59, Spring 2000, pp. 35-45.
31.Zhao, Suisheng, 2012/2. “Shaping the Regional Context of China’s Rise: how the Obama administration brought back hedge in its engagement with China,” Journal of Contemporary China, Vol. 21, 2012 – Issue 75, pp. 369-389.
五、 學位論文
1.Leone B. Little, 1972. Senator Albert J. Beveridge and the Politics of Imperialist Rationale, Butler University, Indianapolis, USA.
六、 研討會論文
1.Emilian Kavalski, 2017. “When the Local Becomes Global: Relational Power with Chinese Characteristics?” Paper presented at the Challenges to Local Politics in the Asia-Pacific Region (Sizihwan International Conference on Asia-Pacific Studies, National Sun Yet-sen University, December 1, 2017).
2.Falin Zhang, 2013. “Understanding China''s Diplomacy Strategies in Global Financial Governance Institutions,” paper presented at the 2013 International Conference on Asia-Pacific Studies, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Nov 7, 2013.
七、 官方文件
1.Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress, 1985/7. U.S. Arms Sales to China, Report No. 85-138 F.
2.FAS, 2005. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, Volume VII, Arms Control and Disarmament, Document 176.
3.Harry S. Truman Presidential Library & Museum, 1951/4. Harry S. Truman Radio Report to the American People on Korea and on U.S. Policy in the Far East, April 11, 1951.
4.U.S. Congress, 2005/3. S. 516 — 109th Congress: ADVANCE Democracy Act of 2005.
5.U.S. Department of Defense, 2011/2. The National Military Strategy of the United States of America 2011, Redefining America’s Military Leadership.
6.U.S. Department of Defense, 2012/1. Sustaining U.S. Global Leadership: Priorities for 21st Century Defense.
7.U.S. Department of State, 1946/2. George Kennan Long Telegram to George Marshall, Harry S. Truman Administration File, Elsey Papers.
8.U.S. Department of State, 1950/4. A Report to the National Security Council by the Executive Secretary (NSC-68), pp. 1-68.
9.U.S. Department of State, 1951. Memorandum by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to the Secretary of Defense (Marshall), Foreign Relations of the United States, 1951, Korea and China, Volume VII, Part 2, 794A.5/1–351.
10.U.S. Department of State, 1976. George Kennan, “Memorandum by the Director of the Policy Planning Staff,” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume IX, Policy Planning Staff Files, Lot 54–D195.
11.U.S. Department of State, 1982/10. Department of State Bulletin, East Asia, Volume 82/Number 2067.
12.U.S. Department of State, 1989/8. James Baker, “A New Pacific Partnership: Framework for the Future,” June 26, 1989, Department of State Bulletin, Volume 89 / Number 2149.
13.U.S. Department of State, 1993. Secretary-Designate Christopher Statement before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Washington, DC, January 13, 1993, Dispatch Magazine, Vol.4, No.4, January 25, 1993.
14.U.S. Department of State, 2000/3. Uniting the Tools of Force and Diplomacy to Enhance Security, U.S. Foreign Policy Agenda - the Making of U.S. Foreign Policy.
15.U.S. Department of State, Memorandum by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to the Secretary of Defense (Wilson), 1953. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952–1954, Korea, Volume XV, Part 2, S/S–NSC files, lot 63 D 351, NSC 170 Series.
16.U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, 1972. Joint Statement Following Discussions with Leaders of the People’s Republic of China, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XVII, China, 1969–1972.
17.U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1979. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States Gerald R. Ford, Book III-July 10, 1976 to January 20, 1977.
18.United States Congress, S.2532 - FREEDOM Support Act.
八、 網際網路
1.官方網站
(1)American Institute in Taiwan, .
(2)Congressional Research Service, .
(3)Eisenhower Presidential Library & Museum, .
(4)Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum, .
(5)Harry S. Truman Presidential Library & Museum, .
(6)Institute of International Education, .
(7)International Monetary Fund, .
(8)John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, .
(9)National Security Strategy Archive, .
(10)the United Nations, .
(11)U.S. Department of State, .
(12)U.S. Department of the Treasury, .
(13)U.S. Energy Information Administration, .
(14)U.S. Library of Congress, .
(15)U.S. National Archives, .
(16)U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, .
(17)United States Census Bureau, .
(18)United States House of Representatives, .
(19)US Department of Defense, .
(20)White House, .
2.新聞網站
(1)ABC News, .
(2)ABS-CBN News, .
(3)Asia Times, .
(4)Associated Press, .
(5)BBC News, .
(6)Bloomberg, .
(7)CBS News, .
(8)Christianity Today, .
(9)CNN, .
(10)Defense Industry Daily, .
(11)Defense News, .
(12)Deutsche Welle, .
(13)Education Week,
(14)Financial Times, .
(15)Global Ministries, .
(16)IHS Markit, .
(17)Los Angeles Times, .
(18)Military.Com, .
(19)Nikkei Asian Review, .
(20)Nikkei Asian Review, .
(21)Radio Free Asia, .
(22)Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, .
(23)Reuters, .
(24)South China Morning Post, .
(25)The Boston Globe, .
(26)The Forbes, .
(27)the Guardian, .
(28)The Hill, .
(29)The Hindus, .
(30)The New York Times, .
(31)The Philippine Star, .
(32)The Telegraph, .
(33)The Washington Post, .
(34)Times, .
(35)Tsinghua University Centenary, .
(36)United Press International, .
(37)USA Today, .
(38)USNI, .
(39)Washington Free Beacon,
(40)Weekly Standard, .
3.智庫、學術機構
(1)Academia, .
(2)Asia Foundation, .
(3)Atomic Archive, .
(4)Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, .
(5)Britannica, .
(6)Center for American Progress, .
(7)Center for Strategic and International Studies, .
(8)China Files, .
(9)Columbia University, .
(10)Council on Foreign Relations, .
(11)DNA, .
(12)East Asia Forum, .
(13)Encyclopedia of the New American Nation, .
(14)Fact Check, .
(15)Ford Foundation, .
(16)Foreign Policy, .
(17)Freedom House, .
(18)Historical Society of Pennsylvania, .
(19)H-Net: Humanities & Social Sciences Online, .
(20)IISS, .
(21)Illinois University Archives, .
(22)International Development Association, .
(23)International Study Association, .
(24)Manapedia, .
(25)Mass Communication Theories, .
(26)National Endowment for Democracy, .
(27)New York Public Library Archives & Manuscripts, .
(28)Open Society Foundations, .
(29)Oxford Scholarship Online, .
(30)Oxford University Press, .
(31)Peace Corps,
(32)Pew Research Center, .
(33)Project for the New American Century, .
(34)Rockefeller Foundation, .
(35)SIPRI, .
(36)Strategic Culture Foundation, .
(37)The American Presidency Project, University of California, Santa Barbara, .
(38)The Asia Foundation, .
(39)The Atlantic, .
(40)The Brookings Institution, .
(41)The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, .
(42)The Diplomat, .
(43)The Ford Foundation, .
(44)The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, .
(45)The History, .
(46)The National Committee on U.S.-China Relations, .
(47)The National Interest, .
(48)The Statistics Portal, .
(49)The Top Tens, .
(50)UN Documents, .
(51)United to End Genocide, .
(52)US-China Cultural & Educational Foundation, .
(53)US-China Strong Foundation, .
(54)American Heritage, .
 
 
 
 
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