參考文獻
一、中文部分
內政部統計處（2010）。民國98年老人狀況調查結果摘要分析。2014年1月21日取自網址：http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/Survey/list.html。
內政部統計處（2011）。「100年社會福利服務機構概況調查」結果摘要分析。2014年2月18日取自網址：http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/Survey/社福機構/社福機構摘要分析0808(修正版)。
內政部統計處（2013）。101年底我國老人長期照顧及安養機構概況。2013年4月16日取自網址：http://www.moi.gov.tw/stat/news_content.aspx?sn=7230&page=3。
內政部統計處（2014）。102年底人口結構分析。2014年2月18日取自
網址http://www.moi.gov.tw/stat/news_content.aspx?sn=8057。
行政院經濟建設委員（2008a）。中華民國台灣97年至145年人口推計。2009年12月13日取自網址：http://www.cepd.gov.tw/m1.aspx?sNo=0000455。
行政院衛生署國民健康局（2008b）。民國96年中老年身心社會生活狀況長期追蹤（第六次）調查。2012年5月8日取自網址：http://www.bhp.doh.gov.tw/bhpnet/portal/Them.aspx?No=200712270002。
行政院體育委員會（2008c）。中華民國97 年運動城市排行榜調查報告。2011年9月18日取自網址：http://www.sac.gov.tw/publication/publication.aspx?type=6&ap=0&wmid=165。
行政院衛福部國民健康署（2012）。健康生活動起來手冊。2014年8月8日取自網址：http://www.hpa.gov.tw/BHPNet/Web/Books/manual_content03.aspx。
行政院主計總處（2013）。2012年社會指標統計表及歷年專題探討。2013年12月21日取自網址：http://www.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=34949&ctNode=538&mp=4。
吳怡真（2001）家庭照顧者之支持性服務需求。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣大學衛生政策與管理研究所，臺北市。
吳佳儀（2002）。社區老人睡眠品質與身體活動、憂鬱之相關性探討。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣大學護理學系，臺北市。
吳秋燕（2003）。老年人身體活動、心肺適能與生 活品質之相關研究。未出版之碩士論文，臺北市，國立臺灣師範大學體育研究所。
呂美玲（2003）。老年人健康狀況、身體活動與功能性體適能相關之探討。未出版之碩士論文，臺北市，國立臺灣師範大學體育研究所。
呂源三、莊玉嬪、詹德欽、莊家銘、洪弘昌（2006）。老人健康需求與長期照護觀點。台灣老年醫學雜誌，2（1），1-11。
呂寶靜（2007）。誰來照顧老人?台灣民眾對照顧老人責任看法之初探。家庭價值行為與態度：台灣社會變遷基本調查第九次研討會。臺北市：國立政治大學社會工作研究所。
李月萍、陳玉敏、邱美汝（2007）。安養機構老人規律運動行為現況及預測因子探討。實證護理，3（4），300-308。
李維靈、施建彬、邱翔蘭（2007）。退休老人休閒活動參與及其幸福感之相關研究。人文暨社會科學期刊，3（2），27-35。李淑芳、劉淑燕（2008）。老年人功能性體適能。臺北市：華都文化。
林昭吟、林季平（2004）。身心障礙者提前老化與健康照護需求之研究。93年度委託研究計畫報告。臺北市：內政部社會司。
林進財、吳政儒、李仁智（2005）。台灣地區長期照護市場供需之研究—灰色
預測模式之應用。2005年管理思維與實務學術研討會，銘傳大學，台北市。
侯青雲（2005）。活動治療在長期照護機構中的功能。臺灣老人保健學刊，1卷（2），43-51。范涵惠（2002）。長期照護機構老人健康狀況、生活適應及生活滿意度相關性之探討。未出版碩士論文，中國醫藥學院醫學研究所，臺中市。
高明（2004）。教育研究法。臺北市：鼎茂圖書公司。
許佩蓉、張俊喜、林靜宜、林壽惠、李世代（2006）。機構式長期照護綜論。臺灣老年醫學雜誌，1（4），198-215。
許毓珈、林麗娟、汪翠瀅、黃上真、吳蕙雯（2013）。社區型團體運動對社區中老年人身心功能之影響。台灣職能治療研究與實務，9（1），16-27。教育部教育社會司（1991）。老人教育。臺北市：師大書苑。
陳晶瑩（2003）。老年人之長期照護。台灣醫學，7（3），404-413。
