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題名:海軍武嚇、上海中立化與合作政策:江浙戰爭期間列強對華舉措分析
書刊名:國立政治大學歷史學報
作者:應俊豪
作者(外文):Ying, Chun-hao
出版日期:2011
卷期:36
頁次:頁1-83
主題關鍵詞:江浙戰爭砲艦外交上海中立化華盛頓會議體制合作政策Kiangsu-ChekiangWarGunboat Diplomacy Shanghai NeutralizationWashington Conference SystemCooperation policy
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(1) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
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  • 共同引用共同引用:13
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1924年的江浙戰爭為第二次直奉戰爭的前哨戰,因戰場位置毗鄰上海租界,故引起列強極大關注。為了避免戰事波及上海,列強基本上採取兩種手段來限制戰事發展:一是執行海軍武嚇行動,另一則是推動上海中立化。海軍武嚇行動與區域中立化方案,是近代以來列強因應中國亂局時慣常使用模式。本文擬透過江浙戰爭期間列強採取的海軍武嚇行動以及上海中立化問題,來分析華盛頓會議後列強對華合作政策決策的實際運作情況。首先,由江浙戰爭期間列強海軍武嚇行動的運作情況與決策經過,可以發現看似強勢的砲艦外交,受到華會體系影響與美國的主導下,其實隱含著避免使用武力介入中國內政事務的大前提。此類「海軍在場」的溫和型砲艦外交模式,乃不戰而屈人之兵,透過列強海軍合作,以武力為恫嚇手段,確保外人在華利益。其次,列強駐華使領與海軍當局所提的上海附近劃為中立區方案,雖然不合條約規定,但因上海特殊的地理位置與交通特性,列強可以輕易集結海軍,並以強大武力為後盾,造成實質的中立化。最後,從江浙戰爭期間美、英、日三國的態度,也可以清楚看到列強彼此之間各自的盤算。自華會以降,美國政府一再重申不介入中國內戰、尊重中國主權的立場,並試圖將美國對華政策,藉由列強協調合作的途徑,進一步擴大為各國共識。英、日兩國雖然表面上不願抵觸美國,凡事協調、嚴守中立,然而卻各有考量。英國嚴守中立,乃因樂見直系武力統一政策落實,有助英國在華利益進一步的擴大。至於日本,則只緊抓東北地區,對長江流域等非日本特殊利益的地區,自然也願與英美協調一致,以免猜忌。因此,由江浙戰爭列強對華舉措來看,華會體制所確立的合作政策,雖然在美國力挺以及英日顧慮美國態度下,尚能維持表面上的合作,然而如深入分析箇中利害關係,實際上仍是各唱各的調。
Due to the battle field of the Kiangsu-Chekiang War (K-C War) surrounding the Shanghai Settlement, the war caused the Powers great concern and anxiety. They used two methods to restrain gunfire: one method was to carry out naval demonstrations, and the other was to neutralize Shanghai. These were the usual ways that the Powers had used to deal with civil wars in China since the mid-19th century. By examining the Powers' strategies during the K-C War, this paper will analyze the real situation of cooperation policies under the Washington Conference System in China.Firstly, naval demonstrations, though seemingly strong, were actually a kind of moderate gunboat diplomacy. Instead of intervening in China's civil war by force, the demonstrations acted as a scare tactic, showing a united front of naval strength to intimidate the Chinese and protect foreigners. Secondly, the Shanghai neutralization plan, put forward by the Powers, was an exhibition of military strength, not a dispute of treaties or international principles. Finally, cooperation between the United States, Great Britain and Japan was not as sincere as it seemed. Although the United States was a solid supporter of the Washington Conference System, Great Britain and Japan didn't always think in the same way. Their cooperation with the United States was nothing more than a smart strategy wielded to try to protect or even expand their established interests while not aggravating the United States.
