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題名:證券交易法第171條第1項證券犯罪之研究—以鑑識會計訴訟支援與量刑為核心
作者:邱筱雯
作者(外文):Chiu, Siao-Wun
校院名稱:國立交通大學
系所名稱:科技法律研究所
指導教授:林志潔
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2019
主題關鍵詞:證券犯罪鑑識會計訴訟支援量刑鑑定專家證人Security FraudForensic AccountingLitigation SupportSentencing PolicyExpert Witness
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現今訴訟審理逐漸走向專業化,於財經犯罪刑事案件中亦漸有鑑識會計訴訟支援之需求。我國商業事件審理法設置商業法院並引進專家證人制度、法院組織法亦設立民事與刑事大法庭,使其認有必要時得依職權選任專家學者到庭陳述法律意見;司法改革會議分組決議亦建議研擬並制訂完善專家證人制度,此等乃關注於我國司法案件中就專家協助之角色就應定位為法官之輔佐人或證人而有不同相應之規範。
本文基於被告訴訟權利之保護與保障被告提出有利證據的權利,主張應以專家證人制度取代鑑定制度,提供更多證據與資訊供法院進行審理判斷之依據,而在專家到庭參與與接受詰問之方式,又可再細分為律師對其交互詰問、專家間之對質與提問、專家會議之召開等多種模式。其中澳洲的Hot Tub制度行之有年,或可有供我國參考學習之處,亦將於本文一併探討。此外,在專家證人制度研究中,無資力被告之訴訟支援權,以及實行訴訟支援之會計師是否有與當事人秘匿特權之適用,亦為應研究探討之重要議題。
本文透過比較法分析,簡介美國法上之專家證人制度與專家證人報酬之給付,並由美國法上標竿案例Ake v. Oklahoma案談起,探討無資力之被告在刑事訴訟案件中是否具有專家證人訴訟支援權、其權利之範圍,以及在肯認具有專家證人訴訟支援權之前提下,應如何尋找有意願之專家證人及其專家報酬之經費來源。並輔以質性訪談研究方法, 點出我國刑事訴訟制度中可能存在檢察官裁量權應否擴大、認罪協商制度之落實、法院詰問制度之運作等議題,以就我國現行實務運作現況為呈現,並為我國學術與實務界之參考。
此外,我國於刑事訴訟法與民事訴訟法中制定之「拒絕證言權」規範,與「與當事人秘匿特權」間應如何具體適用亦值探討。而提供訴訟支援之會計師,亦因其提供訴訟支援之服務係單純擔任律師之諮詢顧問角色或出庭之專家證人而不同,前者因身為律師之代理人,協助當事人獲得律師之適切法律意見,而應有與當事人秘匿特權之適用;後者則因專家證人應出庭接受交互詰問以驗證其專家適格與證言可信性,故此時如被告委任專家證人出庭證述,即視為當事人自願放棄與當事人秘匿特權。
於審判之後,另一重要卻倍受忽視者為量刑議題。本文透過比較法分析,簡介美國法上有關量刑準則之運作與量刑程序之進行,希望借鏡美國實務之經驗,並以質性訪談研究方法,針對我國證券犯罪量刑實體法與程序法提出立法建議。在實體法上,本文提出「量刑建議表」模式,將量刑因子予以抽象化,搭配程序法之修正,將認定有罪與否之審判程序與量刑程序分離,並要求被告與其辯護人、檢察官針對量刑建議表於該個案中應具體適用之量刑因子以書狀表示意見、提出證據並進行辯論,以供法院裁量並進行量刑判決。法官於判決書內應詳述量刑理由,以供兩造上訴時得以具體爭執。
本文針對證券交易法第171條第1項證券犯罪之專家參與制度之選擇、無資力被告訴訟支援權、會計師與當事人秘匿特權,以及量刑議題就我國現行實務運作現況為呈現,並提出立法建議,期為我國學術與實務界之參考。
Nowadays, the litigation procedure is forward to professionalization. The demand for litigation support in financial crimes cases is gradually increasing. This article focuses on the right to the expert assistance of an indigent defendant, the Accountant-Client Privilege and the sentencing policy of the securities crime. Based on the comparative perspective of the United States’ legal system and empirical research, the article provides many useful legislative suggestions to the legal system of Taiwan.
First, this article introduces the expert witness in the United States legal system and analyzes the leading case: Ake v. Oklahoma. The purpose of this research is to study whether an indigent defendant has the right to expert assistance in criminal cases. To be more specific, how they can exercise this right, how to find an expert who has the willingness to assist the case, and what is the financial resource to support this legal system. To deeply understand the legal system and litigation situation in Taiwan, this study adopted the interview research method and provided the perspective of accounting professor, accountant, and the litigation attorney. Based on their professional opinion, to further analyze the demands of the indigent defendant to hire an expert, whether should the legal system to endow the defendant the right to elect their expert. On the other hand, it probably exists some critical issues in Taiwan’s legal system, such as the discretion of the prosecutor, the plea bargaining system and the right of Judges to interrogate the expert witness.
Second, whether an accountant has the Accountant-Client Privilege is an important issue to enact the expert witness. The Criminal Procedure Code and Civil Procedure Code endow attorney the right of refusal to testify. However, the person who has this specific right is attorney rather than the client. The outcome probably impedes the client to disclose confidential information to her attorney and results in the substantive effective defense did not exist. On the other hand, the accountant, as an expert to provide litigation support service, can be divided into two situations. First, if they only served as a consultant to the attorney, the client should have the Accountant-Client Privilege. Second, if the accountant is a testifying expert, in order to verify the quality and the reliance of the expert testimony, the client regarded as waive her privilege. This study may lead to a better understanding of the Attorney-Client Privilege, Accountant-Client Privilege and the legislative proposals of the right of refusal to testify.
Third, this article introduces the sentencing guideline and sentencing procedure in the United States legal system. The purpose of this research aims to provide legislative suggestion to Taiwan’s substantive and procedure of the Sentencing Policy of the Securities Exchange Act of paragraph 1 of Article 171 by learning for the United States’ experience. To deeply understand the legal system and litigation situation in Taiwan, this study adopted the interview research method and provided the perspective of judges and the litigation attorney. In substantive law, this article designs a sentencing table to analyze the sentencing factors. In procedure law, it suggests to separate the adjudication and sentencing procedure, and requires judges to state the detail reasons for the sentencing decision. Therefore, the defendants and prosecutors can argue the legality of the sentencing decision in the appeal. This study hopes to establish a systematic structure of sentencing policy and contributes to improving Taiwan’s legal system.
中文文獻:

