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題名:論述制度論與政策分析──以臺灣採認大陸學歷之政策調整為例
作者:呂佩安
作者(外文):Pei-an Lu
校院名稱:世新大學
系所名稱:行政管理學研究所(含博、碩專班)
指導教授:邱志淳
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2015
主題關鍵詞:論述制度論後實證主義政策調整理念變因採認大陸學歷Discursive InstitutionalismPostpositivismPolicy AdjustmentIdeational ForcesAssessment and Recognition of China's Academic Credentials
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後實證學者對於實證主義強調科學理性、價值中立的反思,引發政策科學領域出現將倫理、價值納入政策分析,以「溝通邏輯」、「政策審議邏輯」為基礎的「後實證轉向」。孕育於歐盟整合發展系絡中之論述制度論,在社會科學譜系中可視為後實證典範的分支,亦是對長期雄踞理論界之理性選擇、歷史、社會學等新制度論三大途徑進行對話及修正。論述制度論者承接後實證論藉由語言、溝通瞭解政策及政治之旨趣,視形成論述之「理念變因」為政策調整之核心,注重行為者在理念闡連及論述互動過程中之自主性與能動性,嘗試「將行為者帶回制度分析」,建立兼容論述分析之規範性與新制度論之實證性的研究架構。
本研究於概念性層面探討論述制度論在知識體系中之發展脈絡、特質與定位,以其知識論及方法論為基礎,建立兼顧結構與行為者、論述與制度、停滯與變遷之概念化政策調整過程及理論命題;在實證分析層面,選用臺灣採認大陸學歷之政策調整歷程為個案。依循論述制度論所關注「理念及論述何以、何時、何處及為何重要」提出四項研究問題:(一)哪些焦點事件引發形成涉及臺灣採認大陸學歷政策之理念危機?進而經由行為者之理念闡連形成政策論述之主軸?(二)臺灣採認大陸學歷之增能論述(挑戰現狀)及阻卻論述(維持現狀)主要包含哪些理念?持增能論述之挑戰聯盟與持阻卻論述之維持聯盟兩造論述互動如何影響政策調整結果?(三)臺灣採認大陸學歷之政策傳統為何?對政策論述及論述互動之影響為何?(四)不同政策立場之論述企業家進行哪些論述行為及策略,傳達採認大陸學歷之政策理念?如何運用政策論述鬆動政策傳統、抑或運用政策傳統強化自身論述,影響他人政策偏好、獲取更多政治制度能力,左右政策調整結果?
依據臺灣採認大陸學歷政策調整歷程之起始點及重要論述制度化成果,劃分為「醞釀期」(1987-1992)、「震盪期」(1993-1998)、「轉折期」(1999-2010)以及「執行期」(2011-2014)。在研究設計上,結合工具性個案分析與論證性論述分析,歸納各時期相關檔案、文本及深度訪談等質性資料,再以跨時比較分析歸納各時期之研究發現,梳理整體政策調整歷程中不同時期之焦點事件及其所引發理念危機與意義衝突、論述立場及內容、政策傳統、論述企業家之作為及權力等,影響政策變遷重要因素之異同。
個案分析之研究發現顯示出,在臺灣採認大陸學歷政策調整歷程中「論述何以重要」:(一)從焦點事件到形成政策論述,論述對於政策調整具有推進或抑制變遷之「啟動作用」;(二)在不同論述聯盟中,論述對於政策調整具有擬定目標、規劃策略、轉化偏好、集結盟友以及最終融入制度之「觸媒作用」;(三)基於政策傳統對論述形成之篩選、強化與抑制,阻卻論述與現存政策傳統交互作用之後,對特定政策領域中有利於維持現狀之利益結盟、制度路徑、文化規範具有「固化作用」;(四)論述與制度及權力交互作用之後,在特定政策領域中形成強者吸納資源、獲取權力(如爭取選民支持、贏得勝選)之利器,在政策調整過程中奪取或鞏固論述霸權,進而將其他論述邊緣化,形成「極化作用」。此外,推動政策變遷之增能論述在政治秩序不穩、論者權力不足、結盟利益不彰三種情況下,僅能「不重要地」重塑政策視框,卻無法達成論述制度化。
In view of criticizing positivist’s scientific rationality and value-free, scholars who advocate postpositivism start to apply ethics, value factor to policy analysis, then, “postpositivist turn” which is based on the logic of communication and the logic of policy deliberation is emerged. Discursive institutionalism(DI) which is brewed from the context of Europe Union integration and development is regarded as a branch of postpositivist paradigm, and the dialogue and correction with three paradigms of new institutionalism: rational choice, history and sociology as well. DI inherits from postpositivist aiming at understanding policy and politics through language and communication. In DI approach, ideational force is regarded as the core of policy adjustment to emphasis agents’ autonomy and agency in the process of ideational articulation and discursive interaction. Furthermore, DI scholars try to “bring agents back to institution” for constructing a framework that is compatible with the normativity of discursive analysis and positivity of new institutionalism both.
The purposes of this dissertation are to discuss DI’s development context, characteristics and orientation and to argue a conceptualized policy adjustment process and DI theoretical statements with a case study on the policy adjustment of assessment and recognition of China's academic credentials. According to DI concerning “how, when, where, and why ideas and discourse matter”, this research addresses questions: Which focus events are to trigger off ideational crises, and further, to shape policy discourse through agents’ ideational articulation? What ideas are included in the enabling discourses (to challenge the status quo) and the obstructive discourses (to maintain the status quo)? How do the discursive interaction between challenging and maintaining coalitions affect policy adjustment’s outcome? What are the policy legacies of assessment and recognition of China's academic credentials? How do those legacies affect policy discourses and discursive interaction? Which discursive actions and strategies are taken to express policy ideas by discursive entrepreneurs with different standpoints? For influencing others’ policy preferences, getting more political institutional capacity and controlling policy adjustment’s outcome, how do entrepreneurs apply policy discourses to “loose” the legacies or use legacies to strengthen self’s discourses?
Research design is to combine instructive case study and argumentative discursive analysis. By the time frame of assessment and recognition of China's academic credentials: fermenting period (1987-1992), fluctuating period (1993-1998), turning period (1999-2010) and implementing period (2011-2014), this study induces qualitative data of each period like documents, texts and interview transcripts, then, applies temporal comparative analysis to specify similarities and dissimilarities of main factors in each period as focus events, ideational crises, meaning conflicts, policy discourses pro and con, policy legacies, and discursive entrepreneurs’ actions and power.
The results of case study show that “how dose discourse matter for policy adjustment”: (1) from focus events to policy discourses, discourse is an “initiator” for promoting or containing policy change; (2) among different discursive coalitions, discourse is a “catalyst” for framing purposes, planning strategy, shifting preferences, building alliances, and finally, becoming institution; (3) in view of legacies filtering, intensifying and depressing the construction of policy discourse, after interacting with existing legacies, obstructive discourses are able to be “solidifying” interests alliance, path-dependency and cultural norm, which facilitates to keep specific policy from change; (4) after interacting with institution and power, discourse will make the effect of “polarization” that helps powerful agents for obtaining more resources and power, even achieving discursive hegemony and forcing other discourses marginalized, as well. In addition, as political order is unstable, discursive agent is powerless and the interests of alliance is not conspicuous, enabling discourse is not so“important”- just reframing specific policy, but accomplishing discursive institutionalization.
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