一、中文部分
中華徵信所編製(2000)，台灣地區大型企業排名TOP5000，台北：編製者發行。
王麗雲(1995)，我國企業海外派遣人員人力資源控制與績效關係之研究，國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所未出版之碩士論文。
余明助(2000)，多國籍企業組織、策略與控制關係之研究─以台商海外子公司為例，國立成功大學企業管理研究所未出版之博士論文。
林彩梅(1979)，多國籍企業論，台北：五南圖書出版公司。
俞文釗(1993)，管理心理學，台北：五南圖書出版公司。
柯元達(1994)，台商派駐大陸經理人適應問題之研究，國立中山大學企業管理研究所未出版之碩士論文。
馬立秦(1984)，社會學上疏離之研究(上)，中國論壇，18(4)，60-64。
張瓊玲(1999)，中央行政機關科層體制特徵與成員疏離感關係之研究，國立政治大學公共行政研究所未出版之博士論文。陳威菖(1997)，組織承諾與工作滿足對組織公民行為的影響─以工作疏離感為中介模式，國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所未出版之碩士論文。
曾紀幸(1996)，多國籍企業在台子公司網路組織型態及其母公司管理機制選擇之關係，國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版之博士論文。經濟部投資審議委員會編製(2000)，中華民國歷年核准華僑及外國人投資, 對外投資, 對外技術合作, 對大陸間接投資, 大陸產業技術引進統計年報，台北：編製者發行。
趙必孝(2000)，國際化管理─人力資源觀點，台北：華泰書局。
趙自強(1993)，自動化與工作疏離感之相關研究，私立中國文化大學勞工研究所未出版之碩士論文。
謝安田(1998)，企業研究方法論(再版)，台北：著者發行。
顧鳳姿(1993)，資訊業駐外經理海外適應之研究，國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版之博士論文。二、英文部分
Adler, N. J. (1983). Cross-cultural management research: The ostrich and the trend. Academy of Management Review, 8(2), 226-232.
Adler, N. J. (1986). International dimensions of organizational behavior. Massachusetts: PWS-Kent.
Adler, N. J., & Jelinek, M. (1986). Is “organization culture” culture bound? Human Resource Management, 25(1), 73-90.
Agarwal, S., & Ramaswami, S. N. (1993). Affective organizational commitment of salespeople: An expanded model. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 13(1), 49-70.
Aiken, M., & Hage, J. (1966). Organizational alienation: A comparative Analysis. American Sociological Review, 31(4), 497-507.
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative committing to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1), 1-18.
Angle, H. L., & Perry, J. L. (1981). An empirical assessment of organizational commitment and organizational effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26(1), 1-14.
Arches, J. (1991). Social structure, burnout, and job satisfaction. Social Work, 36(3), 202-206.
Baliga, B. R., & Jaeger, A. M. (1984). Multinational corporations: Control systems and delegation issues. Journal of International Business Studies, 15(2), 25-40.
Banai, M., & Reisel, W. D. (1993). Expatriate managers loyalty to the MNC-myth or reality-An exploratory study. Journal of International Business Studies, 24(2), 233-248.
Bartlett, C. A., & Ghoshal, S. (1989). Managing across borders. Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Press.
Becker, H. S. (1960). Notes on the concept of commitment. American Journal of Sociology, 66, 32-42.
Black, J. S. (1988). Work role transitions: A study of American expatriate managers in Japan. Journal of International Business Studies, 19(2), 277-293.
Black, J. S., Mendenhall, M., & Oddou, G. (1991). Toward a comprehensive model of international adjustment: An integration of multiple theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Review, 16(2), 291-317.
Blauner, R. (1964). Alienation and freedom: The factory worker and his industry. Illinios: University of Chicago Press.
Bonjean, C. M., & Grimes, M. D. (1970). Bureaucracy and alienation: A dimensional approach. Social Forces, 48(3), 365-373.