陳肇男（2003）。台灣老人休閒生活與生活品質。人口學刊，26，96-136。陳龍弘、盧俊宏、陳淑珠（2004）。真的是要活就要動？！身體活動與健康效益之探討。健康世界，219 ，36-39 。
陳志文、林春鳳（2009）。屏東縣養護機構老人休閒活動現況與休閒阻礙因素之調查研究。屏東教大體育，12，32-47。陳健治、鄭德志、鄭秀貴、陳俐伶（2013）。屏東縣某安養機構老人休閒生活之探討：學生的敘說觀點。休閒運動保健學報，4，104-114。
張蓓貞（2004）。健康促進理論與實務。臺北縣：新文京。
黃政傑（1995）。成人教育課程設計。臺北：師大書苑。
黃凱琳（2003）。住入護理之家前後住民醫療資源枆用之比較。未出版碩士論文，高雄醫學大學公共衛生學研究所，高雄市。
黃子庭（2005）。長期照護老年住民常見的安全問題：虐待、跌倒及營養不良。長期照護雜誌，9（3），205-212。
詹美華（2005）。老年人肌力衰退之機轉與在強化之要訣。物理治療，30（6），285-292 。
鄧運林（1986）。成人教育課程發展理論。臺北：復文圖書出版社。
葉重新（2004）。教育研究法。臺北市：心理出版有限公司。
葉莉莉（2004）。機構照護的挑戰－「無約束」的機構照護。社區發展季刊，105，354-367。
葉怡成、黃清雲、魏惠娟（2014）。運動介入對機構高齡者身體適能成效分析。中正教育研究，13（2），115-153。
鄭雪英（1998）。基隆地區扶養機構老人健康狀況與生活照顧之探討。公共衛生，24（4），235-250。
衛生福利部（2012）。101年國民醫療保健支出統計提要分析。2012年5月8日
取自衛生福利部統計處
http://www.mohw.gov.tw/cht/DOS/Statistic.aspx?f_list_no=312&fod_list_no=4534。
衛生福利部（2012）。老人福利機構設立標準。2014年8月28日取自衛生福利部社會及家庭署http://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=D0050039。
衛生福利部（2014）。老人福利法。2014年7月2日取自衛生福利部社會及家庭署
http://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=D0050037。
顏敏玲、陳玉敏（2008）。安養機構老人身體活動及其相關因素。實證護理，4（2），89-98。魏惠娟（2000）。成人教育方案發展：理論與實際。臺北：五南。
魏惠娟（2005）。方案規劃在成人教育體系中的定位問題：角色、矛盾與超越。高師大學報，19，45-62。饒慧雯（2006）。銀髮太極健身操對長照機構輪椅倚賴老人身心健康成效之探討。未出版碩士論文，輔英科技大學護理研究所，高雄市。
二、英文部分
American College of Sports Medicine. (2009). ACSM’s exercise management for persons with chronic diseases and disabilities. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics
American College of Sports Medicine. (2010). ACSM’s health – related physical
fitness assessment manual.Baltimore, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Bastone, A, de C., & Filho, W, Jacob. (2004) Effect of an exercise program on functional performance of institutionalized elderly. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 41 (5), 659-668.
Baum, E. E., Jarjoura, D., Polen, A., Faur, D.(2003). Rutecki, G. Effectiveness of a group exercise program in a long-term care facility: A randomized pilot trial. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 474-480.
Berg, K., Wood-Dauphinee, S., Williams, J. I., & Gayton, D.(1989).Measuring balance in the elderly：Preliminary development of an instrument. Physiotherapy Canada, 41(6), 304-311.
