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題名：美國雇主對工作場所性騷擾事件之法律責任及預防之道
書刊名：歐美研究
作者：焦興鎧
作者(外文)：Chiao, Cing-kae
出版日期：1997
卷期：27:4
頁次：頁85-197
主題關鍵詞：工作場所性騷擾；性別歧視；就業歧視；雇主法律責任；Sexual harassment in the workplace；Sex discrimination；Employment discrimination；Employer liability
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
相關次數：
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(11) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(2)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:3
  • 共同引用共同引用:28
  • 點閱點閱:39
　　　　　美國是目前所有工業先進國家中， 對工作場所性騷擾事件之防範及處置規定最為 完備者。其平等就業機會委員會早在一九八○年，即已針對這類事件頒布指導原則，除認為 應嚴予禁止外，並建議對未事先防範或善加處置之雇主科處連帶賠償責任。嗣後，聯邦各級 法院自一九八一年起，也針對這類事件做成各項有利於原告被害人之判決。目前，由於一九 九一年民權法之修訂，已使得雇主就這類事件所應負擔之法律責任更形吃重，而柯林頓總統 行政當局也希望能提高雇主對這類事件之損害賠償金額度，這些措施可說都是其他工業先進 國所望塵莫及者。由於工場所性騷擾事件不但對受雇者（尤其是婦女）造成各種有形之損害 ，而且也直接有礙兩性工作平等理念之達成，因此，對美國在這方面所從事之努力及累積之 經驗，自應密切加以注意。
　　　　　Among all industrialized nations, the United States has hitherto established the best system in preventing and combating sexual harassment incidents in the workplace. In 1980, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) issued guidelines affirming that sexual harassment in the workplace is a form of sex discrimination and imposed strict liability on employers for failing to take reasonable preventive or remedial measures. As of 1981, federal courts at every level have rendered decisions in a number of related cases which have been generally favorable to employee complaints. Since the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1991, employer liability in incidents of sexual harassment in the workplace has been increased considerably. Further-more, the Clinton administration also plans to adopt several measures tp provide better protection for affected employees, such as increasing the amount paid by employers who lose their cases. All these new developments strongly indicate that the United States will maintain its leadership position concerning sexual harassment issues in the workplace. Since sexual harassment in the workplace can cause various adverse effects to employees (especially female workers) and directly impede the ideal of attaining gender equality in employment, it is of vital importance to pay close attention to the efforts made and the experience accumulated in this field by the United States.
期刊論文
1.Schoenheider, Krista J.(1986)。A Theory of Tort Liability for Sexual Harassment in the Workplace。University of Pennsylvania Law Review，134(6)，1461-1495。  new window
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3.Lipper, Nicolle R.(1992)。Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: A Comparative Study of Great Britain and the United States。Comparative Labor Law Review，13，293-342。  new window
4.Lewis, Federick J.、Henderson, Thomas L.(1995)。Employer Liability for 'Hostile Work Environment' Sexual Harassment Created by Supervisors: The Search for an Appropriate Standard。University of Memphis Law Review，25，667-734。  new window
5.Kirstein-Ezzell, Tina(1991)。Eradicating Title VII Sexual Harassment by Recognizing an Employer's Duty to Prohibit Sexual Harassment。Arizona Law Review，33，383-399。  new window
6.Pellicciotti, Joseph M.(1993)。Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: A Consideration of Post-Vinson Approaches Designed to Determine Whether Sexual Harassment is Sufficiently Severe or Pervasive。DePaul Law Review，1993(5)，215-236。  new window