一、中文書籍
1. 吳巡龍,刑事訴訟與證據法全集,新學林出版公司(2008)。
2. 林志潔,財經正義的刑法觀點,元照出版公司(2014)。
3. 洪啟仁,認識鑑識會計—舞弊之預防、偵測、調查與回應,安侯企業管理股份有限公司(2011)。
4. 陸潤康,美國聯邦憲法論,3版,法治建設基金會(2001)。

二、期刊論文
1. 王正嘉,〈犯罪被害人影響刑事量刑因素初探〉,《國立中正大學法學集刊》,第36期,頁57-94,2012年10月。
2. 王兆鵬,〈律師與當事人之秘匿特權〉,《刑事法雜誌》,50卷6期,頁1-18,2006年12月。
3. 王兆鵬,〈貫徹平等與實質之辯護制度〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,第137期,頁104-119,2006年9月。
4. 王惠光,〈律師的保密義務〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,第180期,頁237-248,2010年5月。
5. 李曜崇,〈從比較法觀點探討我國律師擔當守門員角色之法律布局〉,《法學新論》,第5期,頁119-154,2008年5月。
6. 吳耀宗,〈鑑定人在刑事訴訟程序的角色與權利義務〉,《中央警察大學法學論叢》,第12期,頁155-180,2007年4月。
7. 邱妍馨,〈找出真相的能力—鑑識會計!〉,《會計研究月刊》,第293期,頁68-77,2010年4月。
8. 邱筱雯、林志潔,〈鑑定和專家證人制度之比較與對鑑識會計制度建構之建議〉,《會計師季刊》,第262期, 頁17-33,2015年3月。
9. 邱筱雯、林志潔、林孝倫,〈鑑識會計於我國財經犯罪案件訴訟支援之實證研究〉,《檢察新論》,第25期,頁258-281,2019年2月。
10. 林志潔,〈我國財務資訊不實刑事責任之法律適用疑義與重大性要件〉,《證券市場發展季刊》,第111期,頁131-164,2016年9月。
11. 林彥良,〈量刑刑事政策及量刑歷程之研究──以竊盜罪為例〉,《刑事法雜誌》,第54卷第1期,頁1-56,2010年2月。
12. 陳志龍,〈財經犯罪之監督與鑑定證據(下) 〉,《全國律師》,第9卷第5期,頁77-114,2005年5月。
13. 葉雲卿,〈律師作為證人時拒絕證言權範圍之研究──以專利侵權意見書為討論中心〉,《世新法學》,第7卷第1期,頁91-136,2013年12月。
14. 蘇素娥,〈刑事訴訟制度與司法為民──以無資力被告辯護依賴權的保障為中心〉,《刑事法雜誌》,第56卷第6期,頁51-70,2012年12月。

