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題名：全球域名法制之治理架構研究─以ICANN的組織原理及制度運作為中心
作者：蔡志宏
作者(外文)：Tsai, Chih-Hong
校院名稱：國立交通大學
系所名稱：科技法律研究所
指導教授：倪貴榮
陳鋕雄
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2018
主題關鍵詞：域名；DNS；ICANN；網路治理；公私協力；Domain Name；DNS；ICANN；Internet Governance；Public and Private Partnership
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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域名是網際網路中重要的關鍵核心資源。域名是否分配、如何分配、分配後如何維持其正當使用秩序，在現行運作上，ICANN扮演了不可或缺的重要角色。但ICANN並不是依據國際條約所授權成立的國際組織，而只是一個在美國加州註冊成立的非營利私法人機構。為什麼特定單一國家的私法人機構卻可以在全球網際網路上享有如此重要關鍵的權力？其法理正當基礎為何？各主權國家對於這樣的現象，又應該採取什麼樣的立場？這是本論文最根本的問題意識。在此問題意識之上，本論文開展了對於ICANN組織原理及其相關制度運作之研究。
本論文同時介紹了關於網際網路空間治理的兩大理論：網路空間獨立理論、網路空間主權理論，並說明兩大理論各自的運用與發展。之後本論文則是借鑑傳統的公私協力理論，提出了適用於網際網路空間治理的新理論，用以詮釋網際網路由私部門領導發展之法理基礎。另外，本論文也透過產業數據分析、實地訪談，檢證了ICANN的治理成效，並嘗試就其成效原因提出本論文的看法，藉此回應本論文的根本問題意識。最後，本論文歸納了全球域名治理架構下應有的原理原則，並闡述了全球域名治理對我國的啟發，再提出本論文的多項結論與建議。
The Internet Governance on Domain Name Legal System
— Focus on ICANN and Its Operation
Abstract
Domain Name is an essential core resource in the Internet. In its current operation, ICANN has played an indispensable role in whether and how to assign the domain name and how to maintain its just order of use. However, ICANN is not an international organization established by international law, but a non-profit private legal entity registered in California, U.S. Why this private legal entity established by a single nation can own such important authority in the global internet? The issue awareness of the dissertation is what the basis of its legal reason is, and what attitude to this phenomenon of each sovereign state shall adopt. In this regard, the dissertation explores the study of the organization principles and its operation of related system of ICANN.
The dissertation also introduces two theories of the internet cyberspace governance: "Cyberspace Independence Theory" and "Cyberspace Sovereignty Theory", and sets forth each application and development. Later, the dissertation learns the theory of "Public and Private Partnership" from traditional administrative law and, therefore, advances the application of the new theory in the internet governance in order to interpret the legal basis of the internet leaded and developed by the private sector. In addition, the dissertation examines ICANN's governance effectiveness by industry data analysis and field interviews and comments the reasons of its effectiveness in response to the issue awareness of the dissertation. Lastly, the dissertation summarizes the principal theory the global internet governance should adopt and illustrates the inspiration provided by the global domain name governance to Taiwan as well as brings forward the conclusions and suggestions.
壹、中文文獻
（人名部分依筆劃順序排列）