7.(1995)。Sex Discrimination: Psychological Injury from Hostile Work Environment Sexual Harassment--Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc., 114 S. Ct. 367 (interim ed. 1993)。University of Dayton Law Review，20，1049-1082。  new window
8.Brown, Steven D.、Codey, H. Carey(1994)。Employee Training May Be the Key to Prevention of Sexual Harassment。Labor Law Review，45，726-727。  new window
9.Comisky, Hope A.(1992)。'Prompt and Effective Remedial Action?' What Must An Employer Do to Avoid Liability for 'Hostile Work Environment' Sexual Harassment?。The Labor Lawyer，8，181-201。  new window
10.Costello, Edward J. Jr.(1992)。The Mediation Alternative in Sex Harassment Cases。Arbitration Journal，47，16-23。  new window
11.Dolkart, Jane L.、Malchow, E. Lynn(1987)。Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Expanding Remedies。Tort and Insurance Law Journal，23，181-194。  new window
12.Gadlin, Howard(1991)。Careful Mediating Sexual Harassment。Negotiation Journal，7，139-153。  new window
13.Kandel, William L.(1988)。Sexual Harassment: Persistent, Prevalent, but Preventable。Employee Relations Law Journal，14，439-451。  new window
14.Larson, David Allen(1992)。What Can You Say, Where Can You Say It, and to Whom? A Guide to Understanding and Preventing Unlawful Sexual Harassment。Creighton Law Review，25，827-854。  new window
15.Maatman, Gerald L. Jr.(1992)。Primer on the Law of Sexual Harassment。Federation of Insurance and Corporate Course Quarterly，42，307-321。  new window
16.Marinelli, Arthur J. Jr.(1987)。Title VII: Legal Protection Against Sexual Harassment。Akron Law Review，20，375-390。  new window
17.Meredith, Susan R.(1992)。Using Fact Finders to Probe Workplace Claims of Sexual Harassment。Arbitration Journal，47，61-65。  new window
18.Murray, P. J.(1987)。Employer: Beware of 'Hostile Environment' Sexual Harassment。Duquesne Law Review，26，461-484。  new window
19.Sepler, Fran(1990)。Sexual Harassment: From Protective Response to Proactive Prevention。Hamline Journal of Public Law and Policy，11，61-78。  new window
20.Simmons, Joe A.(1993)。Sexual Harassment? Prophylactic Measures。Ohio Northern University Law Review，19，661-672。  new window
21.Stamato, Linda(1992)。Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Is Mediation an Appropriate Forum?。Mediation Quarterly，10，167-172。  new window
22.Estrich, Susan(1991)。Sex at Work。Stanford Law Review，48，813-861。  new window
23.Abrams, Kathryn(1993)。Gender in the Military: Androcentrism and Institutional Reform。Law and Contemporary Problems，56，217-241。  new window
24.Allegretto, Joseph G.(1982)。Sexual Harassment of Female Employees by Nonsupervisory Co-Workers: A Theory of Liability。Creighton Law Review，15，437-476。  new window
25.Carrillo, Maria M.(1992)。Hostile Environment Sexual Harassment by a Supervisor under Title VII: Reassessment of Employer Liability in Light of the Civil Rights Act of 1991。Columbia Human Rights Law Review，24，41-92。  new window
26.Casenote(1988)。An Equitable Liability Standard for Offensive Work Environment Claims under Title VII: Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson。Vinson. Boston College Law Review，29，509-530。  new window
27.Chema, J. Richard(1993)。Arresting 'Tailhook': The Prosecution of Sexual Harassment in the Military。Military Law Review，140，1-64。  new window
28.Roy, Marren(1994)。Employer Liability for Sexual Harassment: A Search for Standards in the Wake of Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc.。SMU Law Review，48，263-294。  new window
29.(1992)。From a Woman's Point of View: The Use of Reasonable Woman Standard in Sexual Harassment Cases。University of Cincinnati Law Review，60，1281-1306。  new window
