The purpose of this paper is to probe the deictic complements qi起and qilai起來in Early Mandarin by examining their semantic properties and functions. In order to reach a better understanding of the development of their usages, I extend the scope of my discussion to include Modern Chinese and dialects.
The main semantic properties of qi起and qilai起來are as follows. The first is a deictic meaning of moving to height from the lower. The second is a resultant meaning of gathering together, hiding or protruding. The third is a state meaning, “+start to move, +sustain to move”. The deictic meaning of lai來is moving toward the speaker. In this sense, lai來also fulfills a function of connecting two phrases and ending a sentence. The semantic property of qi起is “+start to move, +sustain to move”, emphasizing the stage of initial movement. The claim that qi起has an extended semantic meaning of shang上and chu出is supported by the fact that qi起in Southern Min dialect is functionally equivalent to either qi起or shang上in Mandarin. This indicates that the state meanings of qi起and qilai起來have undergone grammaticalization from phase complements to aspect markers like le了1.
The pattern of monosyllabic verbs combined with qi起or qilai起來is a main usage and the verb or speech verbs. When the object is a series of clauses, forming an independent discourse unit, i.e., “verb+qi起+object” instead of “verb+qi起+object+lai來”, is used, showing the characteristic convention that lai來and qi起can not be separate far apart. As a rule, adjective generally appear in the qilai起來form. But this rule has been broken in modern dialects, as shown in the presence of the usage of “adjective+qi起”. Syllabicity has certain effects on the sentence structure of Chinese. The high frequency of the patterns of “verb+qi起”, “verb+qi起+object+lai來” reflects the disyllabicity characteristic of Chinese. A monosyllabic object in the “verb+object+qi起+ lai來” pattern may be analyzed as forming a compound with the verb. Also, if following a monoyllabic verb, qilai起來became a disyllabic word. In sum, according to the observation of this study, the distribution of qi起and qilai起來in the period of Ming and Qing dynasties reveals that the latter had gained the upper hand over the former.