一、專書及專書論文
1. Hans-Heinrich Trute、山本隆司、陳愛娥，公私協力的規制—以受管制之「社會自我規制」為考察重心，台灣行政法學會研討會論文集，2012年 12月。
2. 方濱興，論網路空間主權，2017年9月。
3. 宋學文、陳鴻基，從全球化探討網際網路時代的政策管理，收錄於項靖、朱斌妤、陳敦源主編，電子治理理論與實務的臺灣經驗，2011年11月。
4. 林依仁，私營化的界限，民營化時代之行政法新思維，李建良主編，行政管制行政爭議／民營化時代的行政法新趨勢，2012年12月。
5. 林淑馨，檢證民營化、公私協力與PFI，2013年12月。
6. 宮鑫、王培陛，域名投資的秘密，2016年7月。
7. 徐峰，塔林手冊2.0 版的網路主權觀，網絡主權論—法理、政策與實踐，2017年7月。
8. 張桐銳，合作國家，當代公法新論（中），2002年7月。
9. 張桐銳，補充性原則與社會政策，黃宗樂教授六秩祝賀公法學篇（一）， 2002年5月。
10. 許可，網絡空間主權的制度建構，黃志雄主編，網絡主權論—法理、政策與實踐，2017年7月。
11. 許宗力，基本權利對國庫行為之限制，收錄於許宗力，法與國家權力， 1993年4月。
12. 許宗力，論行政任務的民營化，當代公法新論（中），2002年7月。
13. 陳敦源，民主治理－公共行政與民主政治的制度性調和，2012年9月。
14. 程明修、詹鎮榮，臺灣公私協力理論、法制及實務動向，全球化／福利國家特別權力關係／公私協力，台灣行政法學會研討會論文集，2012年12月。
15. 黃錦堂，行政組織法之基本問題，翁岳生編，行政法（上），2006年10月。
16. 楊劍，國家主權在網絡空間的適用性，黃志雄主編，網絡主權論—法理、政策與實踐，2017年7月。
17. 詹鎮榮，德國法中「社會自我管制」機制初探，民營化法與管制革新， 2005年9月。
18. 詹鎮榮，論民營化類型中之「公私協力」，民營化法與管制革新，2005年9月。
19. 謝永江，網絡法上的網絡空間主權原則，黃志雄主編，網絡主權論—法理、政策與實踐，2017年7月。
20. 謝銘洋、林麗真、陳人傑、陳彥嘉、郭佳玫、賴文智、林家慶、林青慧，新通用頂級域名（New gTLD）開放對我國域名管理機制之影響與因應之研究，財團法人台灣網路資訊中心編印，2014年2月。

二、翻譯專書
1. Jovan Kurbalija著，陳文生譯，網路治理概論，2017年5月。
2. Budaus/Gruning著，詹鎮榮譯，公私協力在德國憲法與行政法上之挑戰與發展，全化下之管制行政法，政治大學法學院公法中心編，2011年5月。
3. Cricket Liu & Paul Albitz 著，蔣大偉編譯， DNS and Bind 管理，2007年11月。
4. Jan Ziekow著，詹鎮榮譯，公私協力在德國憲法與行政法上之挑戰與發展，全球化下之管制行政法，政治大學法學院公法中心編，2011年5月。

三、期刊專文
1. 左正東，全球網路治理中的知識與權力，問題與研究，第44卷第5期，2005年9、10月。
2. 石亞瑩，國際法視野中的軟法－從軟法與條約間關係的視角，國際經濟法學刊第22卷1期，2015年7月。
3. 陳穎彥，涉外網域名稱爭議之研究，臺灣國際法季刊第7 卷第2 期， 2010年6月。
4. 廖元豪，政府業務外包後的公共責任問題研究－美國與我國的個案研究，月旦法學雜誌第178期，2010年3月。
5. 劉靜怡，從ICANN的成形與發展看網際網路公共資源分配和標準制定統籌管理機制的政策與法律問題：一九九八至二○○一年的國際趨勢觀察與省思，台灣大學法學論叢第30卷第6期，2001年11月。
6. 蔡志宏，域名法律性質探索—域名是合同，還是所有權？海峽兩岸司法實務研討會論文集，2017年8月。
7. 蔡志宏，關於UDRP決定之司法效力之研究－以海峽兩岸法院裁判為中心，科技法學評論第九卷第一期—交大法學評論，2012年6月。
8. 蔣劍鳴，域名本體概述：概念、系統、結構與管理，互聯網域名與商標衝突研究，2011年。
9. 鄧衍森，企業與人權的連結理論與發展趨勢，證券服務第631 期， 2014年11月。


四、法院判決
1. 智慧財產法院103年度民商訴字第60號民事裁定。
2. 智慧財產法院104年民商抗字第4號民事裁定。
3. 最高法院104年度台抗字第1004號民事裁定。
4. 臺灣高等法院91年上字第357號民事判決。
5. 臺灣臺北地方法院89年度訴字第5155 號民事判決。
6. 臺灣臺北地方法院101年度訴字第3493號民事判決。

