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題名：四篇關於個人選擇與總體決策之論文——健康風險認知與菸酒消費及二氧化碳減量與經濟發展
作者：劉哲良
作者(外文)：Je-Liang Liou
校院名稱：國立臺灣大學
系所名稱：農業經濟學研究所
指導教授：吳珮瑛
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2010
主題關鍵詞：第一篇：解構式計畫行為理論；正向風險認知；負向風險認知；二階段估計法；受限分量迴歸；第二篇：風險感受行為理論；健康風險認知；主觀感受；二階段估計法；受限分量迴歸；第三篇：能源使用效率；二氧化碳排放控制效率；經濟發展；環境顧志耐曲線；資料包絡法；第四篇：方向性距離函數；平等主義；國家主權；償付能力；污染者付費；溫室氣體發展權利架構；essay1: Decomposed Theory of Planned Behavior；Positive Risk Perception；Negative Risk Perception；Two-stage Regression Approach；Censored Quantile Regression；essay2: Risk as Feelings Theory；Health Risk Perception；Subjective Feeling；Two-Stage Regression Approach；Censored Quantile Regression；essay3: Energy Use Efficiency；Energy Emission Control Efficiency；Economic Development；Environmental Kuznets Curve；Data Development Analysis；essay4: directional distance function；egalitarian；sovereignty；ability to pay；polluter pay；Greenhouse Development Rights framework
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第一篇：本文以解構式計畫行為理論做為概念架構，在資料具備受限特質之前提下，以受限分量迴歸法來進行正負向風險認知對不同飲酒程度消費者之酒精消費量決策分析。根據分析結果顯示，結合貝氏風險學習架構的解構式計劃行為理論解釋因子對酒精消費量確實有顯著的決策解釋效果，其中，又以行為態度面向中的正負向風險認知變數影響效果最為顯著。又對於輕度酒精消費區間之消費者，其所擁有的正向與負向風險認知的酒精消費彈性，皆顯著大於中度與重度酒精消費區間之消費者。故相關決策單位欲以資訊教育的方式來勸導民眾避免過度酒精消費帶來的健康傷害時，對於輕度酒精消費量區間的消費者而言，會有最大的效果。反之，對於屬於中度偏向重度、以及重度飲酒區間的消費者來說，資訊管道對酒精消費量的影響力遠不及其在輕度飲酒區間裡的表現，其酒精消費決策更可能是受到酒癮影響之結果。
第二篇：本文以風險感受行為理論做為概念架構，在資料具備受限特質之前提下，以受限分量迴歸法來進行健康風險認知與個人快樂程度對不同抽菸程度消費者之抽菸量決策分析。根據分析結果顯示，風險感受行為理論解釋因子對每日抽菸量確實有顯著的決策解釋效果，顯示對於健康風險財貨之分析，需將同時將個人理性與感性層面的要素納入，方能得到完整的決策分析結果。又根據實證結果，我們發現抽菸決策中的理性層面要素與感性層面要素對抽菸決策行為的影響方向互為一增一減拮抗關係，且由於理性與感性力量之間存在互動關係，此將令單一因子對每日抽菸量的影響效果有所改變。在行為意涵上，當個人處於較快樂的情感下，將容易強化負面風險認知資訊的吸收能力，此即感性要素力量的提升，同時強化了理性要素於決策之中的影響力；反之，亦然。
第三篇：本研究檢視包含所有京都議定書簽署國在內共57個國家，橫跨1990到2005年的跨國、跨年之能源使用效率與二氧化碳排放控制的全面技術效率，以及各自拆解成的純技術效率與規模效率表現，並探索能源使用效率、二氧化碳排放控制效率及此二效率的子效率與經濟發展的關係。實證結果顯示，對於高度已開發國家而言，藉由改善相關政策管理品質以提升能源使用與二氧化碳排放控制的純技術效率，以及透過調整能源生產結構以改善二氧化碳排放控制的規模效率將是潛在的追求方向。而強化對於能源使用的純技術效率的提升、保持二氧化碳排放控制純技術效率的上升趨勢，以及兼顧排放規模的控制以提升規模效率，將是開發中國家相關政策所應追求的方向。
第四篇：本文的研究目的首先在於建構出涵蓋公平性原則的一般化跨國初始排放權分配及交易模式，並採用57個國家、橫跨1990到2005年的長期追蹤資料，分別以「平等主義」、「國家主權」、「償付能力」、「污染者付費」與「溫室氣體發展權利架構」之公平準則，進行跨國參與排放權交易前後的總減量成本模擬分析。同時將國家依發展程度，模擬分析不同發展群組國家在不同公平性原則下，比較有無參與排放權交易之總減量成本的差異，依此而決定在成本有效性下之公平準則。最後，同樣的模擬過程亦將分析美國、中國與印度，在成本有效性下之公平準則。結果顯示，站在不同發展程度國家的立場而言，發展程度最高的國家，「國家主權分配模式」是這一群國家得以兼顧成本有效性與公平的最佳選擇；「污染者付費分配模式」為中高與中低發展程度國家的最佳選擇；而配合完全以能力為權數的「GDR分配模式」則為低發展國家群組的最佳選擇。又站在世界整體的立場而言，「污染者付費模式」一致的呈現出排放權交易制度，將帶給世界整體各發展程度的國家最多的成本節省。依此，在成本有效性下，唯有中高與中低發展群組國家所決定的「污染者付費分配模式」公平準則，是與站在世界整體的立場一致。而以相同方式觀察美國、中國與印度，在世界整體觀點下所欲採用的「污染者付費分配模式」，與站在此三國各別立場是完全不一致的，因而要促使此三國參與排放交易機制，相對而言是困難的。
