For adherents of the Ming dynasty, it was very difficult to avoid associating with Qing officials. The two groups were connected in many aspects, such as previous friendships, family relationships, a common enthusiasm for academic research, etc. Despite conf1icting political positions, their associations remained intact. Ming adherents even admired Qing officials for their outstanding achievement in improving people's living standards. Even so, public opinion regarding their relationship added a great deal of stress to the lives of these adherents.