30.(1995)。Hostile Environment Sexual Harassment: The Hostile Environment of a Court Room。DePaul Law Review，44，545-598。  new window
31.(1981)。Sexual Harassment of Working Women: The EEOC Guidelines--Panacea or Placebo。Northern Illinois University Law Review，1981，283-301。  new window
32.(1988)。The Harms of Asking: Towards a Comprehensive Treatment of Sexual Harassment。University of Chicago Law Review，55，328-362。  new window
33.(1987)。When Should an Employer be Held Liable for the Sexual Harassment by a Supervisor Who Creates a Hostile Work Environment? A Proposed Theory of Liability。Arizona State Law Journal，19，285-324。  new window
34.Conte, Robert F.、Gregory, David L.(1982)。Sexual Harassment in Employment--Some Proposals Toward More Realistic Standards of Liability。Drake Law Review，32，407-439。  new window
35.Costello, Edward J. Jr.(1992)。Sexual Harassment after the Civil Rights Act of 1991。University of West Los Angeles Law Review，23，21-38。  new window
36.Dolkart, Jane L.(1994)。Hostile Environment Harassment: Equality, Objectivity, and the Shaping of Legal Standards。Emory Law Journal，43，151-244。  new window
37.Ehrenreich, Nancy S.(1990)。Pluralist Myths and Powerless Men: The Ideology of Reasonableness in Sexual Harassment Law。Yale Law Journal，99，1177-1234。  new window
38.Gerhardt, Michael J.(1992)。Divided Justice: A Commentary on the Nomination and Confirmation of Justice Thomas。George Washington Law Review，60，969-996。  new window
39.Gilberd, Kathleen M.(1992)。Sexual Harassment in the Military。National Lawyer Guild Practice，49，38-54。  new window
40.Goodman, Jill Laurie(1981)。Sexual Harassment: Some Observations on the Distance Travelled and the Distance Yet to Go。Capital University Law Review，10，445-469。  new window
41.Greene, Shexyl A.(1988)。Reevaluation of Title VII Abusive Environment Claims Based on Sexual Harassment after Mentor Savings Bank v. Vinson。Thurgood Marshall Law Review，13，29-65。  new window
42.Greenlaw, Paul S.、Port, William H.(1993)。Military Versus Civilian Judicial Handling of Sexual Harassment Cases。Labor Law Journal，44，368-374。  new window
43.Gutek, Barbara A.(1992)。Understanding Sexual Harassment at Work。Notre Dame Journal of Legal Ethics and Public Policy，6，335-358。  new window
44.Hames, David S.(1992)。An Actionable Condition of Work-Related Sexual Harassment。Labor Law Journal，43，430-439。  new window
45.Haney, Marian C.(1993)。Litigation of a Sexual Harassment Case after the Civil Rights Act of 1991。Notre Dame Law Review，68，1037-1056。  new window
46.Hetherington, Rachael A.、Wallace, Barbara Childs(1992)。Recent Developments in Sexual Harassment Law。Mississippi College Law Review，13，37-90。  new window
47.Jennings, Ken、Clapp, Melissa(1989)。A Managerial Tightrope: Balancing Harassed and Harassing Employees' Rights in Sexual Discrimination Cases。Labor Law Journal，40，756-764。  new window
48.Kandel, William L.(1992)。Mixed Motives, Sexual Harassment, and the Civil Rights Act of 1991。Employee Relations Law Journal，17，635-644。  new window
49.Kay, Douglas R.(1992)。Runniing a Gauntlet of Sexual Abuse: Sexual Harassment of Female Navy Personnel in the United States Navy。California Western Law Review，29，307-343。  new window
50.Ledgerwood, Donna E.、Johnson-Dietz, Sue(1980)。The EEOC's Foray into Sexual Harassment: Interpreting the New Guidelines for Employer Liability。Labor Law Journal，31，741-744。  new window