五、統計資料
1. 司法院統計室：2017年我國各地方法院之新收案件量。
 
貳、外國文獻

一、專書及期刊論文
1. Draft Declaration Based on Discussion in the Working Group of the SubCommittee 2, Document WISI/PC-2/DT/2-E, February 25, 2003.
2. David R. Johnson & David Post, Law and Borders—The Rise of Law in Cyberspace, 48 Stan. L. Rev. 1367 & 1374 & 1393 (1996).
3. Daniel Drezner, The Global Governance of Internet: Bring the Great Powers Back In, 119 Political Science Quarterly, 477-498 (2004)
4. Adam Goldstein, Icannsucks.biz (And Why You Can’t Say It): How Fair Use of Trademarks in Domain Names Is Restrained, 12 FordhamIntell. Prop. Media & Ent. L.J. 1151 (2002).
5. Heather N. Mewes, Memorandum of Understanding on the Generic Top-Level Domain Name Space of the Internet Domain Name System,13 Berkeley Tech. L.J. 235, 239 (1998).
6. IAN WALDEN, TELECOMMUNICATIONS LAW AND REGULATION, 728-746 (2009).
7. JACK GOLDSMITH & TIM WU, WHO CONTROLS THE INTERNET, 43 (2008).
8. JOEL SNYDER, KONSTANTINOS KOMAITIS, ANDREI BOBACHEVSKY, THEHISTORY OF IANA: AN EXTENDED TIMELINE WITH CITATION WITH CITATION AND COMMENTARY 2 (2017).
9. Justin T. Lepp, ICANN's Escape from Antitrust Liability, 89 Wash. U.L. Rev. 931, 938-948 (2012).
10. Joseph P. Liu, Legitimacy and Authority in Internet Coordination: A Domain Name Case Study, 74 Ind. L.J. 587 (1999).
11. LAWRENCE LESSIG, CODE VERSION 2.0, 61-62(2006)
12. LAURA DENARDIS, THE GLOBAL WAR FOR INTETNET GOVERNANCE, 47 (2014)
13. Michael Froomkin, Wrong Turn in Cyberspace: Using ICANN to Route Around the APA and the Constitution, 50 Duke L.J. 17 (2000).
14. MICHAEL N. SCHMITT, TALLINN MANUAL ON THE INTERNATIONAL LAW APPLICATION TO CYBER OPERATION, 61 (2017).
15. Milton L. Mueller, Competing DNS Roots: Creative Destruction or Just Plain Destruction? 3 J. Network Ind. 313, 323 (2002).
16. MILTON L. MUELLER, RULING THE ROOT, 81 (2004).
17. MILTON L. MUELLER, NETWORKS AND STATES—　The Global Politics of Internet Governance, 107-125(2013)
18. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, ET AL., SIGNPOSTS IN CYBERSPACE: THE DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM AND INTERNET NAVIGATION, 39 (2005)
19. NTIA, Improvement of Technical Management of Internet Names andAddress; Proposed Rule, 63 Fed. Reg. 8825, 8827(Feb. 20, 1998).
20. NTIA, Management of Internet Names and Addresses, 63 Fed. Reg. 31741 (Jun. 5, 1998)
21. Scott H. Blackman & Rebecca M. McNeill, Alternative Dispute Resolution in Commercial Intellectual Property Disputes, 47 Am. U. L.Rev. 1709, 1715, n. 35 (1998)
22. Chih-Hong Tsai, The Trademark/Domain Name Protection War: A Comparative Study of the U.S., UDRP and Taiwanese Law, 12 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 350, 360-361 (2012)
23. Wolfgang Kleinwachter, From Self-Governance to Public-private Partnership: The Change Role of Governments in the Management of the Internet’s Core Resources, 36 LOY. L.A. L. REV. 1103, 1121 (2003)

二、法院判決及爭議解決決定
1. Auerbach v. ICANN, Case No. BS074771, Calif. Superior Court, Los Angeles (Aug. 7, 2002).
2. FINAL DECLARATION of ICDR No. 01-16-0000-7056.
3. Yahoo, Inc. v. La Ligue Contre Le Racisme et L'Antisemitism, 169 F. Supp. 2d 1181 (N.D. Cal., 2001).
4. High Court of Paris, May 22, 2000, Interim Court Order No. 00/05308, 00/05309.
5. Jenny RUBIN et al., v. ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN (138 S. Ct. 816, 2018).
6. YoYo. EMAIL LIMITED v. ROYAL BANK OF SCOTLAND GROUP PLC and Others, [2015] EWHC 3509 (Ch).
7. Michael Ross v. Playboy Enterprises International, Inc, [2016] EWHC 1379 (IPEC).
 
