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題名:字尾鼻音研究:以漢語說溜嘴及台灣英語學習者為例
作者:許秀玲
作者(外文):Hsu Hsiu-Ling
校院名稱:高雄師範大學
系所名稱:英語學系
指導教授:鍾榮富
王備五
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2009
主題關鍵詞:音節尾鼻音中介語語音位置效應有標/無標效應轉移作用優選理論coda nasalinterlanguage phonologypositional effectsunmarkedness/markedness effectstransfer effectsOptimality Theory
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本論文藉由二個研究——說溜嘴(SLIP)及第二語言習得(SLA),探討影響漢語說溜嘴及英語學習者音節尾鼻音形成之因素。討論之因素包括第一語言轉移作用(L1 Transfer Effect)、位置同化(Place Assimilation)、位置異化(Place Dissimilation)、中和化(Place Neutralization)及位置效應(Positional Effect),並透過分析諸項因素證明無標效應(Unmarkedness Effect)為影響說溜嘴及第二語言習得之主要因素。
SLIP研究旨在探討第一語言轉移作用、位置同化、同位音異化、中和化及無標效應如何影響漢語音節尾鼻音之說溜嘴型態。本研究根據語料收集來源,進一步分為二個部份 ——自然語料及非自然語料。此研究總共收集603筆相關之自然語料及39444筆非自然語料。非自然語料之收集來自於語音實驗。共有114位台灣籍人士參與此實驗。受試者各是以漢語、閩南語或客語為母語。每位受試者需各唸346個漢語詞及片語。每個實驗詞或片語由二個以上音節組成,其中至少一個音節須鼻音結尾。
SLA研究旨在探討第一語言轉移作用、位置同化、位置效應及無標效應如何影響台灣英語學習者之英文音節尾鼻音的發音。本研究共有99位受試者參與。受試者來自以漢語或閩南語為母語之台灣大專學生。每位受試者各需唸153個英文句子。每個實驗句子中包含一個實驗字,每個實驗字僅由一個音節組成,每個音節均鼻音結尾。
主要結果如下:
一、SLIP研究顯示相較於以漢語為母語者,以客語或閩南語為母語者在學習漢語 /waN/ 之語音組合上較為困難。導致此結果主要源自於第一語言轉移作用。
二、SLIP研究顯示閩南語發音者發生漢語說溜嘴現象頻率最高、漢語發音者其次、客家語發音者最低。導致此結果部份原因為漢語與閩南語之語音系統比漢語與客家語差異性要來得大。
三、SLIP研究顯示位置同化及位置異化皆是影響說溜嘴發生之重要因素。
四、SLIP研究透過Markedness測驗方法證明,漢語舌尖鼻音(/n/)為「隱含音值」。此結果進而證明無標效應對於漢語音節尾鼻音說溜嘴的影響力。
五、SLA研究顯示相較於以漢語為母語之英文學習者,以閩南語為母語者在學習英語雙唇鼻音上比較沒有困難。導致此結果主要源自於第一語言轉移作用。
六、SLA研究顯示相較於在非句首的音節尾鼻音,在句首的音節尾鼻音比較不易被其它鼻音所取代。
七、SLA及SLIP二項研究顯示不管說話者母語背景,相較於舌後根鼻音(/N/)或雙唇鼻音(/m/),舌尖鼻音(/n/)出現頻率有較高之趨勢。此結果顯露出無標效應對於漢語說溜嘴及第二語言習得之結果的影響力頗鉅。
八、優選理論(Optimality Theory)能夠透徹分析語言錯誤與語言學習之音韻現象。優選理論顯露出各種音韻過程或作用(如同化、異化過程)之共同目的皆為使舌尖鼻音(/n/)能夠出現於漢語說溜嘴及第二語言習得中,進而壓抑舌後根鼻音(/N/)或雙唇鼻音(/m/)之顯現。
從實驗之結果,不僅讓吾人深刻地認識到無標效應對說溜嘴及語言習得之影響有多深遠、也看到了當今音韻學之優選理論如何統合各種不同音韻過程及作用,找出其主要發生與運作之目的,同時也看到優選理論如何延伸應用及架接至語言習得之理論(如第一語言轉移理論)。希望本研究之結果能在音韻學、認知心理語言學及英語教學之研究有所啟發與貢獻。
This dissertation consists of two individual studies, SLIP and SLA, each of which investigates whether the unmarkedness effect plays a crucial role in shaping Mandarin slips and Taiwanese EFL (English as a foreign language) learners’ English production in regard to coda nasals.
SLIP concerns the study of the slips of coda nasals in Mandarin made by Mandarin, Southern Min, and Hakka speakers. The study is further divided into two parts in terms of data sources, one from natural speech and the other from experimentally elicited speech. The natural data contain 603 slips in Mandarin, all of which are related to coda nasals. As to the elicitation experiment, 114 subjects participated, each of whom read 346 test materials with target coda nasals.
SLA (Second Language Acquisition) is related to the study of the production of English coda nasals by Mandarin speakers, Southern Min speakers, and bilinguals in Mandarin and Southern Min. Ninety-nine participants took part in this study. Each participant read 153 test sentences with target coda nasals.
There are several major findings in the two studies: (1) in the SLIP study, Southern Min and Hakka speakers have more difficulty with the /waN/ sequence than Mandarin speakers, suggesting the transfer of L1 segmental co-occurrence restrictions to L2; (2) in the SLIP study, Southern Min speakers made the most errors in relation to coda nasals, followed by Mandarin speakers; Hakka speakers made the least errors, partly because the difference in sound systems between Mandarin and Southern Min is greater than that between Mandarin and Hakka; (3) the SLIP study shows that the distant assimilation and dissimilation are important factors in constraining Mandarin slips of coda nasals; (4) based on markedness diagnostics (e.g., the assimilation diagnostic), the SLIP study manifests coronal /n/ as the unmarked nasal in the coda position in Mandarin, which in turn discloses the emergence of the unmarkedness effect in Mandarin slips; (5) in the SLA study, Southern Min speakers have less difficulty with English /m/ than Mandarin speakers do, suggesting the positive transfer of L1 phonemic system to L2; (6) the SLA study shows that coda nasals in the sentence-initial position suffer less from the substitution of sounds than those in the non-initial position, suggesting the influence of the positional effect on SLA; (7) both of the studies show a strong tendency toward unmarked [n] in codas found in each language group, revealing that an unmarkedness effect plays a leading role in shaping Mandarin slips and the production of interlanguage English; and (8) Optimality Theory (OT) can pinpoint the correlation among the effects and reveals their common output goal—avoidance of dorsal /N/ from surfacing—by using a Place markedness hierarchy, *DORSAL >> *CORONAL.
The results obtained in the two studies contribute to other studies on slips and SLA in at least three aspects. First of all, the unmarkedness effect is recognized in Mandarin slip patterns and Taiwanese EFL learners’ English error patterns in coda nasals. Second, these results unveil the active interplay between the transfer and unmarkedness effects in slips of the tongue and SLA from the perspective of OT, an output-based model. Third, the SLIP study discloses the dynamic interaction among different effects like the Place assimilation and the Obligatory Contour Principle (OCP) by using the OT model. For future research, I hope that these results will draw not only SLA researchers’ attention, but also phonologists’ attention to the role of the unmarkedness effect in slips and SLA as well as the correlation between various effects.
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