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題名：「真武神、永樂像」傳說溯源
書刊名：故宮學術季刊
作者：陳學霖
出版日期：1995
卷期：12:3
頁次：頁1-32
主題關鍵詞：真武神；永樂帝；玄武；武當山；劉元；Dark god (Chen-wu)；Yung-lo emperor；Hsuan-wu；Mt. Wu-tang；Liu yuan
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(2) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(1)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:2
  • 共同引用共同引用:19
  • 點閱點閱:95
　　　　　[內容提要]：明未以來，民間流行一個稱為「真武神、永樂像」的傳說故事，據說永樂年間在湖北武當山建立的真武廟內，所供奉的神像是按照永樂皇帝的樣貌塑造。真武原稱玄武，是一位鎮守北方，能降服水火二災的道教天神，從漠代開始下至唐宋元明，都獲得官府與民條的崇祀。這個傳說故事，濫觴於永樂帝親撰碑文，稱頌真武神在「靖難」時(指篡奪建文帝位事)陰翊默贊，藉神道設教，後來載籍加以渲染，說永樂在起事時獲玄武現身翊助，因倣傚其像披髮率兵相應，此詳見李贄《續藏書、姚廣孝傳》。至於塑像之說，很可能是套取元大都名工匠劉元以絕藝造神像、栩栩如生的異聞，融會永樂帝與真武神的故事而成。到了明未，這個故事的芻型出現於一名《北方真武祖師玄天上帝出身志傳》的通俗小說，後來輾轉傳達，經過文藝家增添枝節，使發展成一個近代仍然膾炙人口的民間傳說故事。
　　　　　Since the seventeenth century, there flourished a popular Chinese legend claiming that the statue of the Dark God Chen-wu (i.e. Hsuan-wu), which was housed in a Taoist shrine built on order of the Ming emperor Yung-lo in Mt. Wu- tang, Hupei, was cast in the image of the Emperor himself. The Dark God, a celestial deity of the north known as an exorcist of the evils of fire and water since the Han dynasty, became a prominent Taoist divinity in later centuries and was worshipped by both the imperial rulers and the common people. It was particularly revered by the Yung-lo Emperor because the deity was thought to have assisted the emperor, when he was the Prince of Yen, in his usurpation of the throne of his nephew the Chien-wen Emperor. The emperor personally composed two epitaphs expressing gratitude to the Dark God and this provides the inception of the legend. A later popular tradition claims that at the start of the campaign of usurpation, theDark God emerged leading the celestial soldiers to assist, and the emperor seeing this, tousled his hair and brandished his sword mimicking the Dark God, commanding his soldiers to join force. This latest twist reinforces the fictive relationship between the Emperor and the Deity, but the story of the statue of the Dark God bearing the features of the Yung-lo Emperor could be traced to yet another popluar legend. It was about the ingenious Yiian sculptor Liu YLian of Ta-tu (Peking) who is said to have been capable of making statues of divinity with extraordinary vivid human features, and stories of his miraculous skills could have been blended with those of the Yung-lo Emperor and the Dark God in the course of transmission. A prototype of the story of the statue of the Dark God cast in the image of the Yung-lo Emperor first appears in the seventeenth century novel Pei-fang Chen-wu tsu-shih Hsuian- t'ien shang-ti ch'u-shen chih-chuan, and it undoubtedly provides the basis for developing into a full-blown popular legend with additional imaginative embroidery in later times.
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