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題名：關於勞動市場的兩個議題
作者：李長泰
作者(外文)：LEE, CHANG-TAI
校院名稱：國立臺北大學
系所名稱：經濟學系
指導教授：劉錦添
陳淑華
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2018
主題關鍵詞：外籍勞工；本國勞工；薪資；雇用；邊際生產力；勞動所得；foreign labor；native worker；wage；employment；marginal productivity；labor income
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本研究以台灣勞動市場為研究對象，以實證的方式分別探討引進外籍勞工對本國勞動市場之影響，以及勞動生產力與勞動所得脫鉤之驗證與成因兩個議題。
在第一個議題中，本文以勞工層級資料與廠商層級資料，並透過外籍勞工密集度與 DID 方法分析兩類資料，檢視 2002 年至 2014 年間外籍勞工人數增加對本國勞動市場的影響情形。整體而言，勞工層級資料中以外籍勞工密集度與DID方式估計結果多數為一致，廠商層級資料的分析則須根據變數與資料特性而調整數據之解釋。不過兩者均顯示外籍勞工對於不同特性群體的樣本影響效果可能存在不同情況，在勞工層級資料中，雖然影響均為負向，但顯著程度與幅度則有差異；在廠商層級資料中，外籍勞工對本國勞動市場的影響亦非所有行業別的結果皆一致。此結果顯示分析外籍勞工對國內勞動市場影響無法僅透過理論說明，應透過細緻化的樣本群體分類，以避免不同影響之間互相抵銷導致真實效果無法呈現。
在第二個議題中，本文以台灣37項製造業與服務業之 panel data，分析邊際勞動生產力與勞動所得是否呈現脫鉤狀態，並探討影響兩者之間脫鉤狀態的主要因素。除了透過單根檢定與共整合檢定的方式確認其脫鉤情形之外，亦發現教育程度、資本深化、外人投資、開放程度、貿易條件、勞動市場環境以及勞動協商能力等七項因素，對於邊際勞動生產力與勞動所得之間差距具有顯著的影響。此外由估計結果也可看出，以包含了薪資、津貼、加班費、獎金、退休金、福利金等內容的受雇者報酬來衡量勞動所得，其與勞動邊際生產力脫鉤的情況較不明顯，這樣的情形可能是因為在政府逐漸透過法令的方式來完備勞動市場環境，保障勞工權益，但因此變相增加廠商成本 ( 即便這是原本勞工應得 )，因此讓廠商不願提高工資。
The study focuses on Taiwan’s labor markets as the objects and used empirical method to discuss respectively the two issues of the impact of the domestic labor markets by importing foreign labors as well as the verification and factors of disconnects between labor productivity and labor incomes.
In the first issue, the study utilizes the density of foreign labors and DID method to analyze labor-level data and firm-level data to examine the impacts of the increase of foreign labors in the domestic labor markets from 2002 to 2014. Overall, the results of the density of foreign labors and DID methods are consistent in most parts of the labor-level data. The analysis of the firm-level data requires adjustments of explanatory data according to variables and data characteristics. However, the both manifest that situations vary in the effects of samples from different foreign labor groups. In labor-level data, the significance varies even if the impact is negative. In firm-level data, the results of the impacts of foreign labors in the domestic markets are not the same as those of all job categories. Both represent the analysis of the impacts of foreign labors in the employment of the domestic markets cannot just be stated in theory and should be classified by refined group samples to avoid offsetting against each other, resulting in the real effects not being presented.
In the second issue, the study utilizes the panel data of 37 kinds of manufacturing and hospitality to analyze if marginal labor productivity and labor income disconnect and discuss the primary factors of influencing disconnects between each other. In addition to confirming the situations of disconnections by unit root test and co-integration test, there are seven factors, such as education level, capital deepening, foreign investments, degree of openness, trade terms, environment of labor markets and labor negotiation abilities, significantly influencing the gap between the marginal labor productivity and the labor income. Furthermore, it can be seen from the estimated results that the disconnections of the labor’s income measured by the employee's remunerations including wages, allowance, overtime pays, rewards, pensions, and welfare and that of the marginal labor productivity are less obvious. It was probably because the government formulated laws to perfect the environment of the labor markets gradually and to protect labors’ rights, but it de facto increased the cost of the firms (even if it was what the labors ought to attain originally). As a result, the firms were unwilling to raise wages.
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