Why Are Taiwanese Students Reluctant to Speak Openly in the English Classroom?_

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題名：	Why Are Taiwanese Students Reluctant to Speak Openly in the English Classroom?
書刊名：	英語語言與文學學刊
作者：	梁中行
作者(外文)：	Liang, Jong-shing
出版日期：	1999
卷期：	5
頁次：	頁41-52
主題關鍵詞：	互動；參與模式；分組活動；教師所提之問題；Interaction；Participation pattern；Group work；Teacher questions
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:0 共同引用:0 點閱:58

　　　　　本文作者在臺灣北部一所大學教授英語實習課程。歷經一學年觀察，發現學生在分組活動時發言踴躍，但在全班討論時，卻顯得不願開口。為探求導致學生在大班時不願開口之可能因素，該作者訪談五位學生，並參閱其每週所寫之扎記；經分析，得知六項因素。其中四項與其文化背景有關，另二項則緣於其先前之課堂經驗。文末，該作者提出五點建議供臺灣英語教師參考。

以文找文

　　　　　Having taught and observed an English lab class for one school year, the researcher found that while the students had shown little difficulty communicating in English in the small groups, very few of them ever volunteered to talk in the whole class setting. To explore reasons for the students' reluctance to speak openly, the researcher interviewed five students at different points in time, and read through the journals kept weekly by these students over the year. From these data, six reasons were identified that might account for the observed pattern. This paper concludes with implications for the teaching of English in Taiwan.

以文找文

期刊論文
1.	Long, Michael H.、Porter, Patricia A.(1985)。Group work, interlanguage talk, and second language acquisition。TESOL Quarterly，19(2)，207-228。
2.	Bejarano, Y.(1987)。A cooperative small-group methodology in the language classroom。TESOL Quarterly，21(3)，483-504。
3.	Doughty, Catherine、Pica, Teresa(1986)。"Information gap" tasks: Do they facilitate second language acquisition?。TESOL Quarterly，20(2)，305-325。
4.	MacIntyre, Peter D.、Gardner, Robert C.(1991)。Methods and results in the study of anxiety and language learning: A review of the literature。Language Learning，41(1)，85-117。
5.	Littlejohn, Andrew Peter(1983)。Increasing learner involvement in course management。TESOL Quarterly，17(4)，595-608。
6.	Crago, M.(1992)。Communicative interaction and second language acquisition: An Inuit example。TESOL Quarterly，26(3)，487-505。
7.	Li, C. C.(1983)。Why are they better language learners?。英語教學，8(1)，49-53。
8.	Schoenhals, Michael(1994)。Encouraging talk in Chinese classrooms。Anthropology & Education Quarterly，25(4)，399-412。

圖書
1.	van Lier, L.(1988)。The classroom and the language learner。The classroom and the language learner。New York。
2.	Agar, M. H.(1980)。The professional stranger: An informal introduction to ethnography。Academic Press。
3.	Barnes, D.(1992)。From communication to curriculum。Portsmouth, NH：Boynton：Cook Publishers。
4.	Rivers, W. M.(1983)。Speaking in Many Tongues。Speaking in Many Tongues。Cambridge。
5.	Littlewood, William T.(1992)。Teaching Oral Communication: A Methodological Framework。Oxford。
6.	Gaies, S. J.(1985)。Peer involvement in language learning。Englewood Cliffs, NJ。
7.	Enright, D. S.、McCloskey, M. L.(1988)。Integrating English: Developing English language and literacy in the multilingual classroom。Reading, MA：Addison-Wesley。
8.	Allwright, D.(1988)。Observation in the language classroom。New York：Longman。
9.	Allwright, R.、Bailey, K. M.(1991)。Focus on the language classroom: An introduction to classroom research for language teachers。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。
10.	Krashen, Stephen D.(1985)。The input hypothesis: Issues and implications。London：Laredo Publishing。
11.	Cohen, E. G.(1986)。Designing groupwork: Strategies for the heterogeneous classroom。New York：Teachers College Press。
12.	Richard-Amato, P. A.(1988)。Making it happen: Interaction in the second language classroom。White Plains, NY：Longman。
13.	Richards, Jack C.、Nunan, David(1990)。Second language teacher education。Cambridge University Press。
14.	Guba, E. G.、Lincoln, Y. S.(1984)。Naturalistic inquiry。Newbury Park, CA：Sage。
15.	Ely, Margot、Anzul, Margaret、Friedman, Teri、Garner, Diane、Steinmetz, Ann McCormack(1991)。Doing qualitative research: Circles within circles。The Falmer Press。
16.	Long, Michael H.、Adams, L.、McLean, M.、Castanos, F.(1976)。Doing things with words-Verbal interaction in lockstep and small group classroom situations。On TESOL ’76。Washington, D. C.。
17.	Long, Michael H.、Sato, C.(1983)。Classroom foreigner talk discourse: Forms and functions of teachers’ questions。Classroom oriented research in second language acquisition。Rowley, MA。
18.	Bond, Michael. H.(1993)。Beyond the Chinese face: Insights from psychology。Hong Kong, China：Oxford University。
19.	Chen, C. C.(1988)。A conceptual and empirical study of the Chinese concepts of face。The psychology of the Chinese people。Taipei。
20.	Gass, Susan M.、Varonis, E. M.(1989)。Incorporate repairs in nonnative discourse。The dynamic interlanguage: Empirical studies in second language acquisition。New York。
21.	Holley, E.、King, J. K.(1974)。Imitation and correction in foreign language learning。New Frontiers in Second Language Learning。Rowley, MA。
22.	Hsu, F. L. K.(1981)。Americans and Chinese: Passage to difference。Americans and Chinese: Passage to difference。Honolulu。
23.	Johnson, K. E.(1995)。Understanding communication in second language classrooms。Understanding communication in second language classrooms。New York。
24.	McGroarty, M.(1991)。What can peers provide?。Georgetown University Round Table on Language and Linguistics。Washington, DC。
25.	Peck, S.(1991)。Recognizing and meeting the needs of ESL students。Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language。Boston, Massachusetts。
26.	Rulon, K. A.、McCreary, J.(1986)。Negotiation of content: Teacher-fronted and small-group interaction。Talking to Learn: Conversation in Second Language Acquisition。Rowley, MA。
27.	Seliger, Herbert W.(1983)。Learner interaction in the classroom and its effect on language acquisition。Classroom oriented research in second language acquisition。Rowley, MA：Newbury House。
28.	Smith, D. C.(1991)。Foundations of modern Chinese education and the Taiwan experience。The Confucian continuum: Educational modernization in Taiwan。New York。
29.	Wong-Fillmore, L.(1983)。When does teacher talk work as input?。Input in second language acquisition。Cambridge, MA。

其他
1.	Chan, P. Y.(1991)。Cultural factors in English teaching: The issue of "face"，Taipei。
2.	Chen, Y. M.(1985)。How to help students rid the fear and dislike of English，Taipei。
3.	Liang, J. S.(1998)。The use of group work in an EFL classroom: From the students' perspective，Feng-shan, Taiwan。
4.	Young, R. L.，Chu, J. W. C.(1993)。Balancing the English teaching process in Taiwan，Taipei。

圖書論文
1.	Pica, T.、Doughty, C.(1985)。Input and interaction in the communicative classroom: A comparison of teacher-fronted and group activities。Talking to Learn: Conversation in Second Language Acquisition。
2.	Swain, Merrill(1985)。Communicative competence: Some roles of comprehensible input and comprehensible output in its development。Input in second language acquisition。Newbury House Publishers。

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