51.Leventer, Jan C.(1981)。Sexual Harassment and Title VII: EEOC Guidelines Conditions Litigation, and the United States Supreme Court。Capital University Law Review，10，481-497。  new window
52.Levy, Anne C.(1992)。Sexual Harassment Cases in the 1990s: 'Black lashing' the 'Backlash' Through Title VII。Albany Law Review，56，1-51。  new window
53.Levy, Anne C.(1991)。The Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas Hearings。Wisconsin Law Review，1991，1106-1111。  new window
54.Levy, Anne C.(1989)。The Change in Employer Liability for Supervisor Sexual Harassment after Meritor: Much Ado about Nothing。Arkansas Law Review，42，795-835。  new window
55.Levy, Anne C.(1995)。The United States Supreme Court Opinion in Harris v. Forklift Systems: Tull of Sound and Fury Signifying Nothing。Kansas Law Review，43，275-316。  new window
56.Lindquist, Jeffrey C.(1993)。Sexual Harassment in the Military: Can Article 93, UCMJ Meet the Challenge?。Journal of Legal Studies (USAFA)，4，59-73。  new window
57.McLain, Lynn(1981)。The EEOC Sexual Harassment Guidelines: Welcome Advances under Title VII?。University of Baltimore Law Review，10，275-337。  new window
58.Minow, Martha(1992)。Stripped Down Like a Runner or Enriched by the Experience: Bias and Impartiality of Judges and Jurors。Women's Law Review，33，1201-1218。  new window
59.Cerutti, Claudia Laks(1985)。Differing Standards of Employer Liability for Sexual Harassment of Working Women。Arizona Law Review，27，155-169。  new window
60.Merriman, Christine O.、Yang, Cora G.(1984)。Employer Liability for Co-Worker Sexual Harassment under Title VII。New York University Review of Law and Social Change，13，83-113。  new window
61.Selden, J.(1988)。Employer Liability for 'Hostile Environment' Sexual Harassment, Meritor Savings Bank, FSB v. Vinson。Howard Law Review，31，51-65。  new window
62.(1987)。Employer Liability for Sexual Harassment: Inconsistency under Title VII。Catholic University Law Review，37，245-277。  new window
63.Lutner, Rachel E.(1993)。Employer Liability for Sexual Harassment: The Morass of Agency Principles and Respondeat Superior。University of Illinois Law Review，1993，589-628。  new window
64.(1984)。Employer Liability for Sexual Harassment in the Work Place under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964。New York Law School Human Rights Annual Report，2，151-176。  new window
65.(1990)。Employers' Liability for Fairlure to Prevent Sexual Harassment, Paroline v. Unisys Corporation。Missouri Law Review，55，803-816。  new window
66.(1995)。Hooters: Should There Be as Assumption of Risk Defense to Some Hostile Work Environment Sexual Harassment Claims?。Vanderbilt Law Review，48，1107-1153。  new window
67.Stanley-Elliott, Lynne E.(1981)。Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Title VII's Imperfect Relief。Journal of Corporation Law，6，625-656。  new window
68.(1985)。The Dehumanizing Puzzle of Sexual Harassment: A Survey of the Law Concerning Harassment of Women in the Workplace。Washburn Law Journal，24，574-614。  new window
69.(1995)。Title VII Sexual Harassment: Recognizing an Employer's Non-Delegable Duty to Prevent a Hostile Workplace。Columbia Law Review，95，724-748。  new window
70.(1995)。Using Agency Principles for Guidance in Finding Employer Liability for a Supervisor's Hostile Work Environment Sexual Harassment。Vanderbilt Law Review，48，1057-1105。  new window
71.Pollack, Wendy(1990)。Sexual Harassment: Women's Experience vs. Legal Definitions。Harvard Women's Law Journal，13，35-85。  new window