Essay1: This paper uses the conceptual framework of decomposed theory of planned behavior to analyze a set of censored data. The censored quantile regression is conducted for the diverse risk perceptions of alcohol consumption decision, i. e. a positive risk perception and a negative risk perception. The results show that all explanatory variables do have impacts on the decision of alcohol consumption under the framework of Bayesian learning and decomposed theory of planned behavior. Among these, the risk perception variables with either positive risk or negative risk perception have the most significant impacts. The alcohol consumption elasticities of risk perception for either positive or negative risk perception under the light alcohol consumption are all higher than those under the median and heavy levels of alcohol consumption. As such, group with light alcohol consumption is more effective than other two groups if the related agents intend to educate general public about the impact of alcohol consumption on the health through information delivery. Groups with median and heavy alcohol consumption are mostly affected by the addiction to the consumption of alcohol.
Essay2: This paper uses the risk as feelings theory to analyze a set of censored data. The censored quantile regression is conducted for the diverse health risk perception and happiness of smoking decision. The results show that all explanatory variables do have significant impacts on the smoking decision under the framework of risk as feelings theory. The risk perception variable has negative impact on smoking quantities. On the contrary, the happiness portrays the positive impact on smoking quantities. Furthermore, the marginal effect of the risk perception and happiness will change cause of the interrelationship between them. As a result, the effect of risk perception variable will be enhanced with increasing in individual happiness and vice versa.
Essay3: This study decomposes the global technology efficiency in energy use and CO2 emission control into their pure technology efficiency and scale efficiency respectively. The interrelationship among global technology efficiency, pure technology efficiency, and economic development both for energy use and CO2 emission control can thus be identified. Fifty-seven countries including all the committed countries in Kyoto Protocol during 1990-2005 are included in the analysis. The results show that the increasing of global technology efficiency in CO2 emission control has to be accompanied by the sacrifice of the global technology efficiency in energy use at the early stage of economic development. However, further development of economy will take both of the global technology efficiency in energy use and CO2 emission control toward inefficient status. If use of energy is inescapable for the growth of economy so is the emission of greenhouse gases from the use of energy then for developed countries enhancing the pure technology efficiency in energy use and scale efficiency in CO2 emission control are important tasks to pursue. On the contrary, developing countries have to engage in the improvement of the pure technology efficiency in CO2 emission and scale efficiency in energy use.