三、中文學位論文
1. 邱筱雯,《財報不實之實證研究──論鑑識會計在財經犯罪案件之訴訟支援》,國立交通大學科技法律研究所碩士論文,2014年7月。
2. 蘇凱平,《政府秘匿特權與刑事審判—以美國法為借鏡》,國立台灣大學法律學研究所碩士論文,2009年6月。

四、 其他中文參考文獻
1. 司法院107年度「鑑定人揭露事項委託研究案」研究計畫期末報告。
2. 司法院商業事件審理法草案初稿:http://jirs.judicial.gov.tw/GNNWS/download.asp?sdMsgId=73821(最後點閱時間:2019年8月14日)。
3. 司法院幫助詐欺罪量刑資訊系統:http://sen.judicial.gov.tw/pub_fraud_sbin/fraud_chkid_Project3.cgi。
4. 司法統計,地方法院重大刑事案件裁判結果一按罪名別分:https://www.judicial.gov.tw/juds/year105/09/082.pdf(最後點閱時間:2019年8月14日)。
5. 法務部106年統計年報,法務統計資訊網:https://www.rjsd.moj.gov.tw/RJSDWeb/book/Book_File.ashx?book_id=299_1(最後點閱時間:2019年8月16日)。
6. 法律扶助基金會104年度預算報告書,法律扶助基金會網站:http://www.laf.org.tw/ upload/files/201509141211393139.pdf(最後點閱時間:2017年11月21日)。
7. 總統府司法改革國是會議成果報告,總統府司法改革國是會議網站:https://justice.president.gov.tw/newinfo/117(最後點閱時間:2017年11月21日)。

英文文獻:

一、英文書籍
1. Campbell, Arthur W., Law of Sentencing (3d ed. & Supp.2006).
2. Cox, James D., Robert W. Hillman & Donald C. Langevoort, Securities Regulation: Cases and Materials (7th ed. 2017).
3. Crain, Michael A., William S. Hopwood, Carl Pacini, George R. Yong, Essentials of Forensic Accounting (2015).
4. Dressler, Joshua & Alan C. Michaels, Understanding Criminal Procedure Volume 2: Adjudication (4th ed. 2015).
5. Dressler, Joshua, Understanding Criminal Law (4th ed. 2006).
6. Frankel, Marvin E., Criminal Sentences: Law Without Order (1973).
7. Giannelli, Paul C., Understanding Evidence (4th ed. 2013).
8. Hricik, David, Patent Ethics Litigation (2010).
9. Jack C. Robertson, Auditing (7th ed. 1993).
10. The Evolving Role of Statistical Assessments as Evidence in the Courts (Stephen E. Fienberg eds., 1989).
11. Weinstein, Jack B.& Margaret. Berger, Weinstein’s Federal Evidence United States Rule (Joseph M. McLaughlin ed., 2d ed. 1997).
12. Zabihollah Rezaee, Richard Riley, Financial Statement Fraud—Prevention And Detection (2d ed. 2009).

