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題名：智障成人社區自主能力、認知功能與就業表現之研究
作者：蘇純瑩
作者(外文)：Chwen-Yng Su
校院名稱：國立高雄師範大學
系所名稱：特殊教育學系
指導教授：陳靜江
吳裕益
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2004
主題關鍵詞：社區自主能力；認知功能；成人智障者；職業輔導評量；成功就業；community self-sufficiency；cognition；mentally retarded adults；vocational evaluation；successful employment
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本研究主要目的有三：(1) 發展適用於16歲以上智能障礙者之「社區自主能力測驗」；(2) 比較成功就業與就業失敗的智能障礙者在社區自主能力及認知功能的差異；(3)建立智能障礙者的認知功能與社區自主能力的關係模式。
研究樣本可分為二大部份，第一部份是本研究所編製的「社區自主能力測驗」的預試與信效度的正常人與智能障礙樣本；第二部份則涵蓋57 位成功就業一年以上與56位就業失敗的智能障礙者。主要的研究工具包括「社區自主能力測驗」、魏氏成人智力量表第三版（中文版）的十個分測驗、六個認知功能測驗以及自編的社區自主能力觀察問卷。研究收案是採用1 對 1的施測方式，施測時間約需 3~4小時，中間有數次的休息，以避免受試者因疲乏或注意力不集中，而影響施測結果。 社區自主能力觀察問卷是請智能障礙受試者的家長和就服員個別填寫。 資料處理上，在測驗編製部份， 以Cronbach α進行量表內部一致性分析， 以Pearson 相關分析間隔一週之重測信度， 以題目反應理論 (IRT) 及因素分析進行題目與測驗分析；在成功就業與就業失敗兩組的比較部份，主要是透過多群體模式分析，以檢驗兩組在社區自主能力與認知功能的差異；另外，以結構方程模式的迴歸分析來探討認知功能與社區自主能力的預測關係。
研究結果顯示：(1) 「社區自主能力測驗」為認知導向，具有良好信效度的標準化測驗；(2) 「社區自主能力測驗」的金錢觀念與功能標誌分測驗對於成功就業與就業失敗兩組有中等的區別一致性；(3) 中文版「簡短式」智能評估的時間題項與視知覺技能測驗的空間關係分測驗對於成功就業與就業失敗兩組有中等的區別一致性；(4) 成功就業組和就業失敗組的因素分數平均數差距最大的項目是社區自主能力， 其次為注意力/ 定向感、視知覺、記憶、語文和執行功能；(5) 認知功能與社區自主能力有高度相關， 其中又以注意力/定向感和執行功能為主要的預測因子。
根據研究結果， 本研究分別對職業輔導評量的實務應用及未來研究提出建議。
The purposes of this research were threefold: (1) to develop a community self-sufficiency test suitable for mentally retarded people aged 16 and over, (2) to compare the differences in community self-sufficiency and cognitive functioning between mentally retarded individuals who were successfully employed for over 1 year and those whose employment was terminated during data collection, (3) to examine the relationship between community self-sufficiency and cognitive functions.
The psychometric properties of the community self-sufficiency test have been investigated extensively, using both normal and mentally retarded samples, whereas 57 successfully employed and 56 unemployed persons with mental retardation were used to determine the between-group differences in community self-sufficiency and cognitive functioning. A wide array of instruments were utilized in the study, including 10 subtests of the Chinese version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition, 6 validated cognitive function tests, and a self-developed community independence questionnaire, in addition to community self-sufficiency test. Besides, the tests were given individually to each subject and that all participants were tested at times convenient to them. Approximately 3 to 4 hours were required to complete the tests for each participant, with short breaks allowed if necessary. For each subject, both parents and vocational rehabilitation professionals familiar with the subjects were asked to fill out the community self-sufficiency questionnaires.
Statistical techniques such as Cronbach’s alpha, Pearson correlation, procedures and models from item response theory, coupled with exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed to delineate the psychometric properties of the community self-sufficiency test. In addition, a series of factor analyses with structured means using version 4.0 of the Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) software was undertaken to assess the performance differences in community self-sufficiency and cognitive functions between successfully employed and unemployed groups. Finally, data was submitted to conventional regression analyses using AMOS 4.0 to explore the relationship between community self-sufficiency and cognitive functions.
Several major findings emerged from the study. Firstly, community self-sufficiency test was proven to be a reliable and valid, cognition-oriented test. Secondly, a moderate agreement was observed in classifying the subjects into successful employment and unemployment groups, using Money Concept and Functional Signs subtests of the community self-sufficiency test. Thirdly, the time items of the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Spatial Relations subtest of the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills contributed significantly to group classification, achieving moderate agreement as well. Fourthly, the greatest between-group difference was noted in community self-sufficiency, followed by the attention/orientation, visual perception, memory, verbal functions, in concert with executive functions in descending order of magnitude. Lastly, cognitive functions correlated highly with community self-sufficiency. Of these, executive function and attention/orientation accounted for 93.4% of the total variance. Theoretical and empirical implications of the findings, and future research directions are discussed.
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