72.Schultz, David(1990)。Telling Stories about Women and Work: Judicial Interpretations of Sex Segregation in the Workplace in Title VII Cases Raising the Lack of Interest Argument。Harvard Law Review，103，1749-1843。  new window
73.(1981)。New EEOC Guidelines on Discrimination Because of Sex: Employer Liability for Sexual Harass ment under Title VII。Boston University Law Review，61，535-562。  new window
74.Siniscalco, Gary R.(1980)。Sexual Harassment and Employer Liability: The Flirtation that Could Cost a Fortune。Employee Relations Law Journal，6，277-293。  new window
75.Smith, Clay J. Jr.(1981)。Prologue to the EEOC Guidelines on Sexual Harassment。Capital University Law Review，10，471-478。  new window
76.Vermeulen, Joan(1980)。Comments on the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission's Proposed Amendment Adding Section 1604. 11, Sexual Harassment to Its Guidelines on Sexual Discrimination。Women's Rights Law Report，6，285-294。  new window
77.Vermeulen, Joan(1981)。Employer Liability under Title VII for Sexual Harassment by Supervisory Employees。Capital University Law Review，10，499-530。  new window
78.Waks, Jay W.、Starr, Michael G.(1981)。Sexual Harassment in the Work place: The Scope of Employer Liability。Employee Relations Law Journal，7，369-388。  new window
79.Aalberts, Robert J.、Seidman, Lorne H.(1994)。Sexual Harassment of Employees by Non-Employees: When Does the Employer Become Liable?。Pepperdine Law Review，21，447-475。  new window
80.Bryson, Cheryl Blackwell(1990)。The Internal Sexual Harassment Investigation: Self-Evaluation without Self-Incrimination。Employee Relations Law Journal，15，551-559。  new window
81.Fischer, Carrie Benson(1996)。Employee Rights in Sex Work: The Struggle for Dancers' Rights as Employees。Law and Inequality Journal，14，521-554。  new window
82.International Labour Office(1992)。Combating Sexual Harassment at Work。Conditions of Work Digest，11，1-300。  new window
83.Oh, James J.(1992)。Internal Sexual Harassment Complaints: Investigating to Win。Employee Relations Law Journal，18，227-244。  new window
84.Strauss, Marcy(1990)。Sexist Speech in the Workplace。Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review，25，1-51。  new window
85.Watson, Jerome R.(1993)。Employer Liability for the Sexually Harassing Actions of Its Customers。Employee Relations Law Journal，19，227-237。  new window
86.焦興鎧(19960300)。美國聯邦最高法院對工作場所性騷擾最新判決之研究。美歐月刊，11(3)=119，93-105。  延伸查詢new window
會議論文
1.俞慧君(1993)。論工作場所性騷擾之法律問題。工作場所性騷擾問題研討會，行政院勞工委員會 (會議日期: 1993/01/05)，25-54。  延伸查詢new window
2.Chiao, Cing-Kae(1997)。Corporate Responses to the Issue of Sexual Harassment in the Workplace in Taiwan: Lessons from the United States。The International Conference on Social Structure and Social Change: International Perspectives on Business Firms and Economic Life，(會議日期: 1997/05/09-05/10)。Taipei：Institute of European and American Studies, Academia Sinica。  new window
3.鄭津津(1997)。淺談美國工作場所性騷擾相關法制--兼談我國相關立法應有之方向。八十六年度補助社會團體促進男女兩性工作平等期末檢討研習會，行政院勞工委員會 (主辦) (會議日期: 1997/06/19-20)。  延伸查詢new window
4.臺北市政府勞工局(1997)。臺北市就業歧視評議委員會業務報告。兩性工作平等研討會，台北市政府勞工局、婦女新知基金會及台大城鄉所性別與空間研究室合辦 (會議日期: 民國八十六年六月十二日)。  延伸查詢new window
5.焦興鎧(1996)。歐洲聯盟勞工政策之研究--以防制工作場所性騷擾之規範為例。歐洲聯盟：理論與政策學術研討會，中央研究院歐美研究所主辦 (會議日期: 民國八十五年五月二十四日、二十五日)。  延伸查詢new window
6.王惠玲(1993)。由勞動法觀點論工作場所性騷擾。工作場所性騒擾問題研討會，行政院勞工委員會(主辦) (會議日期: 1993/01/05)。  延伸查詢new window
研究報告
1.中華勞資關係研究所(1996)。實施男女工作平等法環境之調查與評估。臺北：中華勞資關係研究所。  延伸查詢new window
2.呂寶靜、傅立葉(1993)。臺灣地區工作場所性騷擾之調查報告。臺北：行政院勞工委員會。  延伸查詢new window
3.焦興鎧(1996)。工作場所性騷擾問題在美國所引起法律爭議之研究 (計畫編號：NSC 84-2414-H001-005)。臺北市：行政院國家科學發展委員會。  延伸查詢new window