Borstorff, P. C., Harris, S. G., & Giles, W. F. (1997). Who’ll go? a review of factors associated with employee willingness to work overseas. Human Resource Planning, 20(3), 29-40.
Boshoff, C., & Mels, G. (1995). A causal model to evaluate the relationships among supervision, role stress, organizational commitment and internal service quality. European Journal of Marketing, 29(2), 23-42.
Brown, S. P., & Peterson, R. A. (1993). Antecedents and consequences of salesperson job satisfaction: Meta analysis and assessment of causal effects. Journal of Marketing Research, 30(1), 63-77.
Cherrington, D. J. (1989). Organizational behavior. Massachusetts: Allyn & Bacon.
Child, J. (1981). Culture contingency and capitalism in the cross- national study organizations. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organization behavior, 3(pp.303-356). Connecticut: JAI Press.
Copeland, L., & Griggs, L. (1985). Going international. New York: Random House.
Doz, Y. L. (1986). Stategic management in multinational companies. New York: Pergamon Press.
Doz, Y. L., & Prahalad, C. K. (1986). Controlled variety: A challenge for human resource management in the MNC. Human Resource Management, 25(1), 55-71.
Dubin, R. (1956). Industrial workers’ worlds: A study of the central life interests of industrial workers. Social Problems, 3(1), 131-142.
Dubinsky, A. J., & Mattson, B. E. (1979). Consequences of role conflict and ambiguity experienced by retail salespeople. Journal of Retailing, 55(4), 70-86.
Duncan, R. B. (1975). Introduction to structural equation models. New York: Academic Press.
Dyer, B., & Song, X. M. (1997). The impact of strategy on conflict: A cross-national comparative study of U.S. and Japanese firms. Journal of International Business Studies, 28(3), 467-493.
Eisenberger, R., Fasolo, P., & Davis-LaMastro, V. (1990). Perceived organizational support and employee diligence, commitment, and innovation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(1), 51-59.
Etzioti, A. (1965). Organizational control structures. In J. G. March (Ed.), Handbook of organizations (pp.650-677). Illinois: Rand McNally.
Farrell, D., & Rusbult, C. E. (1981). Exchange variable as predictors of job satisfaction, job commitment and turnover: The impact of rewards, costs, alternatives and investments. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 28(1), 78-95.
Feldman, D. C., & Thomas, D. C. (1992). Career management issues facing expatriates. Journal of International Business Studies, 23(2), 271-293.
Feldman, D. C., & Tompson, H. B. (1993). Expatriation, reexpatriation, and domestic geographical relocation: An empirical investigation of adjustment to new job assignments. Journal of International Business Studies, 24(3), 507-529.
Ferris, K. R., & Aranya, N. (1983). A comparison of two organizational commitment scales. Personnel Psychology, 36(1), 87-98.
Fisher, C. (1995). Contingency-based research on management control systems: Categorization by level of complexity. Journal of Accounting Literature, 14, 24-53
Fromm, E. (1955). The sane society. New York: Rinehart.
Gencturk, E. F., & Aulakh, P. S. (1995). The use of process and output controls in foreign markets. Journal of International Business Studies, 26(4), 755-786.
Ghoshal, S., & Nohria, N. (1989). Internal differentiation within multinational corporations. Strategic Management Journal, 10(4), 323-338.
Glaser, B. G. (1963). Organizational scientists: Their professional careers. New York: Bobbs-Merrill.
Gould, S., & Werbel, J. D. (1983). Work involvement: A comparison of dual wage earner and single wage earner families. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68(2), 313-319.
Graves, D. (1972). Cultural determinism and management behavior. Organizational Dynamics, 1(3), 46-59.
Greene, C. N. (1978). Identification modes of professionals: Relationship with formalization, role strain, and alienation. Academy of Management Journal, 21(3), 486-492.
Gregersen, H. B., & Black, J. S. (1992). Antecedents to commitment to a parent company and a foreign operation. Academy of Management Journal, 35(1), 65-90.
