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題名:清代民間生活知識的掌握--從《萬寶元龍雜字》到《萬寶全書》
書刊名:國立政治大學歷史學報
作者:吳蕙芳
作者(外文):Wu, Huey-fang
出版日期:2003
卷期:20
頁次:頁185-211
主題關鍵詞:萬寶元龍雜字萬寶全書童蒙書民間日用類書庶民文化Wan Pao Yuan Lung Tsa TzuWan Pao Chuan ShuNursery bookPopular encyclopedia for daily usePopular culture
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     本文嘗試了解清代庶民大眾經由文字閱讀掌握生活知識的可能性,欲勾勒民間 社會獲取生活知識的途徑,並藉此呈現民間生活知識的傳遞管道。
清代民間社會生活知識的掌握是由雜字書與民間日用類書接軌而成。雜字書本庶民大眾童蒙用識字課本,廣泛流行中下層社會,明清時期蓬勃發展成敷種類型。最初級雜字書專供童蒙識字用,內容下分類,多以韻語及連屬成文方式呈現。較高級雜字書在前述識字基礎上予以複習或再擴充字詞量,以鞏固識字根基;此種雜字書內容已有分類,故各類字詞數量明顯增加,唯仍以韻語及連屬成文方式呈現。真正與前者迥異的雜字書以《萬寶元龍雜字》為代表;此雜字書內容非韻語及連屬成文字詞,乃分類釋義的個別字詞,似字典或辭典類工具書;且書中新增若干生活知識,令書籍趨向家庭生活手冊性質,更具檢索功能。又雜字書在遺用對象亦有擴展,《萬寶元龍雜字》一書不論就書名、書旨、書籍來源與內容觀察,均明白顯示已轉型為士庶並用,適用層級下限童蒙。
此種雜字書實可與《萬寶全書》類的民間日用類書接軌:因《萬寶元龍雜字》 的字詞釋義可為了解《萬寶全書》中各生活知識內容的基礎,而《萬寶全書》的生活知識範圍又較《萬寶元龍雜字》廣泛,更適於庶民大眾日常生活使用。故清代民間對生活知識的掌握,是以最初級與較高級雜字書開始奠定閱讀基礎,再經由識字與雜用混合類雜字書以辨識、查核字詞,並檢索部分生活知識;最後,透過民間日用類書全面掌握生活知識。
     The purpose of this paper is to understand the possibility of general people through reading to acquire the daily life knowledge in Ch'lng Dynasty, to picture how general people possess daily common knowledge, and to present the way to deliver the knowledge.
Acquiring daily life knowledge among general people is through the Tsa Tzu books and the Popular Encyclopedias For Daily Use. The Tsa Tzu books are originally used for the general people to give initiate lesson for ch ildren, and are popular among middle and lower level of the society. They are very popular during Ming and Ch'lng Dynasties. Then there developed few different types. The basic level Tsa Tzu books are for children at initiate stage to study, without classified contents. They are mainly presented in rhyming words and related semantic composition. The higher-level Tsa Tzu books are reviewing the basics and expanding vocabulary to build solid foundation, the contents are also classified. Hence, the glossary of wordings are significantly increasing, though are still presented by means of rhyming words and related semantic composition.
Wan Pao Yuan Lung Tsa Tzu is the representative of Tsa Tzu books; which differs than the previous types. Contents of this Tsa Tzu books are not the rhyming words and related semantic composition, they are classified individual characters with explanation of the meaning, and it's more like a dictionary sort of tool book. Besides, there added some daily life knowledge. This enabled the book became more like a booklet of family life, with index functions. On the other hand, the applicable readers are expanded, too. From title, purpose, resources and contents speaking of the book, Wan Pao Yuan Lung Tsa Tzu has obviously transformed as for readers to both general people as well as scholars, and the applicable level is more than for initiation studies.
The sort of Tsa Tzu books could be connected to general people's daily life. Since, the explanations for vocabulary in Wan Pao Yuan Lung Tsa Tzu could be as the foundation for understanding contents of daily life knowledge in Wan Pao Chuan Shu. In addition, the scope of daily life knowledge in Wan Pao Chuan Shu is wider than in the Wan Pao Yuan Lung Tsa Tzu and more applicable for usa ge in general people's daily life. Therefore, the acquiring of general people's daily life knowledge in Ch'ing Dynasty laid the reading foundation on the basic and higher-level of Tsa Tzu books. Then through recognizing words and cross using Tsa Tzu books to recognize and look up glossary of wordings, and searching for partial daily life knowledge. At last, to complete acquire the daily life knowledge with using the Popular Encyclopedias For Daily Use.