參、網路資料
1. WSIS, Declaration of Principle, Document WSIS-03/GENEVA/DOC/4-E, available at http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/md/03/wsis/doc/S03-WSIS-DOC-0004!!PDF-E.pdf
2. WSIS, Declaration of Principles, Document WSIS-03/GENEVA/DOC/4-E 12 December 2003, available at https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/md/03/wsis/doc/S03-WSIS-DOC-0004!!PDF-E.pdf
3. "Commercial Stakeholder Group Charter" 2.1, available at http://gnso.icann.org/en/improvements/csg-charter-01nov10-en.pdf
4. "Commercial Stakeholder Group Charter" 2.1, available at http://gnso.icann.org/en/improvements/csg-charter-01nov10-en.pdf
5. .acer撤回申請通用頂級域名狀態，available at https://gtldresult.icann.org/application-result/applicationstatus/applicationdetails/560
6. .htc已於2016年3月29日獲授權營運通用頂級域名，available at http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/htc.html
7. .tw Domain Name Is Where the World Turns for Entertainment, available at http://www.verisign.com/en_US/domain-names/tv-domain-names/index.xhtml
8. .vin之授權發放紀錄資料，http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/vin.html
9. .wine之授權發放紀錄資料，http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/wine.html
10. 《國家網路空安全戰略》，中國國家互聯網信息辦公室，http://www.cac.gov.cn/2016-12/27/c_1120195926.htm
11. 「保衛網際網路自由：終結美國監管網際網路之影響」之聽證會，available at https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/meetings/protecting-internet-freedom-implications-of-ending-us-oversight-of-the-internet
12. 1949年8月12日日內瓦四公約第一附加議定書即關於保護國際性武裝衝突受難者的附加議定書（Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 19 available at 77）第47條：對傭兵作出定義，並明定傭兵不得享有戰鬥員及戰俘之權利。available at https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=9EDC5096D2C036E9C12563CD0051DC30
13. A/HRC/RES/17/4 (Jun 7, 2011), available at http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/GuidingPrinciplesBusinessHR_EN.pdf
14. ADNDRC, Administrative Panel Decision No. HK-1400665, availableat https://www.adndrc.org/diymodule/docUDRP/HK-1400665_Decision.pdf
15. ADNDRC, Supplemental Rules to the ICANN UDRP and Rules (In Effect as of July 31, 2015), Art 15, available at https://www.adndrc.org/mten/img/pdf/Supp.%20Rules%20in%20Eng.pdf
16. ADNDRC, Supplemental Rules to the ICANN URS and Rules (In Effect as of Sep8, 2014), Art 14.1(a), available athttps://www.adndrc.org/mten/img/pdf/URS_Supplemental_Rules_8_September_2014.pdf
17. ADNDRC網站有提供商標權人於提起UDRP程序時所應填載之制式書狀，依第12項規定要求商標權人至少聲明接受共同法域之任一法院管轄。available at https://www.adndrc.org/mten/img/pdf/UDRP/HK/complaint_hk.pdf
18. Affirmation of Commitment by U.S. DoC and ICANN (AoC), available at https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/affirmation-of-commitments-2009-09-30-en
19. Ajeet Mishra, Rise of Mobile Apps – A Threat for Domain Names?, resellerClub (Jan. 7, 2015), https://blog.resellerclub.com/rise-of-mobile-apps-a-threat-for-domain-names/
20. AMENDED AND RESTATED ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION OF INTERNET CORPORATION FOR ASSIGNED NAMES AND NUMBERS (as approved by the ICANN Board on 9 August 2016, and filed with the California Secretary of State on 3 October 2016) ¶2, II, available at https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/governance/articles-en
21. Amendment 11 of theCooperative AgreementNCR92-18742, available at https://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/amend11_052206.pdf
22. American Arbitration Association, AAA, available at https://www.icdr.org/icdr/faces/s/about?_afrLoop=3015571516035870&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=1amta2uznl_1#%40%3F_afrWindowId%3D1amta2uznl_1%26_afrLoop%3D3015571516035870%26_afrWindowMode%3D0%26_adf.ctrl-state%3D1amta2uznl_75