Hage, J. (1974). Communication and organizational control: Cybernetics in health and welfare settings. New York: John Wiley.
Hall, R. J. (1962). Intraorganizational structure variation: Application of the bureaucratic model. Administrative Science Quarterly, 7(3), 295-308.
Harvey, M. G. (1985). The executive family: An overlooked variable in international assignments. Columbia Journal of World Business, 20(1), 84-93.
Hays, R. D. (1971). Ascribed behavioral determinants of success-failure among U.S. expatriate managers. Journal of International Business Studies, 2(1), 40-46.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. California: Sage Publications.
Hofstede, G. (1984). The cultural relativity of the quality of life concepts. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 389-398.
Hrebiniak, L. G., & Alutto, J. A. (1972). Personal and role-related factors in the development of organizational commitment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17(4), 555-572.
Hunt, J. W. (1981). Applying American behavioral science: Some cross-cultural problems. Organizational Dynamics, 10(1), 55-62.
International Monetary Fund (2001). International financial statistics. New York: Author.
Jackson, S. E., & Schuler, R. S. (1985). A meta analysis and conceptual critique of research on role ambiguity and role conflict in work settings. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 36(1), 16-78.
Jaeger, A. M., & Baliga, B. R. (1985). Control systems and strategic adaptation: Lessons from Japanese experience. Strategic Management Journal, 6(1), 115-134.
Johnston, M. W., Parasuraman, A., Futrell, C. M., & Black, W. C. (1990). A longitudinal assessment of the impact of selected organizational influences on salespeople’s organizational commitment during early employment. Journal of Marketing Research, 27(3), 333-344.
Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R. P., Snoek, J. D., & Rosenthal, R. A. (1964). Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity. New York: John Wiley.
Kakabadse, A. (1986). Organizational alienation and job climate. Small Group Behavior, 17(4), 458-471.
Kanungo, R. N. (1979). The concept of alienation and invovement revisited. Psychological Bulletin, 86(1), 119-138.
Kanungo, R. N. (1990). Work alienation in developing countries: Western models and Eastern realities. In A. M. Jaeger & R. N. Kanungo (Eds.), Management in developing countries (pp. 193-208). New York: Routledge, Chapman and Hall, Inc.
Kluckhohn, F. R., & Strodtbeck, F. L. (1961). Variations in value orientations. Illinois: Peterson.
Kobrin, S. J. (1988). Expatriate reduction and strategic control in American multinational corporations. Human Resource Management, 27(1), 63-76.
Kornhauser, W. (1962). Scientists industry. California: University of California Press.
Laurent, A. (1986). The cross-cultural puzzle of international human resource management corporations. Human Resource Management, 25(1), 91-102.
Lawler, E. E., & Hall. D. T. (1970). Relationship of job characteristics to job involvement, satisfaction, and intrinsic motivation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 54(4), 305-312.
Leigh, J. H., Lucas, G. H., & Woodman, R. W. (1988). Effects of perceived organizational factors on role stress-job attitude relationships. Journal of Management, 14(1), 41-58.
Lincoln, J. R., & Kalleberg, A. L. (1985). Work organization and workforce commitment: A study of plants and employees in the U.S. and Japan. American Sociological Review, 50(6), 738-760.
Lodahl, T. M., & Kejner, M. (1965). The definition and measurement of job involvement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 49(1), 24-33.
Martin, R. (1996). A longitudinal study examining the psychological reactions of job relocation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26(3), 265-282.
Martinez, J. I., & Jarillo, J. C. (1989). The evolution of research on coordination mechanisms in multinational corporations. Journal of International Business Studies, 20(3), 489-514.
Martinez, J. I., & Jarillo, J. C. (1991). Coordination demands of international strategies. Journal of International Business Studies, 22(3), 429-444.
Marx, K. (1964). The notion of alienation. In L. Coser & B. Rosenberg (Eds.), Sociological theory (p.44). New York: MacMillan.
Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. (1990). A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108(2), 171-194.
Mendenhall, M., & Oddou, G. (1985). The dimensions of expatriate acculturation: A review. Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 39-47.
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1984). Testing the side-bet theory of organizational commitment: Some methodological considerations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(3), 372-378.
Michaels, R. E., Cron, W. L., Dubinsky, A. J., & Joachimsthaler, E. A. (1988). Influence of formalization on the organization commitment and work alienation of salespeople and industrial buyers. Journal of Marketing Research, 25(4), 376-383.
Miller, G. A. (1967). Professionals in bureaucracy: Alienation among industrial scientists and engineers. American Sociological Review, 32(5), 755-769.
Mills, C. W. (1951). White collar. New York: Oxford University Press.
Misa, K. F., & Fabricatore, J. M. (1979). Return on investment of overseas personnel. Financial Executives, 47(4), 42-46.
Moch, M. K. (1980). Job involvement, internal motivation, and employees’ integration into networks of work relationships. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 25(1), 15-31.
Morris, J. H., & Koch, J. L. (1979). Impacts of role perceptions on organizational commitment, job involvement, and psychosomatic illness among three vocational groupings. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14(1), 88-101.
Morris, J. H., & Steers, R. M. (1980). Structural influences on organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 17(1), 50-57.
Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. M. (1982). Organizational linkages: The psychology of commitment and absenteeism and turnover. New York: Academic Press.
Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1979). The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14(2), 224-247.
Munton, A. G. (1990). Job relocation, stress and the family. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 11(5), 401-406.
Munton, A. G., & Foster, N. (1990). Job relocation: Stress and the role of the family. Work & Stress, 4(1), 75-81.
Nobel, R., & Birkinshaw, J. (1998). Innovation in multinational corporations: Control and communication patterns in international R & D operations. Strategic Management Journal 19(5), 479-496.
O’Reilly, C., & Chatman, J. (1986). Organizational commitment and psychological attachment: The effects of compliance, identification and internalization on prosocial behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 492-499.
Organ, D. W., & Greene, C. N. (1981). The effects of formalization on professional involvement: A compensatory process approach. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26(2), 237-252.
Ouchi, W. G. (1977). The relationship between organizational structure and organizational control. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22(1), 95-113.
Ouchi, W. G. (1979). A conceptual framework for the design of organizational control mechanisms. Management Science, 25(9), 833-848.
Ouchi, W. G. (1981). Theory Z. Massachusetts: Addison-Wisley.
Pearlin, L. I. (1962). Alienation from work: A study of nursing personnel. American Sociological Review, 27(3), 314-326.
Podsakoff, P. M., Williams, L. J., & Todor, W. D. (1986). Effects of organization formalization on alienation among professionals and nonprofessionals. Academy of Management Journal, 29(4), 820-831.
Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T., & Boulian, P. V. (1974). Organizational commitment, job satisfactory, and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(5), 603-609.
Rabinowitz, S., & Hall, D. T. (1981). Changing correlates of job involvement in three career stages. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 18(2), 138-144.
Ramaswami, S. N., Agarwal, S., & Bhargava, M. (1993). Work alienation of marketing employees: Influence of task, supervisory, and organizational structure factors. Journal of Marketing Science, 21(3), 179-193.
Rizzo, J. R., House, R. J., & Lirtzman, S. I. (1970). Role conflict and ambiguity in complex organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 15(2), 150-163.
Robinson, R. D. (1984). Internationalization of business: An introduction. Illinois: The Dryden Press.
Ronen, S., & Shenkar, O. (1985). Clustering countries on attitudinal dimensions: A review and synthesis. Academy of Management Review. 10(3), 435-454.
Roth, K., Schweiger, D., & Morrison, A. J. (1991). Global strategy implementation at the business unit level: Operational capabilities and administrative mechanisms. Journal of International Business Studies, 22(3), 361-394.