Essay4: The purposes of this study are firstly to construct an operational equitable initial rights allocation model. Simulations and computations are conducted for a set of panel data with 57 countries in 1990-2005 under criteria of egalitarian, sovereignty, ability to pay, polluter pay, and various scenarios of Greenhouse Development Rights framework. Then, it is to determine the equity principle under cost effectiveness for countries with different levels of economic development. The same analytic process is applied to China, India, and the United States. The results show that the criteria of sovereignty, polluter pay, and GDR framework with full capacity weight create the cost effectiveness for the high-income, the upper middle-income, the low middle-income, and the low-income group of countries, respectively. The attractiveness for the groups of upper middle-income and low middle-income countries to join the emission reduction array are much easier than the other countries since the lowest total abatement cost for those groups with emission trading will occur at the same equity criterion as those without emission trading scheme. As with China, India, and the United States, the lowest cost occurs at full capacity weight of GDR framework, egalitarian, and sovereignty respectively. It is a challenge to bring those three countries into the emission trading array due to such equity discrepancy between individual country and the world as a whole.
第一篇：
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第二篇：
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35.Slovic, P., M. Finucane, E. Peters, and D. G. MacGregor, 2002. “Risk as Analysis and Risk as Feelings: Some Thoughts about Affect, Reason, Risk, and Rationality,” Risk Analysis. 24(2): 1-12.
36.Sprietsma M. and F. Waltenberg, 2005. “The Impact of Teachers’ Wages on Students’ Performance in the Presence of Heterogeneity and Endogeneity. Evidence from Brazil,” Université Catholique de Louvain, Département des Sciences Economiques. Working Paper 2005008.
37.Viscusi, W. K., I. De Carvalho Filho, F. Antonanzas, J. Rovira, F. J. Brana, and F. Portillo, 2000. “Smoking Risk in Spain : Part Ⅲ－Determinants of Smoking Behavior,” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. 21: 213-234.
38.Viscusi, W. K. and J. Hersch, 2001. “Cigarette Smokers as Job Risk Traders,” Review of Economics and Statistics. 83: 269-280.
39.Viscusi, W. K., 1991. “Age Variations in Risk Perceptions and Smoking Decisions,” The Review of Economics and Statistics. 73: 577-588.
40.Viscusi, W. K., 1985. “A Bayesian Perspective on Biases in Risk Perception,” Economics Letters. 17: 59-62.
41.World Health Organization, 2003. Tobacco Control Country Profiles. Geneva: World Health Organization.

第三篇：
（1）中文部分new window

1.行政院主計處，2009。中華民國統計資訊網。取自：http://www.stat.gov.tw/mp.asp?mp=4。new window
2.經濟部能源局，2009。『能源統計年報』。台北：經濟部能源局。取自：http://www.moeaec.gov.tw/opengovinfo/Plan/all/WorkStatisticsAll.aspx。

（2）英文部分

1.Arcelus, F. J. and P. Arocena, 2005. “Productivity Differences Across OECD Countries in the Presence of Environmental Constraints,” Journal of the Operational Research Society. 56: 1352-1362.new window
2.Barla, P. and S. Perelman, 2005. “Sulphur Emissions and Productivity Growth in Industrialised Countries,” Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics. 76: 275-300.
3.Borghesi, S., 1999. “The Environmental Kuznets Curve: A Survey of the Literature,” FEEM Working Paper No. 85-99.
4.Charnes, A., W. W. Cooper, and E. L. Rhodes, 1978. “Measuring the Efficiency of Decision Making Units,” European Journal of Operational Research. 2: 429-444.
5.Chen, T. Y., 2001. “The Impact of Mitigating CO2 Emissions on Taiwan’s Economy,” Energy Economics. 23: 141-151.
6.Coelli, T., L. Lauwers, and G. V. Huylenbroeck, 2007. “Environmental Efficiency Measurement and the Materials Balance Condition,” Journal of Productivity Analysis. 28: 3-12.
7.Cropper, M. and C. Griffiths, 1994. “The Interaction of Population Growth and Environmental Quality,” American Economic Review. 84: 250-254.
8.Dietz, T. and E. A. Rosa, 1994. “Rethinking the Environmental Impacts of Population, Affluence and Technology,” Human Ecology Review. 1: 277-300.new window
9.Dijkaraaf, E. and H. R. J. Vollebergh, 2005. “A Test for Parameter Homogeneity in CO2 Panel EKC Estimations,” Environmental and Resource Economics. 32: 229-239.
10.Dinda, S., 2004. “Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis A Survey,” Ecological Economics. 49: 431-455.