Berg, K.O., Maki, B.E., Williams, J. I., Holliday, P. J., & Wood-Dauphinee, S. L. (1992) Clinical and laboratory measures of postural balance in an elderly
population. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 73 ,1073-1080.
Berg, K., Wood-Dauphinee, S., & Williams, J. I. (1995) The Balance Scale:
reliability assessment with elderly residents and patients with an
acute stroke. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 27, 27-36.
Berryman, J. W. (2010). Exercise is medicine: a historical perspective. Current sports medicine reports,9(4), 1-7.
Boone,E.J. (1985). Developing Programs in Adult Education. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:Prentice-Hall.
Boyle,P.G. (1981). Planning Better Programs. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Brill, P. A. (2004) Functional Fitness for older adults. Champaign, IL：Human Kinetics
Caffaralla,R. (1994). Planning Programs for Adult Learners. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Caspersen, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Reports, 100 (2), 126-131.
Choi, J. H., Moon, J. S., & Song, R. (2005)Effects of Sun-style Tai Chi exercise on physical fitness and fall prevention in fall-prone older adults. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 51, 150-157.
Chou, K. L., Chow, N. W. S., & Chi, I. (2004). Leisure participation amongst Hong Kong Chinese older adults. Aging & Society, 24(4), 617-629.
Corbin, D. E., & Metal-Corbin, J. (1997). Reach for it! A handbook of health, exercise and dance activities for older adults. Dubuque, IA: Eddie Bowers.
Cress, M. E., Buchner, D. M., Quested, K. A., Esselman, P. C., deLateur, B. J., & Schwartz, R. S. (1999). Exercise: Effects on physical functional performance in independent older adults. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 54(5), 242-248.
Donat, H., & Ozcan, A. (2007). Comparison of the effectiveness of two programmes on older adults at risk of falling: unsupervised home exercise and supervised group exercise. Clinical Rehabilitation, 21, 273-283.
Donoghue, D., Physiotherapy Research and Older People (PROP) group., & Stokes, E., K.(2009) How much change is true change? The minimum detectable change of the Berg Balance Scale in elderly people. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 41, 343-346.
Fiatarone, M. A., O'Neill, E. F., Ryan, N. D., Clements, K. M., Solares, G. R., Nelson, M. E., Robert, S. B., Kehayias, J. J., Lipsitz, L. A., & Evans,w. J.(1994). Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people. The New England Journal of Medicine, 330, 1769-1775.
Elizabeth, W-D, Mathieu, H. G., Erik, J. A., Joris, P. J., & Cees, P. (2011). Frail Institutionalized Older Persons: A Comprehensive Review on Physical Exercise, Physical Fitness, Activities of Daily Living, and Quality-of-Life.American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 90(2),156-168.
Gillies, E., Aitchison, T., MacDonald, J., & Grant, S. (1999) Outcomes of a 12-week functional exercise programme for institutionalised elderly people. Physiotherapy ,85, 349-357.
Gregg, E. W., Cauley, J. A ., Stone, K., Thompson, T. J., Bauer, D. C., Cummings, S. R., & Ensrud, K. E. : for the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. (2003). Relationship of changes in physical activity and mortality among older women. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 289, 2379-2386.
Gudlaugsson, J., Gudnason, V., Aspelund, T., Siggeirsdottir, Kristin., Olafsdottir, A. S., Jonsson, P. V., Arngrimsson, S. A., Harris, T. B., & Johannsson, E.(2012). Effects of a 6-month multimodal training intervention on retention of functional fitness in older adults: A randomized-controlled cross-over design. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9, 1-11
Halsaa, K. E., Brovold, T., Graver, V., Sandvik, L., & Bergland, A. (2007) Assessments of
interrater reliability and internal consistency of theNorwegian version of the Berg
Balance Scale. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 88, 94-98.
Hara, T., & Shimada, T.(2007). Effects of exercise on the improvement of the physical functions of the elderly. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 19, 15-26.
Hoeger, W. W. K., & Hoeger, S. A. (2006). Principles and Labs for Fitness and Wellness. (8th ed) Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.
