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題名：總統和國會的權力抗衡與民主運作之成敗--以拉丁美洲總統制國家為例
書刊名：問題與研究
作者：蔡榮祥 引用關係
作者(外文)：Tsai, Jung-hsiang
出版日期：2014
卷期：53:2
頁次：頁1-30
主題關鍵詞：總統制；兩黨制；憲政結構；權力抗衡；民主衰退；Presidentialism；Two-party systems；Constitutional structure；Balancing between the president and congress；Democratic decay
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(1) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:1
  • 共同引用共同引用:21
  • 點閱點閱:89
傳統的研究智慧中，總統制和兩黨制的配套被認為是一個民主國家較容易運作的組合。主要的理由是兩黨制較不可能出現意識形態的極化，以及因為兩個政黨需要贏得中間位置的選票，其可以促成政黨之間較溫和及向心的競爭，因而有助於總統制的運作。然而，近年來，一些兩黨總統制國家發生嚴重的憲政危機，甚至促成民主衰退。為何這些兩黨總統制國家會走上民主衰退的道路，是本文所要探索的研究問題。首先，本文透過對於拉丁美洲兩黨總統制國家的個案分析發現，憲政結構的因素如總統和國會的權力抗衡會影響兩黨總統制運作的成功或是失敗。本文經由對哥斯大黎加以及1993年之前的委內瑞拉的個案說明，弱權總統對強權國會的憲政結構，較能促進兩黨總統制民主的成功運作。其次，從1993年到1999年的委內瑞拉和哥倫比亞的例子說明，強權總統對強權國會的憲政結構，促成兩黨總統制國家出現嚴重的憲政危機和民主衰退。本文的分析說明了總統制和兩黨制配套的情形下，強權總統和強權國會之權力抗衡會導致民主衰退。
Past research argues that presidentialism and two-party systems are workable combinations that can facilitate democratic stability. The causal mechanisms are that ideological polarization is less possible to appear in a two-party system, that two parties needing to win votes from the center encourages moderation, and that the absence of the extremist parties and the centripetal nature of party competition favor democratic stability. However, in recent years, some presidential countries with a two-party system in Latin America have suffered serious constitutional crises, thereby causing democratic decay. This paper aims to answer why these presidential countries with a two-party system have gone the way of democratic decay. After analyzing the cases of presidential countries with a two-party system in Latin America, this paper shows that the constitutional structure, especially balancing between the president and congress, affects the success or failure of operation of presidential countries with a two-party system. First, presidentialism in Costa Rica and Venezuela (1961-1993) illustrate that the constitutional structure, weak president versus strong congress, facilitates democracy in these two countries. Second, presidentialism in Venezuela (1993-1999) and in Columbia present that the constitutional structure, strong president versus strong congress, brings about democratic decay. This paper argues that the success or failure of democratic operation in presidential countries with a two-party system depends on the balancing of inter-branch power.
期刊論文
1.Cheibub, Jose Antonio、Przeworski, Adam、Saiegh, Sebastian M(2004)。Government Coalitions and Legislative Success under Presidentialism and Parliamentarism。British Journal of Political Science，34(4)，565-587。  new window
2.Mainwaring, Scott(1990)。Presidentialism in Latin America。Latin American Research Review，25(1)，157-179。  new window
3.Laver, Michael、Shepsle, Kenneth A.(1991)。Divided Government: America is not Exceptional。Governance，4(3)，250-269。  new window
4.Bernhard, Michael、Reenock, Christopher、Nordstrom, Timothy(2004)。The Legacy of Western Overseas Colonialism on Democratic Survival。International Studies Quarterly，48(1)，225-250。  new window
5.Bolongaita, Jr. Emil(19995)。Presidential versus Parliamentary Democracy。Philippines Studies，43(1)，105-123。  new window
6.Cox, Gary W.、Morgenstern, Scott(2001)。Latin America’s Reactive Assemblies and Proactive Presidents。Comparative Politics，33(2)，171-189。  new window
7.Ellner, Steve(2001)。The Radical Potential of Chavismo in Venezuela: The First Year and a Half in Power。Latin American Perspectives，28(5)，5-32。  new window
8.Foweraker, Joe、Landman, Todd(2002)。Constitutional Design and Democratic Performance。Democratization，9(2)，43-66。  new window
9.Hochstetler, Kathryn(2006)。Rethinking Presidentialism: Challenges and Presidential Falls in South America。Comparative Politics，38(4)，401-419。  new window
10.Hsieh, Fuh-Sheng(2011)。The Logic of Semi-Presidentialism: Loopholes, History, and Political Conflict。Issues and Studies，47(1)，57-78。  new window
11.Lehoucq, Fabrice Edouard(2005)。Costa Rica: Paradise in Doubt。Journal of Democracy，16(3)，140-154。  new window
12.Lehoucq, Fabrice Edouard(1996)。The Institutional Foundations of Democratic Cooperation in Costa Rica。Journal of Latin American Studies，28(2)，329-355。  new window
13.Mainwaring, Scott(1993)。Presidentialism, Multipartyism and Democracy。Comparative Political Studies，26(2)，198-228。  new window
14.Mainwaring, Scott(1999)。The Surprising Resilience of Elected Governments。Journal of Democracy，10(3)，101-114。  new window
15.Ackerman, Bruce(2000)。The New Separation of Powers。Harvard Law Review，113(3)，633-729。  new window