11.Färe, R., S. Grosskopf, and F. Heranadez-Sancho, 2004. “Envionmental Performance: an Index Number Approach,” Resource and Energy Economics. 26: 343-352.
12.Friedl, B. and M. Getzner, 2003. “Demermints of CO2 Emissions in a Small Open Economy,” Ecological Economics. 45: 133-148.
13.Grossman, G. M. and A. B. Kruger, 1995. “Economic Growth and the Environment,” Quarterly Journal of the Economics. 110: 353-377.
14.Hawdon, D., 2003. “Efficiency, Performance and Regulation of the International Gas Industry-a Bootstrap DEA Apporach,” Energy Policy. 31: 1167-1178.
15.Heerink, N., A. Mulatu, and E. Bulte, 2001. “Income Inequality and the Environment: Aggregation Bias in Environmental Kuznets Curves,” Ecological Economics. 38: 359-367.
16.Heil M. T. and T. M. Selden, 2001. “Carbon Emissions and Economic Development Future Trajectories Based on Historical Experience,” Environment and Development Economics. 6: 63-83.
17.Heston, A., R. Summer, and B. Aten, 2006. Penn World Table Database Version 6.2. http://www.pwt.econ.upenn.edu/php_site/pwt_index.php.
18.Hu, J. L. and C. H. Kao, 2007. “Efficient Energy-Saving Targets for APEC Economices,” Energy Policy. 35: 373-382.
19.Kaya, Y., 1990. “Impact of Carbon Dioxide Emission Control on GNP Growth: Interpretation of Proposed Scenarios,” Paper presented to the IPCC Energy and Industry Subgroup, Response Strategies Working Group, Paris.
20.Kumar, S., 2006. “Environmental Sensitive Productivity Growth: A Global Analysis Using Malmquist-Luenberger Index,” Ecological Economics. 56: 280-293.
21.Lindmark, M., 2002. “An EKC-Pattern in Historical Perspective：Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Technology, Fuel Pieces and Growth in Sweden,” Ecological Economics. 42: 333-347.
22.Lozano, S. and E. Gutiérrez, 2008. “Non-Parametric Frontier Apporach to Modelling the Relationships among Population, GDP, Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions,” Ecological Economics. 66: 687-699.
23.Mielnik, O. and J. Goldemberg, 1999. “The Evolution of the "Carbonization Index" in Developing Countries,” Energy Policy. 27: 307-308.
24.Murillo-Zamorano, L., 2005. “The Role of Energy in Productivity Growth: A Controversial Issue?” The Energy Journal. 26: 69-88.
25.Panayotou, T., 1997. “Demystifying the Environmental Kuznets Curve Turning a Black Box into a Policy Tool,” Environment and Development Economics. 2: 465-484.
26.Ramanathan, R., 2005. “An analysis of Energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Countries of the Middle East and North Africa,” Energy. 30: 2831-2842.
27.Ravallion, M., M. Heil, and J. Jalan, 2000. “Carbon Emissions and Income Inequality,” Oxford Economic Paper. 52: 651-669.
28.Rezek, J. P. and K. Rogers, 2008. “Decomposing the CO2-Income Tradeoff: An Output Distance Function Approach,” Environment and Development Economics. 13: 457-473.
29.Richmond, A. K. and R. K. Kaufmann, 2006. “Energy Prices and Turning Points The Relationship between Income and Energy Use Carbon Emissions,” The Energy Journal. 27: 157-180.
30.Sarkis, J. and J. J. Cordeiro, 2001. “An Empirical Evaluation of Environmental Efficiencies and Firm Performance Pollution Prevention Versus End-of-Pipe Practice,” European Journal of Operational Research. 135: 102-113.
31.Schmalensee, R., T. Stoker, and R. A. Judson, 1998. “World Carbon Dioxide Emissions: 1950-2050,” Review of Economics and Statistics. 80: 15-27.
32.Scruggs, L. A., 1998. “Political and Economic Inequality and the Environment,” Ecological Economics. 26: 259-275.
33.Selden, T. M. and D. Song, 1994. “Environmental Quality and Development: Is There a Kuznets Curve for Air Pollution Emissions?” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. 27: 147-162.
