客語兒向語中聲調與元音的互動__臺灣人文及社會科學引文索引資料庫

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題名：	客語兒向語中聲調與元音的互動
書刊名：	語言暨語言學
作者：	鄭明中
作者(外文)：	Cheng, Ming-chung
出版日期：	2016
卷期：	17:5
頁次：	頁623-659
主題關鍵詞：	客語；兒向語；聲調；元音；基頻；共振峰；Hakka；Infant-directed speech；Tone；Vowel；Fundamental frequency；Formant
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(1) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:0 共同引用:50 點閱:21

「兒向語」是一種成人對嬰兒說話時所採用的特殊語體，也是兒童語言習得早期最重要的語言輸入。兒向語中聲調與元音的語音表現已為大量文獻所關注，但是兩者之間的互動卻鮮少在兒向語研究中被論及，因此本研究將透過客語企圖對兒向語裡聲調與元音的互動進行分析。本研究採用了18個雙音節詞為研究字詞，其中第一個音節為目標音節（6個聲調+3個元音）。本研究收集了14位說客語的母親的成人語與兒向語語音樣本，並利用PRAAT進行基頻與共振峰分析。本研究首先對兩種語體中聲調與元音的表現差異進行個別的討論，接著討論兒向中聲調與元音的互動關係。研究發現如下：第一、就聲調而言，與成人語相比，兒向語聲調在基頻均值，基頻全距、基頻輪廓及基頻斜率都有顯著的擴張，充分體現兒向語「語音強化」的特點。第二，就元音而言，與成人語相比，兒向語裡的元音空間格局下降，元音聲學距離縮短，元音空間面積也小幅縮小，這些與文獻上的記錄不同，只有元音時長的延長是顯著的。本研究認爲這與聲調的影響有關。第三，元音的內在音高差異對兒向語裡的聲調影響並不明顯。第四，聲調差異對兒向語裡的元音空間格局及元音空間面積都存有明確的影響，而且影響元音的聲調特徵及作用力大小呈現固定的趨勢，即：舒/入＞高/非高＞平/曲。最後，本研究利用研究發現來闡釋兒向語與兒童聲調與元音習得的關係，及兒向語的非語言與語言層次互動問題。

以文找文

Infant-directed speech (IDS) is the most significant speech input in early child language acquisition. A body of literature has explored the phonetic characteristics of tones and vowels in IDS, but little attention is paid to the interaction between tone and vowel in IDS. Thus, based on Hakka, this study attempts to investigate the interaction between tone and vowel, with an examination of phonetic manifestations of tones and vowels in Hakka IDS. Fourteen mother-infant dyads joined this study. They interacted with their infants and the researcher naturally at homes. These speeches were recorded as IDS and adult-directed speech (ADS). Speech stimuli used in this study contained 18 disyllabic phrases, in which the first syllables were the targets. For each ADS/IDS, the first two clear tokens of each target syllable were segmented for acoustic analysis of the values of fundamental frequency (F_0) and the first two formants (F_1 and F_2) by PRAAT. After that, these F_0, F_1 and F_2 values were normalized for further analysis. Research results pointed out the following findings. First, compared with ADS, IDS displayed phonetically expanded tones in terms of F_0 mean, F_0 range, F_0 contour and F_0 slope. Second, compared with ADS, IDS displayed significant vowel lengthening. However, different from related literature, the study showed downward-moving vowel triangles, reduced vowel space areas and shortened cross-vowel acoustic distances. Third, the intrinsic pitch difference of vowels did not affect the tones in IDS. Fourth, tones displayed definite effects upon vowel triangles and vowel space areas. The tonal features constituted an affecting hierarchy: [non-checked/checked] ＞ [high/non-high] ＞ [level/contour]. Finally, the findings from this study were extended further to some related issues in IDS, such as how IDS is linked to child tone/vowel acquisition, what is the relation between intimacy and high tone, and which dimension, paralinguistic or linguistic, is of primary significance in IDS.

以文找文

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19.	鍾榮富(20040000)。臺灣客家語音導論。臺北：五南。延伸查詢
20.	Lass, Norman J.(1996)。Principles of Experimental Phonetics。Mosby Year Book。
21.	Chomsky, Noam(1981)。Lectures on Government and Binding: The Pisa Lectures。Foris Publications。
22.	Chomsky, Noam(1965)。Aspects of the Theory of Syntax。MIT Press。

其他
1.	Traunmüller, Hartmut(1997)。Auditory scales of frequency representation，http://www.ling.su.se/staff/hartmut/bark.htm。

圖書論文
1.	Ferguson, Charles A.(1977)。Baby talk as a simplified register。Talking to Children: Language Input and Acquisition。Cambridge University Press。
2.	Garnica, Olga Kaunoff(1977)。Some prosodic and paralinguistic features of speech to young children。Talking to Children: Language Input and Acquisition。Cambridge University Press。
3.	Malsheen, Bathsheba J.(1980)。Two hypotheses for phonetic clarification in the speech of mothers to children。Child Phonology。New York：Academic Press。
4.	Cruttenden, Alan(1994)。Phonetic and prosodic aspects in baby talk。Input and Interaction in Language Acquisition。Cambridge University Press。
5.	Saxton, Matthew(2009)。The Inevitability of Child Directed Speech。Language Acquisition。Palgrave Macmillan。
6.	Schneider, Bruce A.、Trehub, Sandra E.(1992)。Sources of developmental change in auditory sensitivity。Developmental Psychoacoustics。Washington, DC：American Psychological Association。
7.	Sachs, Jacqueline(1977)。The adaptive significance of linguistic input to prelinguistic infants。Talking to Children: Language Input and Acquisition。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。
8.	Li, Charles N.、Thompson, Sandra A.(1978)。The acquisition of tone。Tone: A Linguistic Survey。New York：Academic Press。
9.	張月琴(1995)。從聲學角度來描述台灣苗栗四縣客家話的聲調系統。臺灣客家語論文集。臺北市 (Taipei)：文鶴 (Crane)。延伸查詢
10.	Fernald, Anne(1992)。Human maternal vocalizations to infants as biologically relevant signals: An evolutionary perspective。Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture。New York：Oxford University。
11.	Honda, Kiyoshi(1995)。Laryngeal and extra-laryngeal mechanisms of F0 control。Producing Speech: Contemporary Issues。New York：American Institute of Physics。
12.	Hsieh, Feng-fan(2010)。Rhyme phonotactics in Taiwanese: a dispersion-theoretic perspective。Proceedings of the 22nd North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-22) and the 18th International Conference on Chinese Linguistics (IACL-18)。Cambridge：Harvard University。
13.	本多清志(1983)。Relationship Between Pitch Control and Vowel Articulation。Vocal Fold Physiology: Contemporary Research and Clinical Issue。San Diego, Calif.：College-Hill Press。
14.	古國順(2005)。臺灣客語的音韻系統。臺灣客語概論。臺北市 (Taipei)：五南 (Wunan)。延伸查詢
15.	Newport, Elissa L.、Gleitman, Henry、Gleitman, Lila R.(1977)。Mother, I'd rather do it myself: some effects and non-effects of maternal speech style。Talking to Children: Language Input and Acquisition。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。
16.	Ohala, John J.、Eukel, Brian W.(1987)。Explaining the Intrinsic Pitch of Vowels。In honor of Ilse Lehiste : Ilse Lehiste puhendusteos。Dordrecht, Holland：Foris publications。
17.	Ohala, John J.(1994)。The frequency code underlies the sound-symbolic use of voice pitch。Sound Symbolism。Cambridge University Press。

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