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題名:記譜法在擊樂作品中的應用與探討
作者:盧煥韋
作者(外文):Huan-Wei Lu
校院名稱:臺北藝術大學
系所名稱:音樂學系博士班
指導教授:朱宗慶
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2013
主題關鍵詞:擊樂音色擊樂作品記譜法符號percussion timbrepercussion workmusic notationsymbols
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西洋音樂(Western music)的記譜法發展,從三千多年前,古希臘的「文字記譜(Letter notation)」,發展至中世紀的「紐碼譜(Neumes)」,再發展成為現在的記譜法;其樂譜的功能,從早期「記錄」教會的音樂為主,轉變為提供演奏上「閱讀」為主;而使用的記譜符號,從複雜的文字,逐漸被簡化為統一的符號。
音樂發展到了二十世紀,作曲家們想打破傳統的音樂理論,在「演奏音色」、「演奏形式」、「演奏技巧」上都有非常大的突破;記譜法也因不同的元素加入音樂創作後,開始有了不同的嘗試和創新。在這同時,擊樂因為樂器種類繁多、音色豐富、演奏型態的可塑性強,因此受到作曲家的青睞,逐漸從管絃樂團中跳脫出來,開始有專為擊樂創作的合奏和獨奏曲出現。此時擊樂的記譜法,也從管弦樂團的記譜法逐漸發展出「符號記譜法」及「五線譜記譜法」。
1950年電子音樂興起,作曲家為了要記錄非樂器的演奏聲響,開始將樂譜「數據化」,運用時間記譜記錄聲音的長短,運用圖形表示音高的起伏;「時間記譜」、「空間記譜」和「圖像記譜」隨之而發展,並在擊樂的作品中被大量使用。隨著時代的轉變,擊樂的表演形式,開始融合不同的表演元素,從純演奏的表演,轉變為結合戲劇、燈光、走位等不同劇場元素的演出形式。此時作曲家開始融合不同記譜法的特點,再加入不同演出形式而發展出的新記譜法,逐漸變成現在的擊樂記譜法。
不同的記譜法,如同文學上的「詩、詞、散文」,是不同的表達方式;作曲家藉由不同的記譜法,除了傳遞「音樂」的訊息給演奏者外,也傳遞了不同的「創作理念」,演奏者除了演奏譜面上的音符外,更應該了解作曲家選擇不同記譜法的涵義。藉由記譜法在擊樂作品中的發展和探討,了解不同記譜法的特點,以及擊樂作品中的發展與應用,讓作曲家和演奏者,能藉不同的記譜法,將擊樂的音樂完整的傳達和呈現。
The notation development of Western music develops from letter notation of ancient Greek over three thousand years ago, to the Neumes in the medieval and to the present notation; the function of musical notation transforms from the early church music “recording” to the “reading” in the concert; and the notation symbols have gradually simplified from complex characters into uniform symbols.
In the twentieth century, composers made major breakthroughs in “playing timbres”, “playing form” and “playing skills” to break the traditional music theory; after the adding of different elements in music creation, notation began to have different attempts and innovation. At the same time, because of a wide variety of instruments, rich timbres and strong moldability of playing forms, percussion instruments were highly favored by composers and gradually escaped from the orchestra. The coro and solo specially created for percussion came into being. At this point, the percussion notation also gradually developed the “symbolic notation” and “staff notation” from orchestra notation
In 1950, the electronic music rose, to record the non-instrumentalist sound, composers started to “digitize” the music score, record the length of sound by time notation and represent the pitch of ups and downs by graphics; “time notation”, “space notation” and “graphic notation” also started to develop and were widely used in percussion works. With the changing times, the percussion performances started to integrate different elements and transformed into the performance forms with different theater elements including drama, lighting and blocking. At this time, composers started to combine the characteristics of different notations, and add different forms of performance, thus developing the new notation and gradually transforming into the present percussion notation.
Like “poetry and prose” in literature, different notations are different ways of expression; relying on different notations, besides passing the message of “music” composers also pass different “creation ideas” to the players. In addition to play the notes on the score, players should understand the connotation of the composer’s selection of different notations. By the development and exploration of notation in percussion works, the paper aims to understand the characteristics of different notations, the development and application of percussion works, thereby allowing composers and players to fully convey and present the percussion music by relying on different notations.
中文書目

王美珠,《音樂˙跨域˙文集》。台北:美樂出版社,2012。
朱宗慶,《打擊樂演奏的探討》。台北:財團法人擊樂文教基金會,1993。
朱宗慶,《擊樂作品演奏的探討》。台北:財團法人擊樂文教基金會,1998。
呂鈺秀,《台灣音樂史》。台北:五南出版社,2003。
呂錘寬,《台灣傳統音樂概論》。台北:五南出版社,2007。
宋瑾,《西方音樂 從現代到現代》。上海:上海音樂出版社,2004。
宋瑾譯,S.Kostka 著,《20世紀音樂的素材與技法》。北京:人民音樂出版社,2002。
余丹紅編著,《放耳聽世界—約翰•凱吉傳》。上海:上海音樂出版社,2001。
洪蘭譯,Daniel Kahneman著,《快思慢想》。台北:天下文化出版社,2013。
陳啟成,《曲式分析與作曲》。台北:樂韻出版社,2009。
黃枕宇譯,Reginald Smith Brindle著,《1945年以來的先鋒派新音樂》。北京:人民音樂出版社,2001。
張己任,《西洋音樂風格的演變》。台北:台灣商務印書館,1983。
張錦鴻,《和聲學》。台北:群音樂譜出版社有限公司,2004。
溫秋菊,《侯佑宗的平劇鑼鼓》。台北:行政院文化建設委員會,1992。
楊軍,《京劇鑼鼓之多少?》。台北:台灣戲曲學院,2008。
趙三賢譯,William Benzon著,《腦內交響曲》。台北:商周出版社,2003。
劉大鵬,《京劇鑼鼓進階教材》。台北:國立台灣戲曲專科學校,2000。
劉志明,《西洋音樂史與風格》。台北:全音樂譜出版社,1991。
劉志明,《曲式學》。台北:全音樂譜出版社,2003。
劉志明,《和聲學》。台北:全音樂譜出版社,2001。
潘皇龍,《讓我們來欣賞現代音樂》。台北:全音樂譜出版社,1987。
潘皇龍,《現代音樂的焦點》。台北:全音樂譜出版社,1987。
錢南章、賴美貞,《南風樂章 錢南章的作曲人生》。台北:麥田出版社,2007。
顏綠芬主編,《台灣當代作曲家》。台北:玉山社出版,2006。
顏綠芬,《不固定樂思》。台北:玉山社出版,2006。