期刊論文
1.呂芳上(19970600)。北伐時期英國增兵上海與對華外交的演變。中央研究院近代史研究所集刊,27,185-229。new window  延伸查詢new window
2.東南戰局中兩方兵力之調查。東方雜誌,21(17),146-147。  延伸查詢new window
3.Chan Lau, Kit Ching(1972)。The Lincheng Incident: A Caes Study of British Policy in China Between The Washington Conference and the First Nationalist Revolution。Journal of Oriental Studies,10,172-186。  new window
會議論文
1.Parks Coble。War and Chinese Society。臺北。  new window
2.U. S. Naval War College(1923)。International Law Documents: Conference on the Limitation of Armament with Notes and Index, 1921。Washington。  new window
學位論文
1.應俊豪(2009)。丘八爺與洋大人:國門內的北洋外交研究,臺北。new window  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.石源華(1996)。中華民國外交史辭典。上海:上海古籍出版社。  延伸查詢new window
2.臼井勝美、陳鵬仁(1989)。近代日本外交與中國。臺北:水牛出版社。  延伸查詢new window
3.應俊豪(2010)。外交與砲艦的迷思:1920年代前期長江上游航行安全問題與列強的因應之道。臺北:臺灣學生書局。  延伸查詢new window
4.郭近以(1989)。近代中國史綱。香港:中文大學出版社。  延伸查詢new window
5.黃月波、于能模、鮑釐人(1935)。中外條約彙編。商務印書館。  延伸查詢new window
6.古孫、劉本軍(2007)。甲子內亂始末紀實。北京。  延伸查詢new window
7.臼井勝美、陳鵬仁(1990)。中日關係史(1912-1926)。臺北:水牛出版社。  延伸查詢new window
8.茅海建(2008)。苦命天子咸豐皇帝。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
9.Waldron, Arthur(1995)。From War to Nationalism: China’s Turning Point, 1924-25。Cambridge。Cambridge。  new window
10.Braisted, William(2009)。Reynolds Diplomats in Blue: U.S. Naval Officers in China, 1922-1933。Gainesville。  new window
11.Dennett, Tyler(1963)。Americans in Eastern Asia: A Critical Study of United States' Policy in the Far East in the Nineteenth Century。New York。  new window
12.Iriye, Akira(2002)。Internationalizing International History。Rethinking American History in a Global Age。Berkeley。  new window
其他
1.(1924)。熊垓赴日本使館會晤太田參議問答。  延伸查詢new window
2.(1925)。上海總商會電:淞滬特別區事。  延伸查詢new window
3.(1924)。劉錫昌赴法館會晤嘉參贊問答。  延伸查詢new window
4.(1924)。黃秘書宗法往晤英館台參贊談話記錄。  延伸查詢new window
5.(1924)。熊垓赴日本使館會晤太田參議問答。  延伸查詢new window
6.(1924)。外交部電上海、煙台交涉員(外艦開赴上海事)。  延伸查詢new window
7.(1924)。劉錫昌赴法館會晤嘉參贊問答。  延伸查詢new window
8.(1924)。總長會晤英麻使問答外國干涉事。  延伸查詢new window
9.(1924)。總長會晤英麻使問答英國態度事。  延伸查詢new window
10.(1924)。總長會晤英麻使問答(盧何事)。  延伸查詢new window
11.(1924)。外交部電金陵交涉員(外艦有無開到下關由。  延伸查詢new window
12.(1924)。告外交團勸解盧逆武裝以保公安之理由。  延伸查詢new window
13.(1924)。總長會晤英麻使問答(盧何事、外國干涉事)。  延伸查詢new window
14.(1925)。部長會晤英麻使問答。  延伸查詢new window
15.(1924)。黃秘書宗法往英館會晤英麻使談話記錄。  延伸查詢new window
16.(1924)。黃秘書宗法往晤美館撫參贊談話記錄。  延伸查詢new window
17.(1924)。黃秘書宗法往晤英麻使問答。  延伸查詢new window
18.(1924)。黃秘書宗法往晤英麻使譚話紀要。  延伸查詢new window
19.(1924)。總長會晤英麻使問答(盧何事、外國干涉事)。  延伸查詢new window
20.(1924)。總長會晤義翟使問答。  延伸查詢new window
21.(1924)。顧總長會晤義翟使問答。  延伸查詢new window
22.(1924)。吳淞附近禁止外艦通行,上海。  延伸查詢new window
23.答(1924)。顧總長會晤英麻使、日本芳澤公使、法祁代使、美貝代使問。  延伸查詢new window
24.(1924)。顧總長會晤英麻使問答。  延伸查詢new window
25.(1924)。江浙海軍比較,上海。  延伸查詢new window
26.(1924)。江浙風雲與渤海艦隊,上海。  延伸查詢new window
27.(1924)。渤海艦隊之實力,上海。  延伸查詢new window
28.(1924)。海戰亦不可免耶:吳淞形勢愈緊張,上海。  延伸查詢new window
29.(1924)。各國大調軍艦,上海。  延伸查詢new window
30.(1924)。閩蘇艦隊之行動:海軍或不發生戰事,上海。  延伸查詢new window
31.(1924)。何豐林口中之江浙軍形勢觀:前線浙軍數目較少、海軍一時可無衝突,上海。  延伸查詢new window
32.(1924)。四國公使聯袂訪外長:對保護外僑事提出三項要求,上海。  延伸查詢new window
33.(1924)。使團堅持滬淞劃為中立區域:政府擬據約駁復說,上海。  延伸查詢new window
34.(1924)。東報鼓吹列強干涉我國:江浙問題引起之惡影響,上海。  延伸查詢new window
35.田子渝,劉德軍(1989)。中國近代軍閥史辭典,北京。  延伸查詢new window
