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題名:地區限定優勢:成因與對國際化之影響
作者:羅芳怡 引用關係
校院名稱:國立政治大學
系所名稱:企業管理研究所
指導教授:于卓民
譚丹琪
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2007
主題關鍵詞:地區限定優勢轉化優勢地區限定程度環境鑲嵌組織鑲嵌優勢特性國際化策略
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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多國公司進行優勢之跨國移轉時,有些母公司按照擬定的計畫為之,有些母公司則視地主國的需求而移轉相關資源。實務觀察發現,移轉優勢至國外時,有的公司成功,有的公司卻失敗,其原因為何?理論上,多國公司在國外營運時,傾向將母公司優勢移轉到子公司,以克服外國公司之不利生存性,有些母公司優勢可順利地移轉到子公司,然而有些優勢則否,乃因優勢具有地區限定的特性。因此,由於資源在跨國移轉時會面對某些障礙,使得優勢的跨國使用可能受限,本研究的重心為如何在新的地理空間發揮原有的優勢。
本研究共分三個子研究進行,分別為 1.以探索性個案研究之個案提出命題,探討地區限定優勢之因素與轉化方式。 2.依據個案所提出之造成優勢地區限定三大成因,以實證資料驗證其對母公司優勢地區限定程度之影響。 3.探討地區限定優勢成因對多國公司策略之影響。
首先,個案主要探究造成地區限定優勢之因素,與多國公司降低優勢地區限定程度的方法。個案研究發現:(1)影響優勢地區限定程度因素主要可分成環境、組織及優勢等三個層次;(2) 多國公司可針對不同造成優勢地區限定之因素,分別透過轉化的方式 (例如:選擇相似環境之國家投資、將相關的週邊環境整體移動、與組織次系統脫勾、將次系統整體移動或切割優勢等方式),降低優勢地區限定程度,以利跨國移轉;(3)不同造成地區限定優勢之因素搭配不同之轉化方式,可降低優勢地區限定程度。為加速優勢的跨國移轉,本研究對實務界的建議為加強非地區限定優勢之建立、將地區限定優勢轉化為非地區限定優勢,以及建立優勢管理制度。
第二個研究探討地區限定優勢之成因。依循量表發展過程,發展出衡量地區限定優勢成因之衡量指標11題,分別代表三個構念:環境鑲嵌、組織鑲嵌與優勢特性,經修訂後成為施測問卷。問卷調查有效樣本為多國公司中154位熟悉海外投資業務之中高階主管,經探索性與驗證性因素分析,通過各種信度與效度測試後,確立衡量指標。接續驗證成因構面與地區限定優勢之關聯,實證結果亦顯示此三構面對優勢之地區限定程度,均有正向影響。因此,此三因素為地區限定優勢之成因。
第三個研究主要探討造成地區限定優勢因素與多國公司策略之關係,驗證造成優勢地區限定之成因,對多國公司進行國際拓展、國際策略與優勢移轉之影響。問卷調查有效樣本為多國公司中158位熟悉海外投資業務之中高階主管,統計分析結果發現,環境鑲嵌造成之優勢地區限定程度高,會使得多國公司傾向採用分權結構;組織鑲嵌造成之優勢地區限定程度高,會使得多國公司傾向採用全球策略、降低國外子公司股權、並造成優勢移轉至子公司時間拉長;優勢特性造成之優勢地區限定程度高,會使得多國公司國際化深度較淺、傾向選擇文化距離小的國家投資、優勢移轉至子公司時間拉長、與優勢移轉至子公司程度降低。
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