23. ARBITRATION & MEDIATION CTR., WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROP. ORG., FINAL REPORT OF THE WIPO INTERNET DOMAIN NAME PROCESS, ¶139, available at http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/amc/en/docs/report-final1.pdf
24. Astrid Barrio and Bonnie N. Field, Spain is trying to block Catalonia’s independence referendum tomorrow. What’s going on?The Washington Post (September 30, 2017), https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/09/30/spains-trying-to-block-catalonias-independence-referendum-tomorrow-whats-going-on/?utm_term=.23866a2034b7
25. Catherine Shu, GoDaddy tells white supremacist site Daily Stormer to find a new domain provider, TC (Aug 13, 2017), https://techcrunch.com/2017/08/13/godaddy-tells-white-supremacist-site-daily-stormer-to-find-a-new-domain-provider/
26. CCWP--HR, ICANN's Corporate Responsibility to respect Human Right: Recommendations for developing Human Rights Review Processand Reporting, available at https://www.ihrb.org/uploads/reports/2015-11-17%2C_IHRB_Report%2C_ICANNs_Corporate_Responsibility_to_Respect_Human_Rights.pdf
27. Charter of the CCWP on ICANN's Corporate and Social Responsibility to Respect Human Rights, available at https://community.icann.org/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=53772653&preview=/53772653/54003840/Charter%20of%20CCWP-HR.pdf
28. Chih-Hong (Henry) Tsai, Uniform Rapid Suspension System is required for the Justice in the Internet, Nov. 2, 2009, available at https://forum.icann.org/lists/proposed-protection-mechanisms/msg00001.html
29. Chris LaHatte, Harassment Complaint, (Apr. 28, 2016, 6:49 PM), https://omblog.icann.org
30. Dave Burstein, A Closer Look at Why Russia Wants an IndependentInternet, Dec. 15, 2017, available at http://www.circleid.com/posts/20171215_closer_look_at_why_russia_wants_an_independent_internet/
31. David L. Kreider, Esq. Independent Chartered Arbitrator, https://www.adndrc.org/diymodule/doc_panellist/CV_David_L_Kreider_(revised_Apr2016).pdf
32. David Maher, The UDPR and Judicial Review, CircleID (Jan 03, 2018), available at http://www.circleid.com/posts/20180103_the_udrp_and_judicial_review
33. David Z. Morris, Spanish Police Raid .Cat Admin Offices, Threatening the Internet's Cutest Domain Name, FORTUNE (Sep. 23, 2017), available at http://fortune.com/2017/09/23/spanish-dot-cat-domain-name/
34. Defending Internet Freedom Act of 2015, H. R. 2251, 114th Cong. (2015), available at https://www.congress.gov/114/bills/hr2251/BILLS-114hr2251ih.pdf
35. EXPERT DETERMINATION LEGAL RIGHTS OBJECTION The DirecTV Group Inc. v. Dish DBS Corporation Case No. LRO2013-0005,available athttps://newgtlds.icann.org/sites/default/files/drsp/25sep13/determination-1-1-2007-43424-en.pdf
36. Expert Determination, International Centre for Dispute Resoulution New gTLD string Confusion Panel, Case No. 50 504 T00220 13, available at https://newgtlds.icann.org/sites/default/files/drsp/25sep13/determination-1-1-1119-71934-en.pdf
37. FINAL DECLARATION of ICDR No. 01-16-0000-7056, hereinafter cited as FINAL DECLARATION, available at https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/irp-amazon-final-declaration-11jul17-en.pdf
38. Froomkin, A. Michael, Almost Free: An Analysis of ICANN's ‘Affirmation of Commitments’ (January 20, 2011). Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law, Vol. 9, 2011 at 199; University of Miami Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2011-01, available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1744086
39. Future ICANN Bylaw, Article 1, Section 1.2(b)(viii). available at https://www.icann.org/resources/board-material/resolutions-2016-05-27-en#1.a
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