36.(1924)。北京芳澤公使ヨリ幣原外務大臣宛。  延伸查詢new window
37.(1924)。北京坂西中將ヨリ參謀次長宛。  延伸查詢new window
38.(1924)。在倫敦林大使ヨリ幣原外務大臣。  延伸查詢new window
39.各國態度. 第四卷。  延伸查詢new window
40.(1924)。北京坂西中將ヨリ參謀次長宛。  延伸查詢new window
41.(1924)。岡村中佐ヨリ參謀總長宛。  延伸查詢new window
42.(1924)。東方通信(第6號):江浙間に軍艦爭奪戰始まる。  延伸查詢new window
43.(1924)。東方通信(第15號):瀏河寧浙軍盡出。  延伸查詢new window
44.(1924)。上海岡村中佐ヨリ參謀總長宛。  延伸查詢new window
45.(1924)。濟南菊池少佐ヨリ參謀次長宛。  延伸查詢new window
46.(1924)。第一遣外艦隊司令官ヨリ海軍次官、軍令部次長宛。  延伸查詢new window
47.江浙問題に関する件(1)。  延伸查詢new window
48.江浙問題に関する件(2)。  延伸查詢new window
49.(1924)。江蘇浙江開戰風說ニ對シ外交團領事團警告ノ件:上海矢田總領事ヨリ幣原外務大臣宛。  延伸查詢new window
50.(1924)。在上海武官ヨリ軍令部次長宛。  延伸查詢new window
51.(1924)。第一遣外艦隊司令官ヨリ海軍次官、軍令部次長宛。  延伸查詢new window
52.(1924)。第一遣外艦隊司令官ヨリ軍務局長宛,江浙問題に関する件(1)。  延伸查詢new window
53.(1924)。佐世保鎮守府參謀長ヨリ軍務局長宛,江浙問題に関する件(2)。  延伸查詢new window
54.(1924)。第一遣外艦隊秘情報江浙問題 其三。  延伸查詢new window
55.(1924)。江蘇浙江開戰風說ニ對シ外交團領事團警告ノ件:外交部節略。  延伸查詢new window
56.(1924)。北京坂西中將ヨリ參謀次長宛。  延伸查詢new window
57.外務省外交史料館,日本外交史辭典編纂委員會(1992)。日本外交史辭典,東京。  延伸查詢new window
58.(1924)。江蘇浙江開戰風說ニ對シ外交團領事團警告ノ件:上海矢田總領事ヨリ幣原外務大臣宛。  延伸查詢new window
59.(1924)。第一遣外艦隊司令官ヨリ海軍次官、軍令部次長宛。  延伸查詢new window
60.(1924)。在上海武官ヨリ軍令部次長宛。  延伸查詢new window
61.(1924)。第一遣外艦隊司令官ヨリ軍務局長宛,江浙問題に関する件(2)。  延伸查詢new window
62.理財局國庫課(1924)。支那ノ動亂(江浙戰ヨリ延テ直隸反直兩派ノ爭亂) 第一報。  延伸查詢new window
63.(1924)。江蘇浙江開戰風說ニ對シ外交團領事團警告ノ件:上海矢田總領事ヨリ幣原外務大臣宛。  延伸查詢new window
64.(1924)。不安漲る上海財界:商取引は休止狀態、船舶の航行注意,上海。  延伸查詢new window
65.(1924)。支那經濟界の動搖:事態緊迫遂に大事出來か,大阪。  延伸查詢new window
66.(1924)。蘇浙開戰と海運,大阪。  延伸查詢new window
67.(1924)。在支公使館附武官ヨリ軍令部次長宛。  延伸查詢new window
68.(1924)。在上海武官ヨリ軍令部次長宛。  延伸查詢new window
69.(1924)。第一遣外艦隊秘情報江浙問題其一。  延伸查詢new window
70.(1924)。第一遣外艦隊秘情報江浙問題 其四。  延伸查詢new window
71.(1924)。第一遣外艦隊秘情報江浙問題 其一至其十五。  延伸查詢new window
72.(1924)。第一遣外艦隊秘情報江浙問題 其五。  延伸查詢new window
73.(1924)。第一遣外艦隊秘情報江浙問題 其六。  延伸查詢new window
74.(1924)。第一遣外艦隊秘情報江浙問題(2)、(3) 其十、其十一,十二。  延伸查詢new window
75.(1924)。第一遣外艦隊秘情報江浙問題(3) 其十五。  延伸查詢new window
76.江浙戰況. 第一卷至第四卷。  延伸查詢new window
77.(1924)。American Legation at Peking to the Secretary of State。  new window
78.(1925)。American Minister, Peking to the Secretary of State。  new window
79.(1924)。Application in the International Mixed Court at Shanghai, China。  new window
80.(1925)。Article & Letter to The North China Daily News ; cited from The Minister in China to the Secretary of State。  new window
81.(1925)。British Acting Consul General, Shanghai to British Minister, Peking。  new window
82.(1924)。British Consul-General to American Consul-General, Shanghai。  new window
83.(1924)。C.E. Gauss, American Consul-General, Tientsin to Edward Bell, American Charge’d Affaires, Peking。  new window
84.(1924)。Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America to Division of Far Eastern Affairs, Department of States。  new window
85.(1924)。Charles B. McVay, Commander, Yangtze Patrol Force to Consul-General, Cunningham, Shanghai。  new window
86.(1924)。Civil War Affects Shanghai Trade, from Consul-General, Shanghai to the Department of State and Legation, Peking。  new window
87.(1924)。Civil War between Kiangsu and Chekiang Military Governors, from John K. Davis, American Consul, Nanking to the Department of State。  new window
88.(1924)。Consul-General, Cunningham, Shanghai to Secretary of State, Washington。  new window