二、英文期刊
1. Bailey, Carlton, Ake v. Oklahoma and an Indigent Defendant’s ‘Right’ to an Expert Witness: A Promise Denied or Imagined?, 10 Wm. & Mary Bill Rts. J. 401 (2002).
2. Barsky, Noah P.et al., Protecting a Client's Confidences: Recent Developments in Privileged Communication Between Attorneys and Accountants, 28 J.L. & Com. 211, 215 (2010).
3. Bennett, Mark W, Justin D. Levinson & Koichi Hioki, Judging Federal White-Collar Fraud Sentencing: An Empirical Study Reveling the Need for Further Reform, 102 Iowa L. Rev. 939, 946 (2017).
4. Bennett, Mark W., Confronting Cognitive “Anchoring Effect” and “Blind Spot” Biases in Federal Sentencing: A Modest Solution for Reforming a Fundamental Flaw, 104 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 489, 517 (2014).
5. Bennett, Steven C., Protecting Privileges When Working with Accountants, Prac. Litigator, Nov. 2009, at 37.
6. Breger, Melissa L., Introducing the Construct of the Jury into Family Violence Proceedings and Family Court Jurisprudence, 13 Mich. J. Gender & L. 1 (2006).
7. Bynum, Harold N., Note, Evidence-Privileged Communications-Accountant and Client, 46 N.C. L. Rev. 419, 419 n.1 (1968).
8. Causey, Denzil & Frances McNair, An Analysis of State Accountant-Client Privilege Statutes and Public Policy Implications for the Accountant-Client Relationship, 27 Am. Bus. L. J. 535, 549 (1990).
9. Cockburn, Tina & Bill Madden, Adapting to Concurrent Expert Evidence in Medical Litigation, 22 J.L. & Med. 610, 610 (2015).
10. Cook, Philip C., Practical Suggestions To Enhance The Work Product Protection of Client Tax Accrual and FIN 48 Workpapers, 23 NO. 2 Prac. Tax L. 33, 37 (2009).
11. Davies, Recent Australian Developments: A Response to Peter Heerey, 23 Civ. Juv. Q. 396, 398 (2004).
12. Dolinko, David, Three Mistakes of Retributivism, 39 UCLA L. Rev. 1623 (1992).
13. Edmond, Gary, Merton and the Hot Tub: Scientific Conventions and Expert Evidence in Australian Civil Procedure, 72 L. & Contemp. Probs. 159, 164 (2009).
14. Eoff, Gretchen, Losing the War on Attorney-Client Privilege: Viewing the Selective Waiver Quagmire Through the Tenth Circuit's In re Qwest Communications International, 75 Def. Couns. J. 79, 81 (2008).
15. Feola, Steven & Richard A. Alcorn, Expert Witness Advocacy: Changing its Culture, 45 Ariz. Att'y. 24, 28 (2009).
16. Fox, Lawrence J., Accountants, the Hawks of the Professional World: They Foul Our Nest and Theirs Too. Plus Other Ruminations on the Issue of MDPs., 84 Minn. L. Rev. 1097, 1104-05 (2000).
17. Friedenthal, Discovery and Use of an Adverse Party’s Expert Information, 14 Stan. L. Rev. 455 (1962).
18. Frommell, David M., Construction and the Accountant-Client Privilege, Construction Briefings No. 2012-8 (2012).
19. Giannelli, Paul C., Ake v. Oklahoma: The Right to Expert Assistance in a Post-Daubert Post-DNA World, 89 Cornell L. Rev. 1307 (2004).
20. Goebes, Lee Richards, The Equality Principle Revisited: The Relationship of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals to Ake v. Oklahoma, 15 Cap. Def. J. 1 (2002).
21. Greene, Edie & Natalie Gordon, Can the “hot tub” enhance jurors’ understanding and use of expert testimony?, 16 Wyo. L. Rev. 359, 378 (2016).
22. Gruetzmacher, Kim J., Comment, Privileged Communications with Accountants: The Demise of United States v. Kovel, 86 Marq. L. Rev. 977, 988 (2003).
23. Harris, David A., The Constitution and Truth Seeking: A New Theory on Expert Services for Indigent Defendants, 83 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 469 (1992).
24. Heerey, Hon. Justice Peter, Recent Australian Developments, 23 Civ. Juv. Q. 386, 390-391 (2004).
25. Higgins, Andrew Monaghan, Virginia’s Interpretation of Ake v. Oklahoma: A Hollow Right, 23 Wash. & Lee J. Civil Rts. & Soc. Just. 491 (2017).
26. Kao et al., Into The Hot Tub ... A Practical Guide to Alternative Expert Witness Procedures in International Arbitration, 44 Int'l L. 1035, 1043 (2010).
27. Loudenslager, Michael W., Cover Me: The Effects of Attorney-Accountant Multidisciplinary Practice on the Protections of the Attorney-Client Privilege, 53 Baylor L. Rev. 33, 73 (2001).
28. Medine, David,, The Constitutional Right to Expert Assistance for Indigents in Civil Cases, 41 Hastings L.J. 281 (1990).
29. Murphy, Justin P., Expert Witnesses at Trial: Where are the Ethics?, 14 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 217 (2000).
30. Noah P. Barsky, Anthony H. Catanach, Jr., Ilya A. Lipina & Shelley C. Rhoades-Catanach, Protecting a Client's Confidences: Recent Developments in Privileged Communication Between Attorneys and Accountants, 28 J.L. & Com. 211 (2010).
31. Olejar, Robert J., Forensic accountants in business litigation, 250 N.J. L. 67, 69 (2008).
32. Reifert, Elizabeth, Getting in to the Hot Tub: How The United States Could Benefit From Australia’s Concept Of “Hot Tubbing” Expert Witnesses, 89 U.Det. Mercy L. Rev. 103, 107 (2011).
33. Smith, MacGregor, Using Impartial Experts in Valuations: A Forum-Specific Approach, 35 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 1249 (1994).
34. Wiseman, Hannah Jacobs, Pro Bono Publico: The Growing Need for Expert Aid, 60 S.C. L. Rev. 493 (2008).
35. Wood, Lisa C., Experts in the Tub, 21 Antitrust. 95, 96-97 (2007).
36. Wood, Lisa C., Experts Only: Out of the Hot Tub and into the Joint Conference, Anti-trust, Fall. 2007 at 89, 89.