期刊論文
1.吳蕙芳(20020900)。「萬寶元龍雜字」的內容與性質。近代中國史研究通訊,34,136-142。  延伸查詢new window
2.吳蕙芳(2001)。民間日用類書的淵源與發展。政治大學歷史學報,18,1-28。new window  延伸查詢new window
3.毛志成(2000)。也算我的自傳。文學自由談,2000(1)。  延伸查詢new window
4.辛建領(2000)。噩夢般的童年:重要的一課。山東教育,28。  延伸查詢new window
5.呂仁偉(1980)。評介羅著「清代中國的教育與大眾識字」。食貨月刊,10(4)。  延伸查詢new window
6.王振忠(2000)。Huizhou wenshu suojian zhongdou ji xiangguan xisu徽州文書所見種痘及相關習俗。Minsu yanjiu民俗研究,53,37-68。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.錢仲聯(1986)。劍南詩稿校注。劍南詩稿校注。上海。  延伸查詢new window
2.張志公(1991)。張志公文集(四):傳統語文教學研究。張志公文集(四):傳統語文教學研究。廣州。  延伸查詢new window
3.脫脫(1978)。新校本宋史并附編三種。臺北:鼎文書局。  延伸查詢new window
4.鄧嗣禹(1970)。中國類書目錄初稿。臺北:古亭書屋。  延伸查詢new window
5.中華改良雜字。  延伸查詢new window
6.(2001)。四言雜字。新竹縣:竹林書局。  延伸查詢new window
7.民國雜字。濟南:齊魯書社。  延伸查詢new window
8.Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida(1979)。Education and Popular Literacy in Ch'ing China。University of Michigan Press。  new window
9.吳蕙芳(2001)。萬寶全書:明清時期的民間生活實錄。臺北:國立政治大學歷史學系。new window  延伸查詢new window
10.黃永武(19860800)。敦煌寶藏。臺北:新文豐出版公司。  延伸查詢new window
11.李致忠(1990)。歷代刻書考述。四川成都市:巴蜀書社。  延伸查詢new window
12.徐松、陳援庵(1957)。宋會要輯稿。北京:中華書局。  延伸查詢new window
13.張秀熟(1983)。清末民間兒童讀物。文史集萃(第一輯)。北京。  延伸查詢new window
14.郭立誠(1978)。談私塾。民俗擷趣。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
15.便用雜字。便用雜字。  延伸查詢new window
16.新文豐出版公司編輯部(1985)。隋書經籍志。隋書經籍志。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
17.內閣文庫(1972)。內閣文庫漢籍分類目錄。內閣文庫漢籍分類目錄。東京。  延伸查詢new window
18.高麗大學校中央圖書館(1976)。華山文庫漢籍目錄。華山文庫漢籍目錄。韓國。  延伸查詢new window
19.國立國會圖書館(1988)。國立國會圖書館漢籍目錄。國立國會圖書館漢籍目錄。東京。  延伸查詢new window
其他
1.(清)邵彬儒。一串珠雜字。  延伸查詢new window
2.徐企龍。萬寶全書,臺北。  延伸查詢new window
3.(清)蒲松齡。日用俗字。  延伸查詢new window
4.(明)張岱。夜航船。  延伸查詢new window
5.(清)毛煥文。增補萬寶全書。  延伸查詢new window
6.(明)陳繼儒。新增繪圖萬寶全書。  延伸查詢new window
7.七言雜字,廣州。  延伸查詢new window
8.六言雜字,上海。  延伸查詢new window
9.日用雜字。  延伸查詢new window
10.玉函山房輯佚書。  延伸查詢new window
11.幼學雜字。  延伸查詢new window
12.東園雜字,廣州。  延伸查詢new window
13.(1965)。粵雅堂叢書,臺北。  延伸查詢new window
14.新刻?溪堂訂補全書備考。  延伸查詢new window
15.新編對相四言。  延伸查詢new window
16.萬寶元龍雜字。  延伸查詢new window
17.魁本音訓四言雜字。  延伸查詢new window
圖書論文
1.Hayes, James(1987)。Specialists and Written Materials in the Village World。Popular Culture in Late Imperial China。臺北。  new window
2.王爾敏、吳倫霓霞(1997)。儒學世俗化及其對於民間風教之浸濡--香港處士翁仕朝生平志行。明清社會文化生態。臺北:臺灣商務印書館。  延伸查詢new window
 
 
 
 
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