34.Stijn, R., C. A. K. Lovell, and G. J. Thijssen, 2000. “Environmental Efficiency with Multiple Environmentally Detrimental Variables Estimated with SFA and DEA,” European Journal of Operational Research. 121: 287-303.
35.Suri, V. and D. Chapman, 1998. “Economic Growth, Trade and Energy: Implications for the Environmental Kuznets Curve,” Ecological Economics. 25: 195-208.
36.Tonn, B., 2003. “An Equity First, Risk Based Framework for Managing Global Climate Change,” Global Environmental Change. 13: 295-306.
37.Tyteca, D., 1996. “On the Measurement of the Environmental Performance of Firms: a Literature Review and a Productive Efficiency Perspective,” Journal of Environmental Management. 46: 281-308.
38.United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change , 2007. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 2007年5月8日取自http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/international/kyoto/。
39.United Nations Statistics Division, 2008. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/dnllist.asp
40.Unruh, G. C. and W. R. Moomaw, 1998. “An Alternative Analysis of Apparent EKC-Type Transitions,” Ecological Economics. 25: 221-229.
41.Vaninsky, A., 2008. “Environmental Efficiency of Electric Power Industry of the United States: A Data Envelopment Analysis Approach,” Proceeding of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. 30: 584-590.
42.World Bank, 2008. World Development Indicators Database. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/
43.World Resource Institute, 2008. The Climate Analysis Indicator Tool Database. http://cait.wri.org/.
44.Wossink, A. and Z. S. Denaux, 2006. “Environmental and Cost Efficiency of Pesticide Use in Transgenic and Conventional Cotton Production,” Agricultural System. 90: 312-328.
45.York, R., E. A. Rosa, and T. Dietz, 2005. “The Ecological Footprint Intensity of National Economics,” Journal of Industrial Ecology. 8: 139-154.
46.Yunos, J. M. and D. Hawdon, 1997. “The Efficiency of the National Electricity Board in Malaysia: An Intercountry Comparison Using DEA,” Energy Economics. 19: 255-269.
47.Zaim, O. and F. Taskin, 2000. “A Kuznets Curve in Environmental Efficiency An Application on OECD Countries,” Environmental and Resources Economics. 17: 21-36.
48.Zhang, Z., 2000. “Decoupling China''s Carbon Emissions from Economic Growth: an Economic Analysis and Policy Implications,” World Development. 28: 739-752.
49.Zhou, P., B. W. Ang, and K. L. Poh, 2008. “A Survey of Data Envelopment Analysis in Energy and Environmental Studies,” European Journal of Operational Research. 189: 1-18.

第四篇：
（1）中文部分new window

1.行政院主計處，2009。中華民國統計資訊網。取自：http://www.stat.gov.tw/mp.asp?mp=4。new window
2.經濟部能源局，2009。『能源統計年報』。台北：經濟部能源局。取自：http://www.moeaec.gov.tw/opengovinfo/Plan/all/WorkStatisticsAll.aspx。
3.蕭代基、張瓊婷、郭彥廉，2003，「自然資源的參與式管理與地方自治制度」，『臺灣經濟預測與政策』，34(1)：1-37。new window

（2）英文部分

1.Agarwal, A. and S. Narian, 2002. “The Atmospheric Rights of All People on Earth,” 取自http://www.vwo-campus.net/downloads/pws5_atmospheric_rights.pdf。new window
2.Aslam, M. A., 2001. “International Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading and Issues Related to Voluntary Participation by Developing Countries,” United Nations Foundation. A006 TAD GLO 98025. 取自 http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/poditctedm9.en.pdf。
3.Baer, P., T. Athanasiou, S. Kartha, and E. Kemp-Benedict, 2008. The Greenhouse Development Rights Framework: The Right to Development in A Climate Constrained World. Berlin: Heinrich Böll, Christian Aid, EcoEquity, and Stockholm Environment.
4.Berk, M. and M. den Elzen, 2001. “Options for Differentiation of Future Commitments in Climate Policy: How to Realize Timely Participation to Meet Stringent Climate Goals?” Climate Policy. 52 : 1-16.