Rousseau, D. M. (1978). Characteristics of departments, positions and individuals: Contexts for attitudes and behavior. Administrative Science Quarterly, 23(4), 521-540.
Salancik, G. R. (1977). Commitment and the control of organizational behavior and belief. In B. M. Staw & G. R. Salancik (Eds.), New directions in organizational behavior (pp. 406-412). Chicago: St. Clair Press.
Saleh, S. D., & Hosek, J. (1976). Job involvement: Concepts and measurements. Academy of Management Journal, 19(2), 213-224.
Seeman, M. (1959). On the meaning of alienation. American Sociological Review, 24(6), 783-791.
Seeman, M. (1967). On the personal consequences of alienation in work. American Sociological Review, 32(2), 273-285.
Seeman, M. (1971). The urban alienations: Some dubious theses from Marx to Marcuse. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 19(2), 135-143.
Sekaran, U. (1983). Methodological and theoretical issues and advancements in cross-cultural research. Journal of International Business Studies, 14(2), 61-73.
Sheldon, M. E. (1971). Investments and involvment as mechanisms producing commitment to the organization. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16(2), 143-158.
Shepard, J. M. (1977). Technology, alienation and job satisfaction. Annual Review of Sociology, 3, 1-21.
Sinha, B. P. (1984). A model of effective leadership style in India. International Studies of Management and Organization, 14(2/3), 86-98.
Snell, S. A. (1992). Control theory in strategic human resource management: The mediating effect of administrative information. Academy of Management Journal. 35(2), 292-327.
Staw, B. M. (1981). The escalation of commitment to a course of action. Academy of Management Review, 6(4), 577-587.
Steers, R. M. (1994). Organizational behavior. New York: Harper Collins College Publishers.
Stevens, J. M., Beyer, J. M., & Trice, H. M. (1978). Assessing personal, role and organizational predictors of managerial commitment. Academy of Management Journal, 21(3), 380-396.
Sundaram, A. K., & Black, J. S. (1992). The environment and internal organization of multinational enterprises. Academy of Management Review, 17(4), 729-757.
Tannenbaum, A. S. (1968). The social psychology of work organization. California: Brooks-Cole.
Torbiorn, I. (1982). Living abroad: Personal adjustment and personnel policy in the overseas setting. New York: John Wiley.
Torrington, D. (1994). International human resource management. New York: Prentice-Hall.
Tosi, H. L., Rizzo, J. R., & Carroll, S. J. (1994). Managing organizational behavior. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers.
Tung, R. L. (1987). Expatriate assignment: Enhancing success and minimizing failure. Academy of Management Executive, 1(2), 117-126.
Tung, R. L. (1988). The new expatriate. Massachusetts: Ballinger Publishing.
Tung, R. L. (1993). Managing cross-national and intra-national diversity. Human Resource Management, 32(4), 461-477.
Van Sell, M., Brief, A. P., & Schuler, R. S. (1981). Role conflict and role ambiguity: Integration of the literature and directions for future research. Human Relations, 34(1), 43-71.
Vance, C. M., McClaine, S. R., Boje, D. M., & Stage, H. D. (1992). An examenation of transferability of traditional performance appraisal principles across cultural boundaries. Management International Review, 32(4), 313-326.
Vroom, V. H. (1962). Ego involvement, job satisfaction, and job performance. Personnel Psychology, 15(2), 159-177.
Yen, R. (1988). On Hofstede’s treatment of Chineses and Japanese values. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 6(1), 149-160.
Youssef, S. M. (1975). Contextual factors influencing control strategy of multinational corporations. Academy of Management Journal, 18(1), 136-145.
Zaccaro, S. J., & Dobbins, G. H. (1989). Contrasting group and organizational commitment: Evidence for differences among multi-level attachments. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(1), 63-77.
Zeira, Y., & Banai, M. (1985). Selection of expatriate managers in MNCs: The host-environment point of view. International Studies of Management and Organization, 15(1), 33-51.