Hruda, K. V., Hicks, A. L., & McCartney, N. (2003). Training for muscle power in older adults: Effects on functional abilities. The Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 28, 178-189.
Jette, A. M., Branch, L. G., & Berlin, J. (1990). Musculoskeletal impairments and physical disablement among the aged. Journal of Gerontology, 45(6), 203-208.
Jonas, S., & Phillips, E. M. (2009). ACSM’s exercise is medicineTM: A clinician’s guide to exercise prescription. Philadelphia, PE: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Ikezoe, T., Tsutou, A., Asakawa, Y., & Tsuboyama, T. (2005).Low Intensity Training for Frail Elderly Women: Long -term Effects on Motor Function and Mobility. Journal of Physical Therapy Science,17, 43-9.
Kane, R. A., & Kane, R. L.(1987).Long-term care: Principles, programs, and
policies. NY: Springer Publishing Co.
Knowles, M. (1980). The modern practice of adult education: From pedagogy to andragogy. (Rev.ed.).Chicago: Follett.
Laukkanen, P., Heikkinen, E., & Kauppinen, M. (1995). Muscle strength and mobility as predictors of survival in 75-84-year-old people. Age and Ageing, 24, 468-473.
Lewis, S. C. (2002). Life development in the later years: Theories of aging and development: Falls, fear of falling, and fall prevention. In Elder Care in Occupational Therapy. USA, Slack, Inc
Lord, S. R., Menz, H. B., & Tiedemann, A. (2003). A physiological profile approach to falls risk assessment and prevention. Physical Therapy, 83, 237-253.
Mahoney, F., & Barthel, D. (1965). Functional evaluation: the Barthel Index. Maryland State Medical Journal, 2, 61-65.
McMurdo, M. E., & Rennie, L. M. (1994). Improvements in quadriceps strength with regular seated exercise in the institutionalized elderly. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, (75), 600-603.
McDermott, A. Y., & Mernitz, H. (2006). Exercise and older patients: prescribing guidelines. American Family Physician, 74, 437-444.
Meuleman, J. R., Brechue, W. F., Kubilis, P. S., & Lowenthal, D. T. (2000) Exercise training in the debilitated aged: Strength and functional outcomes. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,81, 312-318.
Meyer, K., Stolz, C., Rott, C., & Laederach-Hofmann, K. (2009). Physical activity assessment and health outcomes in old age: How valid are dose response relationships in epidemiologic studies? European Review of Aging and Physical Activity,6(1), 7-11.
Mulrow, C. D., Gerety, M. B., Kanten, D., Cornell, J. E., DeNino, L. A., Chiodo, L., Aguilar, C., O'Neil, M. B., Rosenberg, J., & Soli, R. M. (1994). A randomized trial of physical rehabilitation for very frail nursing home residents. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 271, 519-524.
Nelson, M. E., Rejeski, W. J., Blair, S. N., Duncan, P. W., Judge, J. O., King, A. C., King, A, C., Macera, C, A., & Castaneda-Sceppa, C. (2007). Physical activity and public health in older adults: Recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39(8), 1435-1445.
Ouslander, J.G., Griffiths, P. C., McConnell, E., & Riolo, L (2005). Functional incidental training: a randomized, controlled, crossover trial in Veterans Affairs nursing homes. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53,1091-1100..
Paffenbarger, R. S., Hyde, R. T., Wing, A. L., Lee, I. M., Jung, D. L., & Kampert, J. B. (1993).The association of changes in physical-activity level and other lifestyle characteristics with mortality among men. The New England Journal of Medicine, 328, 538-545.
Pereira, C. L. N., Vogelaere, P., & Baptista, F. (2008).Role of physical activity in the prevention of fallsand their consequences in the elderly. EuropeanReview of Aging and Physical Activity, 5(1), 51-58.
Peterson, M. J., Crowley, G. M., Sullivan, R. J., & Morey, M. C. (2004) Physical function in sedentary and exercising older veterans as compared to national norms. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development,41(5), 653-658.