5.Bondansky, D. and E. Diringer, 2007. “Towards an Integrated Multi-Track Climate Framework,” Prepared for the Pew Center on Global Climate Change. 取自http://www.pewclimate.org/publications。
6.Bondansky, D., S. Chou, and C. Jorge-Tresolini, 2004. “International Climate Efforts beyond 2012: A Survey of Approaches,” Prepared for the Pew Center on Global Climate Change. 取自http://www.pewclimate.org/publications。
7.Borghesi, S., 2000. “Income Inequality and the Environmental Kuznets Curve,” Fondazione Eni Enrioc Mattei. 取自http://www.feem.it/NR/rdonlyres/BD174684-A396-4266-A893-603D12BA30A4/109/8300.pdf。
8.Chung, Y. H., R. Färe, and S. Grosskopf, 1997. “Productivity and Undesirable Outputs: A Directional Distance Function Approach,” Journal of Environmental Management. 51 : 229-240.
9.Climate Action Network International, 2003. “A Viable Global Framework for Preventing Dangerous Climate Change,” Paper Presented at the COP9, Milan, Italy, December.
10.Cramton, P. and S. Kerr, 2002. “Tradeable Carbon Permit Auctions How and Why to Auction not Grandfather,” Energy Policy. 30 : 333-345.
11.Dales, J. H., 1968. Pollution , Property and Prices. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
12.Dinan, T. and D. L. Rogers, 2002. “Distributional Effects of Carbon Allowances Trading: How Government Decisions Determine Winners and Losers,” National Tax Journal. 55 : 199-221.
13.Dychhoff, H. and K. Allen, 2001. “Measuring Ecological Efficiency with Data Envelopment Analysis,” European Journal of Operational Research. 132 : 312-325.
14.EcoEquity and Stockholm Environment Institute, 2009. Greenhouse Development Rights Online Calculator. 取自http://www.gdrights.org/interactive/basic。
15.Edmonds, J. S., N. Caputi, M. J. Moran, W. J. Fletcher, and M. Morita, 1995. “Population Discrimination by Variation in Concentrations of Minor and Trace Elements in Sagittae of Two Western Australian Teleosts,” In Recent Developments in Fish Otolith Research. Edited by D. H. Secor, J. M. Dean, and S. E. Campana, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
16.Eyckmans, J., J. Cornillie, and V. Regemorter, 2002. “Efficiency and Equity of the EU Burden Sharing Agreement,” Environment Working Papers Series, Ete0002. 取自http://www.econ.kuleuven.ac.be/ew/academic/energmil/downloads/ete-wp00-2.pdf
17.Färe, R., S. Grosskopf, and F. Heranadez-Sancho, 2004. “Environmental Performance: An Index Number Approach,” Resource and Energy Economics. 26 : 343-352.
18.Färe, R., S. Grosskopf, and O. Zaim, 2000. “An Index Number Approach to Measuring Environmental Performance: An Environmental Kuznets Curve for the OECD Countries,” 取自http://oregonstate.edu/dept/econ/pdf/KUZNETS2.PDF。
19.Färe, R., S. Grosskopf, and W. L. Weber, 2006. “Shadow Prices and Pollution Costs in U.S. Agriculture,” Ecological Economics. 56 : 89-103.
20.Färe, R., S. Grosskopf, D.-W. Noh, and W. Webber, 2004. “Characteristics of a Polluting Technology Theory and Practice,” Journal of Econometrics. 126 : 469-492.
21.Fletcher, S., 2001. “Global Climate Change: The Kyoto Protocol,” CRS report RL30692. Congressional Research Service. 取自http://ncseonline.org/nle/crsreports/05Feb/RL30692.pdf。
22.Grossman, G. M. and A. B. Krueger, 1995. “Economic Growth and the Environment,” Quarterly Journal of the Economics. 110 : 353-377.
23.Gupta, J., 2003. “Engaging Developing Countries in Climate Change: (KISS and Make-up!),” In Climate Policy for the 21st Century: Meeting the Long-Term Challenge of Global Warming. Edited by M. David, Washington, D.C.: Center for Transatlantic Relations.
24.Haites, E. and F. Yamin, 2000. “The Clean Development Mechanism: Proposals for Its Operation and Governance,” Global Environmental Change. 10 : 27-45.