中文年誌、專刊

《豐收鑼鼓 朱宗慶打擊樂團五年誌》。台北:朱宗慶打擊樂團,1990。
《朱宗慶打擊樂團15年誌》。台北:財團法人擊樂文教基金會,2001。
《1993台北國際打擊樂節 專刊》。1993 5/25-5/30。
《1996台北國際打擊樂節 專刊》。1996 5/22-5/26。
《1999台北國際打擊樂節 專刊》。1999 6/5-6/12。

中文學術論文

吳思珊,《劇場元素在擊樂作品中的應用》。台北:國立台北藝術大學音樂學系,博士班論文,2008。new window
程筱雯,《二十世紀打擊樂重奏展演的特色與創新》。台北:國立台北教育大學音樂學系,碩士論文,2010。
黃堃儼,《1980年後台灣打擊樂發展之研究》。台北:國立台北藝術大學音樂學系,博士班論文,2011。new window
溫秋菊,《平劇中武場音樂之研究》。台北:私立中國文化大學藝術研究所,1989。
陳永生,《京劇鑼鼓中鼓佬的手勢研究》。台北:國立藝術學院音樂研究所,碩士研究報告,1999。

外文書目

Anthony J.Cirone:A Practical Guide to Percussion Terminology. The United States:Meredith Music Publications, 1998.
Anthony J.Cirone:On Musical Interpretation in Percussion Performance. The United States:Meredith Music Publications, 2008.
Anthony J.Cirone, and Joe Sinai:The Logic of it All. The United States:Meredith Music Publications, 2008.
Anthony J.Cirone, Neil Grover, and Garwood Whaley:The Art of Percussion Playing. The United States:Meredith Music Publications, 2006.
Anthony J.Cirone, Charles Doed, and Morris Lang:Percussion Master Class on Works by Carter, Milhaud, and Stravinsky. The United States:Meredith Music Publications,2010.
Carl Parrish:The notation of Medieval Music. New York:Pendragon Press, 1978.
Gary Cook:Teaching Percussion. New York:Schirmer Books, 1997.
Geary Larrick:Theory and Composition of Percussion Music. Canada:The Edwin Mellen Press, 2004.
Geary Larrick:Analytical and Biographical Writings in Percussion Music. New York:Peter Lang Publishing, 1989.
George Houle:Meter in Music, 1600-1800. The United States:Indiana University Press, 1987.
H.Owen Reed, Joel Leach, and Deanna Hudgins:Scoring for Percussion. The United States:Alfred Music Publishing Co., 2010.
Howard Risatti:NEW MUSIC VOCABULARY. The United States:University of Illinois Press, 1975.
James Blades:Percussion Instruments and Their History. Connecticut:The Bold Strummer, 1992.
James Pritchett:The Music of John Cage. New York:Cambridge University Press, 1993.
James Wierzbicki:Elliott Carter. Chicago:University of Illinois Press, 2011.
Jeremy Montsgu:Timpani & Percussion. London:Yale University Press, 2002.
Kurt Stone:Music Notation in the Twentieth Century. New York:W.W.Norton &Company, 1980.
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Nancy Zeltsman:Four-Mallet Marimba Playing. Milwaukee:Hal Leonard Co.,2003.
Poncho Sanchez:Conga Cookbook. The United States:Cherry Lane Music Company,2002.
Rebecca Kite:Keiko Abe—A Virtuosic Life. The United States:GP percussion, 2007.
Reginald Smith Brindle:The New Music:The Avant-Grade since 1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
Reginald Smith Brindle:Contemporary Percussion. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970.
Robert Dearling:The Encyclopedia of Musical Instrument—Percussion & Electronic Instruments.London:Carlton Books Limited, 2001.
Russ Girsberger:A Practical Guide to Percussion Terminology. The United States:Meredith Music Publications,1998.
Samuel Solomon:How to Write for Percussion. New York:Library of Congress Catalog CardNo. 10-95545, 2002.
Steven Schick:The percussion art—same bed, different dreams. New York:University of Rochester Press, 2006.
Tom Gerou, and Linda Lusk:Essential Dictionary of Music Notation. The United States:Alfred Music Publishing Co., 1996.
Virginia Gaburo:Notation. California:Lingua Press, 1977.
Willi Apel:The notation of polyphonic music 900-1600. Oxford City Press, 2010.


樂譜

洪千惠:《五台馬林巴的故事》
洪千惠:《擊樂畫像》
洪千惠:《蛇年的陰晴圓缺》
洪崇焜:《互動》
張瓊櫻:《百戲》
錢南章:《擊鼓》
錢南章:《五首小品》
錢南章:《158》
賴德和:《好戲上場》
賴德和:《擊樂三重奏無題》
鍾耀光:《兵車行》

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