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題名：行為主義導向的公共政策研究：以政策工具「推力」為核心的初探
書刊名：行政暨政策學報
作者：賴怡樺／林水波／陳敦源
作者(外文)：Lai, Yi-hua／Lin, Shoei-po／Chen, Don-yun
出版日期：2018
卷期：67
頁次：頁1-37
主題關鍵詞：公共政策；行為科學；行為經濟學；行為政策學；推力；Public policy；Behavioral science；Behavioral economics；Behavioral public policy；Nudge
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(6) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:5
  • 共同引用共同引用:22
  • 點閱點閱:156
行為經濟學（behavioral economics）崛起自1990年代，促使經濟學研究轉向關注人類行為，近十年來被大量應用於公共政策領域，催生了「行為政策學」（behavioral public policy）。然而，領域的快速竄起，卻萌生出既有知識與發現過於雜亂混淆等問題。本文旨在界定與釐析行為政策學的理論與應用，聚焦於探討該領域當前最核心的政策工具：推力（nudge）。透過文獻檢閱，試圖討論幾個關鍵問題：行為政策學是新玩意或舊把戲？行為政策學從何而來？行為政策學是什麼？如何透過行為政策學「推」出影響「力」？細析「推力」一定正當且有效嗎？行為政策學只是一時之熱？研究發現行為政策學整合了傳統行為學派與行為經濟學的新元素，強調跨領域觀點與實驗法，可用以測試、設計與校準公共政策；其在西方正處於蓬勃發展階段，目前尚無止息的跡象，相對而言，臺灣的公共行政學門對此領域卻仍在草創的階段。推力訴求以效率方式改變政策標的行為，須具備五個要件，有六種常見策略；其可能存在倫理爭議且未必有效，關鍵在於與政策問題的適配。期使本文的初探能推開後續研究之門，促進國內公共政策領域學子乃至政府部門，對於行為政策學有更好的理解與應用，進而提升領域發展與實質的推動成效。
Behavioral economics -arose in the 1990's- criticized the assumptions of rational self-interest in traditional economics and led the economic research to transfer its focus to human behaviors. Those findings have been applied more and more to the field of public policies for decades and facilitated the domain of behavioral public policy. However, it is found that the concepts and findings in the field are too messy and confused due to its rapid development. This study aims to clarify the theories and applications of behavioral public policy, with a focus on the core concept ＂nudge＂. Through the literature review, we try to answer several key questions: Is behavioral public policy a new or an old idea? Where does behavioral public policy come from? What is behavioral public policy? How to nudge? Does nudge always work and valid? Will behavioral public policy just be a temporary fashion? Findings indicate that behavioral public policy integrates traditional behavioral approach and new elements of behavioral economics, and focuses on interdisciplinary aspects and experiments methods. It can be applied to test, design and adjust public policy. The field has been booming in the West, while still in the initial stage in Taiwan comparatively. Nudges can be used to change target behaviors effectively. There are five components and six common strategies of nudges. Nudges might be ethically controversial or ineffective, while the key is the adaptiveness to policy problems. This study can contribute to the clarification of behavioral public policy, and benefit to better understanding and application.
期刊論文
1.陳恭平(20090900)。人非聖賢：簡介行為經濟學。人文與社會科學簡訊，10(4)，16-28。  延伸查詢new window
2.Leibenstein, Harvey(1966)。Allocative Efficiency vs. "X-Efficiency"。American Economic Review，56(3)，392-415。  new window
3.Tversky, Amos(1972)。Elimination by Aspects: A Theory of Choice。Psychological Review，79(4)，281-299。  new window
4.Samuelson, William、Zeckhauser, Richard(1988)。Status Quo Bias in Decision Making。Journal of Risk and Uncertainty，1(1)，7-59。  new window
5.Thaler, Richard H.(1980)。Toward a positive theory of consumer choice。Journal of Economic behavior and Organization，1(1)，39-60。  new window
6.Thaler, Richard H.(2016)。Behavioral Economics: Past, Present, and Future。American Economic Review，106(7)，1577-1600。  new window
7.汪曼穎、葉怡玉、黃榮村(20130900)。臺灣認知心理學的應用：從認知研究到科技脈絡裡的人性化設計。中華心理學刊，55(3)，381-404。new window  延伸查詢new window
8.常鑫、殷紅海(2003)。Daniel Kahneman與行為經濟學。心理科學進展，11(3)，256-261。  延伸查詢new window
9.趙駿(2011)。行為法經濟學在中國的挑戰與機遇。浙江學刊，2011(5)，176-181。  延伸查詢new window
10.Akerlof, G. A.(1976)。The Economics of Caste and of the Rat Race and Other Woeful Tales。Quarterly Journal of Economics，90(4)，599-617。  new window
11.Bhargava, Saurabh、Loewenstein, George(2015)。Behavioral Economics and Public Policy 102: Beyond Nudging。American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings，105(5)，396-401。  new window
