A plebiscite, or referendum, in modern parliamentary democracy is usually considered a device to strengthen the legitimacy of democracy. However, its practice may serve as a check upon parliamentary legislature, and is a form of participatory democracy. Viewed from that angle, there is a tension between these two modes of democracy. To illustrate this, the present article tries to explicate how Carl Schmitt fashions his theory of democratic identity and homogeneity in the context of his critical reflection on the predicaments of parliamentary democracy in the period of the crisis of the Weimar Republic. In his diagnosis of that predicament, Schmitt points out that parliamentary democracy in its response to the challenge of “mass democracy" is unable to recognize popular sovereignty as the legitimate foundation of democracy, and is blind to the political conflict existing in democracy. On the basis of that criticism, Schmitt reconstructs a theory of democracy, the basic presupposition of which lies in the formation of the political identity of democratic leadership and the people, as well as the construction of the homogeneity of democratic society. Concerning Schmitt's theory of democracy, this article tries to argue that Schmitt does not totally reject parliamentary democracy and its constitution. What he endeavors to do is to establish its foundation on political unity and homogeneity by which a concrete and ordinary order of democracy can be built. In the same vein, Schmitt interprets the significance of the referendum for consolidating the authority of leadership and the trust of the people. However, such a democratic theory is susceptible to a lapse into democratic dictatorship.