Phillips, E. M., & Roy, B. A. (2009). Exercise is Medicine: partnering with physicians. ACSM's Health & Fitness Journal, 13(6), 28-30.
Purath, J., Buchholz, S. W., & Kark, D. L. (2009). Physical fitness assessment of older adults in the primary care setting. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 21, 101-107.
Rikli, R. E., & Jones, C. J. (1999). Development and validation of functional fitness test for community-residing older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 7, 129-161.Rikli, R.E., & Jones, C.J. (2001). Senior fitness test manual. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.Robbins, G., Powers, D., & Burgess, S. (2008). A wellness way of life. Boston : McGraw-Hill.
Rosendahl, E., Lindelof, N., Littbrand, H., Yifter-Lindgren, E., Lundin- Olsson, L., Haglin, L., Gustafson, Y., & Nyberg, L.(2006). High-intensity functional exercise program and protein-enriched energy supplement for older persons dependent in activities of daily living: a randomized controlled trial. Australian Journal of
Physiotherapy, 52, 105-113.
Różańska-Kirschke, A., Kocur, P., Wilk, M., & Dylewicz, p.(2006) The Fullerton Fitness Test as an index of fitness in the elderly. Medical Rehabilitation, 10(2), 9-16.
Salbach, N. M., Mayo, N. E., Robichaud-Ekstrand, S., Hanley, J. A., Richards, C. L., & Wood-Dauphinee, S. (2006) Balance Self-Efficacy and Its Relevance to Physical Function and Perceived Health Status After Stroke. The Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 87, 364-370.
Shimada, H., & Uchiyama, Y, & Kakurai, S. (2003) Specific effects of balance and gait exercise on physical function among the frail elderly. Clinical Rehabilitation. 17, 472-479
Schnelle, J. F., MacRae, P. G., Giacobassi, K., MacRae, HSH., Simmons, S. F., & Ouslander, J.G. (1996). Exercise with physically restrained nursing home residents: Maximizing benefits of restraint reduction. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society ,44, 507-512.
Schoenfelder, D.P., & Rubenstein, L. M. (2004).An exercise program to improve fall-related outcomes in elderly nursing home residents. Applied Nursing Research ,17, 21-31.
Shih, Y.-F., & Hsu, Y.-H. (2005). Physical activity and flexibility in older adults. Formosan Journal of Physical Therapy, 30(6), 293-304.
Sork,T.J., & Buskey,J.H. (1986). A descriptive analysis of program planning literature,1950-1983. Adult Education Quarterly, 36(2), 86-96.
Tinetti, M. E., Baker, D. I., McAvay, G., Claus, E. B., Garrett, P., & Gottschalk, M., et al. (1994). A multifactorial intervention to reduce the risk of falling among elderly people living in the community. The New England Journal of Medicine, 331, 821-827.
Tseng, C. N., Chen, C. C., Wu, S. C., & Lin, L. C. (2006) Effects of a range-of-motion exercise Programme. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 57(2),1-11.
United States Department of Health and Human Services (2009). 2008 physical activity guidelines for Americans. Retrieved from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Website:
http://www.health.gov/paguidelines/guidelines/default.aspx
Washburn, R. A., Smith, K. W. Jette, A. M., ＆ Janney, C. A. (1993). The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE): Development and evaluation. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 46(2), 153-162.
Whitehurst, M. A., Johnson, B. L., Parker, C. M., Brown, L. E., & Ford, A. M. (2005). The benefits of a functional exercise circuit for older adults. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19(3), 647-651.
Wilkin, D., & Hughes, B. (1987). Residential care of the elderly people: The consumers view. Ageing and Society, 7(2),175-201.
Wilmore, J. K., Costill, D. L., & Kenney, W. L. (2008). Physiology of sport & exercise (4th ed.). Champaign, Il: Human Kinetics.
World Health Organization (2002) Active Ageing: A Policy Framework. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Zimmer, Z., & Lin, H. S. (1996). Leisure activity and wellbeing among the elderly in Taiwan: Testing hypotheses in an Asian setting. Journal of Cross Cultural Gerontology,
11(2), 167-186.