25.Höhne, N., C. Galleguillos, K. Blok, J. Harnisch, and D. Phylipsen, 2003. “Evolution of Commitments under the UNFCCC : Involving Newly Industrialized Economies and Developing Countries,” Research Report 20141255, UBA-FB 000412. ECOFYSGmbH, Federal Environmental Agency. 取自http:www.chem.uu.nl/nws/www/publica/Publicaties2003/e2003-155.pdf.
26.International Energy Agency, 2007. World Energy Outlook 2007: China and India Insights. Paris: International Energy Agency.
27.Klepper, G. and S. Peterson, 2004. “The EU Emissions Trading Scheme Allowance Price, Trade Flows and Competitiveness Effects,” European Environment. 14 : 201-218.
28.Kuik, O., 2003. “Climate Change Policies, Energy Security and Carbon Dependency: Trade-Offs for the European Union in the Longer Term,” International Environmental Agreement: Politics, Law and Economics. 3 : 221-242.
29.Larsen, B. and A. Shah, 1994. “Global Tradable Carbon Permits, Participation Incentives, and Transfers,” Oxford Economic Papers. 46 : 841-856.
30.Miketa, A. and L. Schrattenholzer, 2006. “Equity Implications of Two Burden-Sharing Rules for Stabilizing Greenhouse-Gas Concentrations,” Energy Policy. 34 : 877-891.
31.Ott, H., 1998. “Operationalizing ‘Joint Implementation’,” Global Environmental Change. 8 : 11-47.
32.Parry, I. W. H., 2004. “Are Emissions Permits Regressive?” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. 47 : 364-387.
33.Pearce, D., 2003. “The Social Cost of Carbon and It’s Policy Implications,” Oxford Review of Economic Policy. 19 : 362-384.
34.Pizer, W., D. Burtraw, W. Harrington, R. Newell, and J. Sanchirico, 2006. “Modelling Economic-Wide vs. Sectoral Climate Policies,” Energy Journal. 27 : 135-168.
35.Ravallion, M., M. Heil, and J. Jalan, 2000. “Carbon Emissions and Income Inequality,” Oxford Economic Paper. 52 : 651-669.
36.Ringius, L., A. Torvanger, and A. Underdal, 2002. “Burden Sharing and Fairness Principles in International Climate Policy,” International Environmental Agreement: Politics, Law and Economics. 2 : 1-22.
37.Rose, A. and B. Steven, 1993. “The Efficiency and Equity of Marketable Permits for CO2 Emissions,” Resource and Energy Economics. 15 : 117-146.
38.Rose, A., S. Brandt, E. Jae, and M. Wise, 1998. “International Equity and Differentiation in Global Warming Policy,” Environmental and Resource Economics. 10 : 25-51.
39.Shogren, J. and M. Toman, 2000. “Climate Change Policy,” In Public Policies for Environmental Protection. Edited by P. Portney and R. Stavins, Washington, D. C.: Resources for the Future.
40.Taskin, F. and O. Zaim, 2001. “The Role of International Trade on Environmental Efficiency: A DEA Approach,” Economic Modeling. 18 : 1-17.
41.Tonn, B., 2003. “An Equity First, Risk Based Framework for Managing Global Climate Change,” Global Environmental Change. 13 : 295-306.
42.United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change , 2007. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 取自 http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/international/kyoto/。
43.United Nations Statistics Division, 2008. 取自http://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/dnllist.asp。
44.Victor, D., 2001. The Collapse of the Kyoto Protocol and the Struggle to Slow Global Warming. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
45.World Bank, 2008. World Development Indicators Database. 取自http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/。
46.World Resource Institute, 2008. The Climate Analysis Indicator Tool Database. 取自http://cait.wri.org/。
47.Yohe, G. W., R. D. Lasco, Q. K. Ahmad, N. W. Arnell, S. J. Cohen, C. Hope, A. C. Janetos, and R. T. Perez, 2007. “Perspectives on Climate Change and Sustainability.” In Climate Change, 2007: Impacts, Adaption and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Edited by M. L. Parry, O. F. Canziani, J. P. Palutikof, P. J. van der Linden, and C. E. Hanson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
48.Yohe, G. W., D. Montgomery, and Ed. Balistreri, 2000. “Equity and the Kyoto Protocol: Measuring the Distributional Effects of Alternative Emissions Trading Regimes,” Global Environmental Change. 10 : 121-132.
 
 
 
 
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