16.Cheibub, José Antonio(2002)。Minority Governments, Deadlock Situations, and the Survival of Presidential Democracies。Comparative Political Studies，35(3)，284-312。  new window
17.Linz, Juan J.(1990)。The Perils of Presidentialism。Journal of Democracy，1(1)，51-69。  new window
18.Lipset, Seymour Martin(1990)。The Centrality of Political Culture。Journal of Democracy，1(4)，80-83。  new window
19.Levitsky, Steven、Way, Lucan A.(2002)。Elections Without Democracy: The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism。Journal of Democracy，13(2)，51-65。  new window
20.Horowitz, Donald L.(1990)。Comparing Democratic Systems。Journal of Democracy，1(4)，73-79。  new window
21.林繼文(20061100)。政府體制、選舉制度與政黨體系：一個配套論的分析。選舉研究，13(2)，1-35。new window  延伸查詢new window
22.Coleman, John J.(19991200)。Unified Government, Divided Government, and Party Responsiveness。American Political Science Review，93(4)，821-835。  new window
圖書
1.Levitsky, Stephen、Way, Lucan(2010)。Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War。Cambridge University Press。  new window
2.Coppedge, Michael(1994)。Strong Parties and Lame Ducks: Presidential Partyarchy and Factionalism in Venezuela。Stanford University Press。  new window
3.Jones, Mark P.(1995)。Electoral Laws and the Survival of Presidential Democracies。Notre Dame：University of Notre Dame Press。  new window
4.Carey, John M.、Shugart, Matthew Soberg(1998)。Executive Decree Authority。Cambridge University Press。  new window
5.Mainwaring, Scott、Shugart, Matthew S.(1997)。Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin American。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
6.Fiorina, Morris P.(1996)。Divided Government。Boston：Allyn and Bacon。  new window
7.Cheibub, José Antonio(2007)。Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Democracy。Cambridge University Press。  new window
8.Linz, Juan J.、Stepan, Alfred(1978)。The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Crisis, Breakdown and Reequilibration。The Johns Hopkins University Press。  new window
單篇論文
1.Lehoucq, Fabrice Edouard(2005)。Constitutional Design and Democratic Performance in Latin America。  new window
2.Lehoucq, Fabrice Edouard(2006)。Policymaking, Parties, and Institutions in Democratic Costa Rica。  new window
圖書論文
1.吳重禮(2006)。憲政設計、政黨政治與權力分立：美國分立政府的運作經驗及其啟示。憲政改革：背景、運作與影響。臺北：五南圖書出版公司。new window  延伸查詢new window
2.Amorim Neto, Octavio(2002)。Presidential Cabinets, Electoral Cycles, and Coalition Discipline in Brazil。Legislative Politics in Latin America。New York：Cambridge University Press。  new window
3.Carey, John M.(1997)。Strong Parties for Limited Office: Presidentialism and Political Parties in Costa Rica。Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America。New York：Cambridge University Press。  new window
4.Carroll, Royce、Shugart, Matthew S(2007)。Neo-Madison Theory and Latin American Institutions。Regimes and Democracy in Latin America: Theories and Methods。New York University Press。  new window
5.Cepeda, Fernando Ulloa(2003)。Colombia: The Governability Crisis。Constructing Democratic Governance in Latin America。Baltimore：The Johns Hopkins University Press。  new window
6.Coppedge, Michael(1994)。Venezuela: Democratic despite Presidentialism。The Failure of Presidential Democracy: the case of Latin America。Baltimore：The Johns Hopkins University Press。  new window
7.Coppedge, Michael(2003)。Venezuela: Popular Sovereignty versus Liberal Democracy。Constructing Democratic Governance in Latin America。Baltimore：The Johns Hopkins University Press。  new window
8.Crisp, Brian F.(1997)。Presidential Behavior in Venezuela。Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America。New York：Cambridge University Press。  new window
9.Hartlyn, Jonathan(1994)。Presidentialism and Colombian Politics。The Failure of Presidential Democracy: the case of Latin America。Baltimore：The Johns Hopkins University Press。  new window
10.Kantor, Harry(1997)。Efforts made by Various Latin American Countries to limit the power of the president。Presidential Power in Latin American Politics。New York：London：Praeger Press。  new window
11.Linz, Juan、Stepan, Alfred(1989)。Political Crafting of Democratic Consolidation or Destruction: European and South American Comparisons。Democracy in the Americas: Stopping the Pendulum。New York：London：Holmes & Meier Press。  new window
12.Archer, Ronald、Shugart, Matthew S(1997)。Presidential Dominance in Colombia。Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
13.Linz, Juan J.(1994)。Presidential Democracy or Parliamentary Democracy: Does It Make a Difference?。The Failure of Presidential Democracy: the case of Latin America。Baltimore：The Johns Hopkins University Press。  new window
 
 
 
 
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