現代法律制度建立在漢文化及繼受的西洋文化上，非屬於主流文化的思想及行動，往往被當作是不合法的行為，原住民的部落傳統及慣習即其適例。然而在原住民文化漸受重視的今天，是否仍應堅持純然依主流文化判斷刑責的作法，自有爭議。本文以兩則著名的原住民犯罪實例「鄒族頭目蜂蜜案」及「司馬庫斯櫸木案」為例，具體檢討刑法應該如何面對原、漢文化衝突下的刑責判斷難題，筆者的核心看法認為：（1）刑責判斷必須依據刑法的概念，不能單因文化認同而成立或排除刑責；（2）刑法有義務在其概念中，考量多元文化，尤其是原住民的文化規範，實踐的作法即整合原住民部落慣習與刑法概念。（3）實際作法則須考量個別要素在犯罪判斷中的機能，原則上可將犯罪成立要件區別為成罪的積極要件及除罪的消極要件。前者涉及穩定的限定刑罰範圍需求，不應過度考量他種文化，但後者則應儘量考量多元的原住民文化脈絡。

The modern legal system is built on the basis of traditional Han and adopted Western Cultures. An indigenous person is regarded as a criminal when his behavior violates the statute even if it rightly obeys his tribe traditions. This overemphasis of Han and Western cultural context in criminal justice is nowadays questioned as the cultural diversity and difference become an issue in our society. However, the most important question for a criminal law researcher remains that how we can deal with a criminal case regarding normative conflicts among Han, Western and Indigenous cultures. This article aims to provide a satisfying answer to the criminal liability within three points:1.Criminal liability is based on code regulations. Cultural recognition cannot be a direct reason for justification or exclusion of criminal liability.2.Criminal law theories ought to consider the cultural multidimensions as they are applied to decide a criminal’s liability.3.The author suggested that all elements concerning to criminal liabilities could be divided into two categories: justification (positive) and exclusion (negative) of crimes. As for the former one is concerned, there is no space for cultural multi-dimensions in order to keep the fairness of penal enforcement. However, as we decide whether a defense is sustained, multicultural contexts, including indigenous traditions, must be taken into consideration.