89.(1924)。Additional Japanese Troops at Tientsin, from C.E. Gauss, American Consul-General, Tientsin to the Secretary of State。  new window
90.(1924)。Commander Yangtze Patrol Force to American Consul General, Shanghai。  new window
91.(1923)。Commander-in-Chief, Asiatic Fleet to Naval Operations, Washington, D.C.。  new window
92.(1924)。Commander-in-Chief, Asiatic Fleet to Naval Operations, Washington, D.C. ; Acting Secretary of the Navy to Secretary of State。  new window
93.(1924)。Commander-in-Chief, Asiatic Fleet to the Secretary of Navy。  new window
94.(1924)。Communication by Commissioner for Foreign Affairs, Shanghai to Consul General S. de Roasi, the Senior Consul。  new window
95.(1924)。Arrival of Additional Japanese Troops, from C.E. Gauss, American Consul-General, Tientsin to Edward Bell, American Charge’d Affaires, Peking。  new window
96.(1925)。American Consul General, Shanghai to American Minister, Peking。  new window
97.(1924)。Communication from Commissioner of Defense of Sungkiang and Shanghai, Commissioner for Foreign Affairs to Senior Consul。  new window
98.(1924)。Dispatch from Commander, Yangtsze Patrol to Commander-in-chief, Asiatic Fleet, cited from Commander-in-chief, Asiatic Fleet to the Secretary of Navy。  new window
99.(1924)。Communication from the Commissioner of Defense of Sunkiang and Shanghai, cited from Letter from the Superintendent of Customs。  new window
100.(1924)。Dispatch from Commanding Officer of USS Pigeon to Commander Yangtze Patrol Force, cited from Commander Yangtze Patrol Force to American Consul General, Shanghai。  new window
101.(1924)。Division of Far Eastern Affairs to the Secretary of State。  new window
102.(1924)。Employment of Force in the Whampoo, a telegram communicated by the Italian Consul-General and Senior Consul to the Consul-General for America, France, Japan and Great Britain。  new window
103.(1924)。Jefferson Caffery, Tokyo to Secretary of State, Washington。  new window
104.(1924)。Kiangsu V. Chekiang Rumored War Activities, Consul-General(Cunningham), Shanghai to Charge’d Affairs(Bell)。  new window
105.(1924)。Consul-General, Cunningham, Shanghai to Secretary of State, Washington。  new window
106.(1924)。Kiangsu VS Chekiang Rumored War Activities, from Consul-General, Cunningham, Shanghai to the Charge in China (Bell)。  new window
107.(1924)。Consul-General, Cunningham, Shanghai to Secretary of State, Washington。  new window
108.(1924)。Conversation with Mr. Yoshida, Japanese Charge’d Affairs: Current Newspapers Reports that Views Were Being Exchanged between Great Britain and the United States on the Question of A Plan for Settling the Present Trouble in China。  new window
109.(1924)。Kiangsu V. Chekiang Rumored War Activities,” Consul-General, Cunningham, Shanghai to the Secretary of State。  new window
110.(1924)。Secretary of State to American Legation at Peking。  new window
111.(1924)。Secretary of State to American Legation at Peking。  new window
112.(1924)。Secretary of State to American Legation at Peking。  new window
113.(1924)。Secretary of State to the Acting Secretary of the Navy。  new window
114.(1924)。Secretary of State to the Acting Secretary of the Navy。  new window