4.行政院衛生署(1994)。醫療行為過程中性騷擾盛行情形之調查。臺北市：行政院衛生署。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.臺灣省政府勞工處(1994)。臺灣省勞工生活狀況調查報告。南投縣：臺灣省政府勞工處。  延伸查詢new window
2.現代婦女基金會(1993)。臺北市上班族兩性差異對性騷擾經驗與對性騷擾態度影響之研究。臺北：現代婦女基金會。  延伸查詢new window
3.Baxter, Ralph H. Jr.、Hermle, Lynne C.(1989)。Sexual Harassment in the Workplace。New York：Executive Enterprise Publications。  new window
4.College and University Personnel Association(1986)。Sexual Harassment: Issues and Answers。Washington, D.C.：CUPA。  new window
5.Omilian, Susan M.(1986)。What Every Employer Should Be Doing about Sexual Harassment。Madison, CT.：Business & Legal Reports, Inc.。  new window
6.Petrocelli, William、Repa, Barbara Kate(1995)。Sexual Harassment on the Job: What It Is and How to Stop It。Berkeley, CA.：Nols Press。  new window
7.Tamminen, Julie M.(1994)。Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Managing Corporate Policy。New York：John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。  new window
8.Lindemann, Barbara、Kadue, David D.(1992)。Sexual Harassment in Employment Law。Washington, D.C.：Bureau of National Affairs。  new window
9.MacKinnon, C. A.(1979)。Sexual harassment of working women: A case of sex discrimination。New Haven, CT：Yale University Press。  new window
10.Morris, Celia(1994)。Bearing Witness: Sexual Harassment and Beyond--Everywoman's Story。New York：Little, Brown and Company。  new window
11.Ross, Susan D.、Pinzler, Isabelle K.、Ellis, Deborah A.、Moss, Kary L.(1993)。The Rights of Women: The Basic ACLU Guide to Women's Rights。Southern Illinois University Press。  new window
12.United States Merit Systems Protection Board(1981)。Merit Systems Protection Board Sexual Harassment in the Federal Workplace: Is It a Problem?。Washington, D.C.：U.S. Government Printing Office。  new window
13.United States Merit Systems Protection Board(1987)。Merit Systems Protection Board Sexual Harassment in the Federal Workplace: An Update。Washington, D.C.：U.S. Government Printing Office。  new window
14.United States Merit Systems Protection Board(1995)。Merit Systems Protection Board Sexual Harassment in the Federal Workplace: Trends, Progress, Continuing Challenges。Washington, D.C.：U.S. Government Printing Office。  new window
15.Working Women's Institute(1979)。The Impact of Sexual Harassment on the Job: A Profile of the Experience of 92 Women, Research Series Report。New York：Working Women's Institute。  new window
16.二十一世紀基金會(1995)。臺灣地區1995年婦女滿意度民意調查分析報告。臺北市：二十一世紀基金會。  延伸查詢new window
17.陳瑞蘭(1996)。護生在實習場合中性騷擾之感受與因應行為。高雄縣：高雄文化出版社。  延伸查詢new window
18.福爾摩沙文教基金會(1995)。1995臺灣婦女動向民意調查分析報告。臺北市：福爾摩沙文教基金會。  延伸查詢new window
19.National Association of Manufactures(1987)。Sexual Harassment: How to Develop and Implement Effective Policies。Washington, D.C.：National Association of Manufacturers。  new window
20.Wagner, Ellen J.(1992)。Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: How to Prevent, investigate, and Resolve Problems in Your Organization。New York：American Management Association。  new window
21.臺北市上班族協會(1996)。臺北市上班族勞動條件與生活現況問卷調查報告。臺北市：臺北市上班族協會。  延伸查詢new window
22.行政院勞工委員會(1996)。邁向二十一世紀勞動政策白皮書（修正稿）。臺北：行政院勞工委員會。  延伸查詢new window
圖書論文
1.焦興鎧(1993)。美國聯邦最高法院與就業歧視問題。美國聯邦最高法院論文集。臺北市：中央研究院歐美研究所。new window  延伸查詢new window
2.焦興鎧(1998)。美國最高法院對工作場所性騷擾爭議之最新判決－Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc.一案之解析。美國最高法院重要判決之研究：1993~1995。臺北：中央研究院歐美研究所。new window  延伸查詢new window
3.焦興鎧(1995)。工作場所性騷擾及其防治之道。現代家庭與社會發展。臺北：中華民國公共秩序研究會。  延伸查詢new window
 
 
 
 
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