The purpose of this study was to investigate the role cognition and parents roles expection of Aboriginal single-parent children in the mountainous region. The subjects were 84 single-parent children in the fifth and the sixth grades in the elementary schools in the monutainous region. The methods for collecting data were 'The role cognition questionnaire' and 'The parents roles expection questionnaire'. One-way MANOVA, one-way ANOVA, t-test were presented. This article future discussed and suggested these results in details.