115.(1924)。The Charge in China (Bell) to the Secretary of State。  new window
116.(1924)。Kiangsu V. Chekiang Rumored War Activities, Consul-General, Cunningham, Shanghai to Charge’d Affairs(Bell)。  new window
117.(1924)。The Charge in China (Bell) to the Secretary of State。  new window
118.(1924)。The Charge in China (Bell) to the Secretary of State。  new window
119.(1924)。Kiangsu V. Chekiang Rumored War Activities, Consul-General, Cunningham, Shanghai to the Secretary of State。  new window
120.(1924)。Kiangsu V. Chekiang Rumored War Activities, Consul-General, Cunningham, Shanghai to the Charge in China (Bell)。  new window
121.(1924)。Kiangsu V. Chekiang Rumored War Activities, Consul-General, Cunningham, Shanghai to the Charge in China (Bell)。  new window
122.(1924)。Kiangsu V. Chekiang Rumored War Activities, Consul-General, Cunningham, Shanghai to the Secretary of State。  new window
123.(1924)。Secretary of State to the Secretary of the Navy。  new window
124.(1924)。Kiangsu V. Chekiang Rumored War Activities, Consul-General, Cunningham, Shanghai to the Secretary of State。  new window
125.(1924)。The Charge in China (Bell) to the Secretary of State。  new window
126.(1924)。Kiangsu V. Chekiang Rumored War Activities: State of Emergency Declared in Settlement of Shanghai, Consul-General(Cunningham), Shanghai to the Secretary of State。  new window
127.(1924)。The Charge in China (Bell) to the Secretary of State。  new window
128.(1924)。The Charge in China (Bell) to the Secretary of State。  new window
129.(1924)。The Charge in China (Bell) to the Secretary of State。  new window
130.(1924)。The Charge in China (Bell) to the Secretary of State。  new window
131.(1924)。Telegram from Acting British Consul-General at Shanghai to British Consul, Nanking。  new window
132.(1924)。The Charge in China (Bell) to the Secretary of State。  new window
133.(1924)。Letter from Senior Consul to the Commissioner for Foreign Affairs。  new window
134.(1924)。Letter from the Commissioner of Defense of Sunkiang and Shanghai, cited from Letter from Special Envoy for Foreign Affairs to American Consul-General and Senior Consul, Shanghai。  new window
135.(1924)。Memorandum to Dr. Koo。  new window
136.(1924)。Notes by the Division of Far Eastern Affairs, Department of State。  new window
137.(1924)。Order from Rear Admiral Anderson to the Japanese Rear Admiral, the United States Admiral, United States Consul General, British Consul General, Japanese Consul General, French Consul General, for Information。  new window
138.(1924)。Paraphrase of Telegram, American Consular-General, Shanghai to American Consul Nanking via U.S. Naval Radio。  new window
139.(1925)。Report from Consul General, Shanghai。  new window
140.(1924)。Secretary of State to American Embassy at Tokyo。  new window
141.(1924)。Secretary of State to American Legation at Peking。  new window
142.(1924)。The Charge in China (Bell) to the Secretary of State。  new window
143.(1924)。Telegram from Sir R. Macleay (Peking)。  new window
144.(1924)。Sir R. Maclaeay to the Marquess Curzon of Kedleston。  new window
145.(1925)。The Secretary of State to the Minister in China。  new window