12.Camerer, C. F.、Issacharoff, S.、Loewenstein, G.、O'Donoghue, T.、Rabin, M.(2003)。Regulation for Conservatives: Behavioral Economics and the Case for 'Asymmetric Paternalism'。University of Pennsylvania Law Review，151(3)，1211-1254。  new window
13.Gopalan, Maithreyi、Pirog, Maureen A.(2017)。Applying Behavioral Insights in Policy Analysis: Recent Trends in the United States。Policy Studies Journal，45(S1)，S82-S113。  new window
14.Howlett, M.、Rayner, J.(2013)。Patching vs Packaging in Policy Formulation: Assessing Policy Portfolio Design。Politics and Governance，1(2)，170-182。  new window
15.Howlett, M.、Fraser, S.(2018)。Matching Policy Tools and Their Targets: Beyond Nudges and Utility Maximization in Policy Design。Policy & Politics，46(1)，101-124。  new window
16.Loewenstein, George、Chater, Nick(2017)。Putting Nudges in Perspective。Behavioral Public Policy，1(1)，26-53。  new window
17.Purnell, Jason Q.、Thompson, T.、Kreuter, M. W.、McBride, T. D.(2015)。Behavioral Economics: 'Nudging' Underserved Populations to Be Screened for Cancer。Public Health Research, Practice, and Policy，12(6)，1-9。  new window
18.Riedl, A.(2010)。Behavioral and Experimental Economics Do Inform Public Policy。Public Finance Analysis，66(1)，65-95。  new window
19.Sunstein, C. R.(2017)。Default Rules Are Better Than Active Choosing (Often)。Trends in Cognitive Sciences，21(8)，600-606。  new window
20.Sunstein, Cass R.(2017)。Nudges That Fail。Behavioral Public Policy，1(1)，4-25。  new window
21.Simon, Herbert A.(1955)。A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice。The Quarterly Journal of Economics，69(1)，99-118。  new window
22.謝明瑞(20070700)。行為經濟學理論的探討。商學學報. 空大，15，253-298。new window  延伸查詢new window
23.Akerlof, George A.、Kranton, Rachel E.(2000)。Economics and Identity。The Quarterly Journal of Economics，115(3)，715-753。  new window
24.Kahneman, Daniel、Tversky, Amos(1979)。Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk。Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society，47(2)，263-292。  new window
25.Tversky, Amos、Kahneman, Daniel(1974)。Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases: Biases in judgments reveal some heuristics of thinking under uncertainty。Science，185(4157)，1124-1131。  new window
26.De Bondt, Werner F. M.、Thaler, Richard H.(1985)。Does the Stock Market Overreact?。The Journal of Finance，40(3)，793-805。  new window
會議論文
1.Weimer, D. L.(2018)。When are Nudges Desirable? Benefit Validity When Preferences Aren't Consistently Revealed。The Public Administration Review (PAR) Symposium on behavioral approaches to bureaucratic red tape and administrative burden，(會議日期: May 23-24)。Washington, DC。  new window
研究報告
1.陳敦源、賴怡樺(2018)。提升我國大腸癌篩檢率之推力策略研析。  延伸查詢new window
2.Executive Office of the President, National Science and Technology Council(2018)。Social and Behavioral Sciences Team 2015 Annual Report。  new window
學位論文
1.吳宓穎(2017)。機器人投資顧問法制之建構--以行為經濟學為觀點(碩士論文)。國立臺灣大學。  延伸查詢new window
2.陳怡璇(2012)。運用脈絡地圖於說服科技之互動設計:以促進健康飲食習慣為例(碩士論文)。國立臺中科技大學。  延伸查詢new window
3.劉汗曦。由病人資訊隱私權觀點論我國全民電子病歷政策(碩士論文)。國立政治大學。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.Thaler, Richard H.、Sunstein, Cass R.(2008)。Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness。Yale University Press。  new window
2.Norman, Donald A.(1988)。The design of everyday things。New York, NY：Doubleday。  new window
3.薛求知、黃佩燕、魯直、張曉蓉(2005)。行為經濟學：理論與應用。臺北：智勝文化事業有限公司。  延伸查詢new window
4.Simon, Herbert A.(1957)。Models of Man: Social and Rational。John Wiley & Sons Inc.。  new window
5.Becker, Gary Stanley(1976)。The Economic Approach to Human Behavior。University of Chicago Press。  new window
6.Veblen, T. B.(1899)。The theory of the leisure class。New York：Penguin Books。  new window
7.Kahneman, Daniel(2011)。Thinking, Fast and Slow。Allen Lane。  new window
