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W.(2001)。Continuity of academic intrinsic motivation from childhood through late adolescence: A longitudinal study。Journal of Educational Psychology，93(1)，3-13。 | | 9. | Leary, M. R.、Shepperd, J. A.(1986)。Be havioral self-handicaps versus self-reported handicaps: A conceptual note。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，57(6)，1265-1268。 | | 10. | Nicholls, J. G.、Miller, A. T.(1984)。Reasoning about the ability of self and others: A developmental study。Children Development，55(6)，1990-1999。 | | 11. | Norem, J. K.、Cantor, N.(1986)。Defensive pessimism: Harnessing anxiety as motivation。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，57，1208-1217。 | | 12. | Norem, J. K.、Illingworth, K. S. S.(1993)。Strategy-dependent effects of reflecting on self and tasks: Some implications of optimism and defensive pessimist。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，65，822-835。 | | 13. | Ryan, A. M.、Hicks, L.、Midgley, C.(1997)。Social goals, academic goals, and avoiding seeking help in the classroom。Journal of Early Adolescent，17，152-171。 | | 14. | Ryan, A. M.、Pintrich, P. R.、Midgley, C.(2001)。Avoiding seeking help in the classroom: Who and why?。Educational Psychology Review，13(2)，93-114。 | | 15. | Tice, D. M.(1991)。Esteem protection or enhancement? Self-handicapping motives and attributions differ by trait self esteem。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，60(5)，711-725。 | | 16. | Tice, D. M.、Baumeister, R. F.(1985)。Self-esteem, self-handicapping, and self-presentation: The strategy of inadequate practice。Journal of Personality，58(2)，443-464。 | | 17. | Martin, A. J.、Marsh, H. W.、Williamson, A.、Debus, R. L.(2003)。Self-handicapping, defensive pessimism, and goal orientation: A qualitative study of university students。Journal of Educational Psychology，95(3)，617-628。 | | 18. | Patrick, H.、Turner, J. C.、Meyer, D. K.、Anderman, E. M.、Midgley, C.、Gheen, M.、Kang, Y.(2002)。The classroom environment and students' reports of avoidance strategies in Mathematics: A multimethod study。Journal of Educational Psychology，94(1)，88-106。 | | 19. | Zuckerman, Miron、Kieffer, Suzanne C.、Knee, C. Raymond(1998)。Consequences of self-handicapping: Effects on coping, academic performance and adjustment。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，74(6)，1616-1628。 | | 20. | Martin, Andrew J.、Marsh, Herbert W.、Debus, Raymond L.(2001)。Self-Handicapping and Defensive Pessimism: Exploring a Model of Predictors and Outcomes from a Self-Protection Perspective。Journal of Educational Psychology，93(1)，87-102。 | | 21. | Ryan, A. M.、Pintrich, P. R.(1997)。"Should I ask for help?" The role of motivation and attitudes in adolescents' help seeking in math class。Journal of Educational Psychology，89(2)，329-341。 | | 22. | Newman, R. S.(1998)。Students' Help Seeking during Problem Solving: Influences of Personal and Contextual Achievement Goals。Journal of Educational Psychology，90(4)，644-658。 | | 23. | Garcia, T.(1995)。The role of motivational strategies in self-regulated learning。New Directions for Teaching and Learning，63，29-42。 | | 24. | Krejcie, Robert V.、Morgan, Daryle W.(1970)。Determining sample size for research activities。Educational and Psychological Measurement，30(3)，607-610。 | | 25. | Martin, A. J.、Marsh, H. W.、Debus, R. L.(2001)。A quadripolar need achievement representation of self-handicapping and defensive pessimism。American Educational Research Journal，38(3)，583-610。 | 研究報告| 1. | 教育部統計處(2004)。中華民國教育統計。台北：教育部。 延伸查詢 | 圖書| 1. | 陳正昌、程炳林(2001)。SPSS、SAS、BMDP統計軟體在多變量統計上的應用。臺北市：五南圖書。 延伸查詢 | | 2. | 邱皓政(2003)。結構方程式。台北：雙葉書廊。 延伸查詢 | | 3. | Hair, J. F. Jr.、Anderson, R. E.、Tatham, R. L.、Black, W. C.(1998)。Multivariate date analysis。Englewood Cliffs, NJ：Prentice-Hall。 | | 4. | Covington, M. V.(1992)。Making the grade: A self-worth perspective on motivation and school reform。New York, NY：Holt, Rinehart, & Winston：Cambridge University Press。 | 單篇論文| 1. | Garcia, T.，Pintrich, P. R.(1993)。Self-schemas, motivational strategies and self-regulated learning(No. ED359234)。 | 其他| 1. | Deppe, R. K.(1995)。Self-handicapping and intrinsic motivation: Self-handicaps as protection from the negative effects of failure feedback。 | | 2. | Drexler, L. P.(1995)。The affective consequences of self-handicapping。 | 圖書論文| 1. | Aronson, Elliot、WIlson, Timothy D.、Akert, Robin M.(1994)。Self-understanding: How do we know ourselves?。Social Psychology: The heart and the mind。New York：HarperCollins College Publishers。 | | 2. | Norem, Julie K.(2001)。Defensive Pessimism, Optimism, and Pessimism。Optimism & Pessimism: Implications for Theory, Research, and Practice。American Psychological Association。 | |