146.(1924)。Trade Outlook, Memorandum by the President of the Board of Trade。  new window
147.(19250801)。A Cooperative or Isolation Policy toward China。  new window
148.(1924)。Chamber Asks Neutral Zone near Shanghai。  new window
149.(1924)。General Chi Hsieh-Yuan Preparing for Big Offensive against Chekiang Line。  new window
150.(1924)。Hostilities Believed to Be Unlikely for Another Week。  new window
151.(19240923)。Just What is America Going to Do about It。  new window
152.(1924)。Chekiang Troops and Position。  new window
153.(1924)。The Charge in China (Bell) to the Secretary of State。  new window
154.(1924)。Defense of Woosung is Strengthened in View of Naval Assault。  new window
155.(1924)。Martial Law in Chapei; Strict Rulings Enforced。  new window
156.(1924)。The Charge in China (Bell) to the Secretary of State。  new window
157.(1921)。The Secretary of State to the Charg’e in China (Ruddock)。  new window
158.(1924)。Nanking Troops on the March。  new window
159.(1924)。Oral Answers。  new window
160.(1924)。Powers Combine in Warning to Taking。  new window
161.(19240911)。Rival War Lords in China。  new window
162.(1924)。Naval and Military Heads Here Meet to Adopt Defense Plan。  new window
163.(1924)。Verbal Message from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs。  new window
164.(1902)。Mr. Wu to Mr. Hay, January 20, 1902 & Mr. Hay to Mr. Hay, January 30, 1902。  new window
165.(1921)。Foreign Owned Press in Shanghai: Current Events Report。  new window
166.(1924)。The Charge in China (Bell) to the Secretary of State。  new window
167.(1925)。The Minister in China to the Secretary of State。  new window
168.(1925)。The Minister in China to the Secretary of State。  new window
169.(1925)。The Minister in China to the Secretary of State。  new window
170.(1925)。The Minister in China to the Secretary of State。  new window
171.(1925)。The Minister in China to the Secretary of State。  new window
172.(1925)。The Secretary of State to the Minister in China。  new window
173.(1924)。Situation in China, Minutes of Foreign Office。  new window
174.(1924)。Telegram from Sir R. Macleay (Peking)。  new window
175.(1924)。Foreign Protection for Shanghai。  new window
176.(1924)。Hostilities in Kiangsu and Chekiang。  new window
177.(1924)。“Shanghai Navy Patrols Chekiang Bay,” “Shanghai Navy Patrols High Sea”。  new window
178.(1924)。The Neutrality of Shanghai。  new window
179.(1924)。The Future Safety of Shanghai。  new window
180.(1924)。The Independent Fleet,”。  new window
181.(1924)。Sharp Fighting in China。  new window
182.(1924)。Soviet Intrigue in China; Attempt to Involve Japan。  new window
183.(1924)。State of Emergency is Declared in Settlement; Defense Force on Guard。  new window
184.(1923)。The Chaos in China。  new window
185.(1924)。The Outlook in China。  new window
186.(1924)。Secretary of State to American Legation at Peking。  new window
187.(1924)。American Consul General, Shanghai to Commander Yangtze Patrol Force。  new window
圖書論文
1.唐啟華(2002)。一九二〇年代中國外交的重估(1920-1931)。一九二〇年代的中國。台北:中華民國史料研究中心。  延伸查詢new window
2.川島真、廖敏淑(2006)。再論華盛頓會議體制。北洋時期的中國外交。上海:復旦大學出版社。  延伸查詢new window
3.唐啟華(2006)。北洋外交與「凡爾赛--華盛頓體系」。北洋時期的中國外交。上海:復旦大學出版社。  延伸查詢new window
 
 
 
 
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