三、其他英文文獻
1. A.B.A. Standing Comm. on Legal Aid & Indigent Defendants, The Ten Principles of a Public Defense Delivery System, https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/legal_aid_indigent_defendants/ls_sclaid_def_tenprinciplesbooklet.authcheckdam.pdf (2002).
2. Administrative Appeals Tribunal, An Evaluation of the Use of Concurrent Evidence in the Administrative Appeals Tribunal 6 (2005) (Austl.), http://www.aat.gov.au/SpeechesPapersAndResearch/ResearchPapers.htm.
3. Connors, Edward et al., Convicted by Juries, Exonerated by Science: Case Studies in the Use of DNA Evidence to Establish Innocence after Trial xv, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/dnaevid.pdf (1996).
4. David M. Frommell (2012), Construction and the Accountant-Client Privilege, Construction Briefings No. 2012-8.
5. Expert Witnesses Committee, A.B.A., https://www.americanbar.org/groups/litigation/committees/expert-witnesses/about.html (last visited Nov. 21, 2017).
6. Guidelines for Negotiating and Awarding Governmental Contracts for Criminal Defense Services (1984), Nat’l Legal Aid & Defender Ass’n, http://www.nlada.org/defender-standards/guidelines-governmental-contracts (last visited Nov. 21, 2017).
7. Hon. Garry Downes, Concurrent Expert Evidence in the Administrative Appeals Tribunal: The New South Wales Experience (Feb 27, 2004), https://perma.cc/ZN47-5FDB
8. Mark A. Segal, Accountants and the Attorney-Client Privilege: In the Future, Privilege May Apply to a New and Broader Range of Situations,
9. http://www.journalofaccountancy.com/Issues/1997/Apr/segal.htm.
10. New S. Wales L. Reform Commission, Rep. 109: Expert Witnesses 97 (2005), https://perma.cc/MDS6-L7AC.
11. Karen J. Mathis, President of American Bar Association, Statement Before the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, A.B.A., Sept. 12, 2006, http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/whitecollarcrime_blog/files/attyclientprivissueabatestimonytosenjudc.).
12. Steve Rares, Using the “Hot tub”: How Concurrent Expert Evidence Aids Understanding Issues, FED. CT. AUSTRALIA n. 8 (Oct. 12, 2013), https://perma.cc/SC7L-TKXV.
13. United States Sentencing Commission, Guidelines Manual, available at: https://www.ussc.gov/guidelines.
14. U.S. SENTENCING COMM'N, QUICK FACTS: THEFT, PROPERTY DESTRUCTION, AND FRAUD OFFENSES, https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/quick-facts/Theft_Property_Destruction_Fraud_FY15.pdf (2015).
15. U.S. Sentencing Comm’n, Quick Facts: Securities and Investment Fraud Offenses 1 (2018), https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/quick-facts/Securities_Fraud_FY16.pdf.(2018).
16. Wayne Condon et al., Concurrent Expert Evidence in Patent Cases, PRAC. L., https://perma.cc/HJT6-WYS (last visited Apr. 10, 2016).
 
 
 
 
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