8.Shiller, R. J.、Akerlof, G. A.(2009)。Animal Spirits: How Human Psychology Drives the Economy, and Why It Matters for Global Capitalism。Princeton, NJ：Princeton University Press。  new window
9.Akerlof, G. A.、Shiller, R. J.(2015)。Phishing for Phools: The Economics of Manipulation and Deception。New Jersey：Princeton University Press。  new window
10.汪丁丁(2017)。行為社會科學基本問題。上海人民出版社。  延伸查詢new window
11.松村真宏(2018)。仕掛學：使人躍躍欲試、一舉兩得的好設計。臺北市：遠流。  延伸查詢new window
12.Akerlof, G. A.、Kranton, R. E.(2001)。Identity Economics: How Our Identities Shape Our Work, Wages, and Well-Being。Princeton：Princeton University Press。  new window
13.Ambrosi, G. M.(2003)。Keynes, Pigou and Cambridge Keynesians: Authenticity and Analytical Perspective in the Keynes-Classics Debate。Houndmills, Basingstoke：Palgrave Macmillan。  new window
14.Dolan, P.、Hallsworth, M.、Halpern, D.、King, D.、Vlaev, I.(2010)。MINDSPACE: Influencing Behaviour for Public Policy。London：Institute of Government。  new window
15.Halpern, D.(2015)。Inside the Nudge Unit: How Small Changes Can Make a Big Difference。London, United Kingdom：WH Allen。  new window
16.House of Lords(2011)。Behaviour Change。London：The Stationery Office。  new window
17.James, O.、Jilke, S. R.、Van Ryzin, G. G.(2017)。Experiments in Public Management Research: Challenges and Contributions。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
18.John, P.(2018)。Assessing Behavioural Public Policy: New Horizons in Public Policy Series。Cheltenham：Edward Elgar Publishing。  new window
19.Lourenco, J. S.、Ciriolo, E.、Almeida, S. R.、Troussard, X.(2016)。Behavioural Insights Applied to Policy。Brussels：Joint Research Centre。  new window
20.von Mises, L.(1949)。Human Action: A Treatise on Economics。New Haven, CT：Yale University Press。  new window
21.OECD(2017)。Behavioural Insights and Public Policy: Lessons from Around the World。OECD。  new window
22.Oliver, Adam(2013)。Behavioural Public Policy。Cambridge University Press。  new window
23.Oliver, Adam(2017)。The Origins of Behavioural Public Policy。Cambridge University Press。  new window
24.Sunstein, C. R.(2016)。The Ethics of Influence: Government in the Age of Behavioral Science。Cambridge University Press。  new window
25.Thaler, R. H.(1994)。The Winner's Curse: Paradoxes and Anomalies of Economic Life。New York：The Free Press。  new window
26.Thaler, R. H.(2015)。Misbehaving: The Making of Behavioural Economics。New York, NY：W. W. Norton & Company。  new window
27.Weimer, D. L.(2017)。Behavioral Economics for Cost-Benefit Analysis: Benefit Validity When Sovereign Consumers Seem to Make Mistakes。New York, N.Y.：Cambridge University Press。  new window
28.Keynes, John Maynard(1936)。The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money。Macmillan。  new window
29.羅清俊(2015)。公共政策：現象觀察與實務操作。揚智文化事業股份有限公司。new window  延伸查詢new window
其他
1.OECD(2015)。Behavioural Insights and New Approaches to Policy Design: The Views from the Field，https://www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/behavioural-insightssummary-report-2015.pdf。  new window
2.Pottenger, M.，Martin, A.(2014)。Insights into Behavioural Public Policy，http://bespoke-production.s3.amazonaws.com/msog/assets/57/a90860db6a11e598e6ffb0dfa6cc94/MSG_Behavioural_Public_Policy_6-14.pdf.。  new window
圖書論文
1.Congdon, W. J.(2013)。Psychology and Economic Policy。The Behavioral Foundations of Public Policy。Princeton, NJ：Princeton University Press。  new window
2.Johnson, Eric J.、Goldstein, Daniel G.(2013)。Decisions by Default。The Behavioral Foundations of Public Policy。Princeton University Press。  new window
3.Rice, Thomas、Hanoch, Y.、Barnes, A. J.(2017)。A Brief Overview of Behavioral Economics。Behavioral Economics and Healthy Behaviors: Key Concepts and Current Research。Routledge。  new window
4.Thaler, Richard H.、Sunstein, C. R.、Balz, J. P.(2013)。Choice Architecture。The Behavioral Foundations of Public Policy。Princeton University Press。  new window
 
 
 
 
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