臺灣人文及社會科學引文索引資料庫系統

:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
第 1 筆 / 總合 1 筆   第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁
/1頁
題名：員工知覺單位問題與倫理氣候對建言行為之交互作用影響
作者：蔡年泰
作者(外文)：Nien-Tai Tsai
校院名稱：國立東華大學
系所名稱：企業管理學系
指導教授：熊欣華
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2013
主題關鍵詞：挑戰性建言；支持性建言；知覺單位風險；知覺單位衰退；倫理氣候；challenging voice；supportive voice；perceived unit risk；perceived unit decline；ethical climate
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
相關次數：
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(2) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:0
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:13
建言行為是員工參與管理活動的展現，不僅可以糾正組織問題、避免潛在危機，也可以增進決策的品質、提升組織效能。特別是，商業環境日益複雜及持續快速變化的今日，管理者所面臨的挑戰不斷地增加，更需要員工提出建性的意見與想法，以促進組織創新及適應環境的能力。因此，管理文獻一再強調，員工建言對組織生存與長期發展具有重要的意義。
關於建言行為的研究，過去大都聚焦在個人取向與建言行為的關係，以及情境因素如何助長/抑制個體的建言行為。雖然過去研究證據指出，個體的人格特質、態度，以及組織情境、領導者的態度、管理風格等會影響員工表達意見的意願，但卻無法深入地解釋員工想要表達意見以及避免建言風險的心理狀態。
本研究認為員工建言行為的驅動力來自個體系統的緊張或失衡，而這樣的狀態可能導因於員工對單位問題的知覺，包括知覺單位風險與單位衰退。此外，建言行為亦可能受到單位倫理氣候的影響。在一具有良好單位倫理氣候的工作單位中，此單位會具有一定的制度要求，期望員工能表現仁愛關懷、遵守法律專業守則、重視成本及績效，而員工也能清楚地確認單位的措施、規範、及核心價值。本研究主要目的在於探討員工建言行為的心理機制，並引用力場理論驗證員工建言行為是否受到員工知覺單位問題，以及單位倫理氣候與知覺問題的間交互作用的影響。
本研究以全國警察局派出所警員為研究對象，並採取階層線性模式進行資料分析。多層次資料蒐集方式為問卷調查，問卷設計採配對問卷，分為警員自評問卷、同事他評問卷、及主管他評問卷。問卷發放分兩階段進行，第一階段發放自評問卷1000份，81個單位；此階段回收665份，計有71個單位。第二階段問卷發放警員自評問卷、同事他評問卷、及主管他評問卷各665份，71個單位；此階段回收自評問卷537份、同事他評問卷372份、主管他評問卷206份。經刪除無法配對與遺漏值過多之問卷後，實際回收有效單位數為40所(單位回收率49.3%)，有效問卷為201份(回收率30.2%)。
資料分析結果顯示：當單位仁愛關懷氣候越高時，知覺單位風險對挑戰性建言的影響程度越強；當單位法律與專業守則氣候越高時，知覺單位風險對挑戰性建言的影響程度越強；當單位仁愛關懷氣候越高時，知覺單位風險對支持性建言的影響程度越強；當單位法律與專業守則氣候越高時，知覺單位風險對支持性建言的影響程度越強；當單位法律與專業守則氣候越高時，知覺單位衰退對支持性建言的影響程度越強。
本研究證實仁愛關懷氣候以及法律與專業守則氣候兩者對個體知覺單位風險與兩種建言行為之間的關係具有跨層次的影響。在實務方面，可提供管理者瞭解，營造仁愛關懷氣候及法律與專業守則氣候會促進員工建言行為。員工處於這種有利的工作環境，可以讓員工知覺單位友善的對待，促進成員之間彼此的關懷，保障員工言論自由，以及尊重員工的專業自主權。如此可以使員工以正面的態度來對待單位，主動關心單位的事務，積極參與討論及分享想法，隨時指出單位內部問題，並提供改善方案。
Voice behavior is an important issue in organizational management and plays a significant role in the enhancement of organizational decision-making quality and the prevention of potential risks. In a complex and rapidly changing business environment, managers face increasing information processing and problem solving challenges, and should be concerned with the positive functions of their employees’ opinion expression, which can be a key factor in organizational survival and long-term development.
Most studies on voice behavior focus on the relationship between personal-oriented and voice behavior, as well as how contextual factors enhance or suppress individual voice behaviors. Although these studies have found that individual personality traits, attitude, organizational situations, leader attitudes and leadership may influence employees’ voice behaviors, these factors cannot fully explain the inner state of the employee who wants to express their opinions and avoid the risk of voice.
Employee voice behavior could arise from an employee’s perception of unit problems, which are a perception of unit risk and a perception of unit decline. These two perceptions may cause employee employee’s inner tension system imbalance. In addition, voice behavior could also be influenced by a unit’s ethical climate, which includes caring, law and code, and instrumental climate. Through an ethical climate employees may clearly understand their unit’s standards concerning appropriate conduct. The employees’ conduct may be in line with the unit’s expectations, caring for others, complying with laws and professional codes, and valuing costs and performance. Consequently, the interaction between unit ethical climate and employee perception of unit problems could have an effect on voice behavior. This study aims to understand the psychological mechanism of employee voice behaviors. Based on a force filed approach this study investigates how employee voice behavior was affected by their perceptions of unit problems, and the interaction between a unit’s ethical climate and an employee’s perceptions of unit problems.
This study chose Taiwanese policemen as subjects and adopted a hierarchical linear model. Multi-level data collection was based on a questionnaire survey method. Questionnaire design used pair questionnaires, including policemen self-report questionnaires, colleague rating questionnaires and supervisor rating questionnaires. There were two rounds of questionnaire distribution. In the first round, the subjects were policemen, including 81 units and a total of 1000 policemen self-report questionnaires, 665 questionnaires (from 71 units) were returned. Two weeks later, the second round of questionnaires was distributed. The subjects included 665 policemen, their colleagues and supervisors, from 71 units. In the second round, 537 policemen self-report questionnaires, 372 colleague rating questionnaires, and 206 supervisor questionnaires were returned. The participants with missing data that could not be paired were eliminated. These screening procedures resulted in 40 units (unit return rate was 49.3%) with 201 valid paired questionnaires (return rate was 30.2%) that were used for all statistical analyses.
The data analysis found that: (1) units with high caring climate scores exhibited stronger perceived unit risk and were more likely to exercise a challenging voice; (2) units with high caring climate scores exhibited stronger perceived unit risk and were more likely to exercise a supportive voice; (3) units with high laws and professional codes showed stronger perceived unit risk and were more likely to exercise a challenging voice; (4) units with high law and professional code climate scores showed a stronger perceived unit risk and were more likely to exercise a supportive voice; (5) the units with high law and professional code climate scores showed a stronger perceived unit decline and were more likely to exercise a supportive voice.
Based on the results of this hierarchical linear model, the logical inference of this theoretical framework is reasonable, and it partially explains the psychological mechanism of voice behaviors. Theoretically, this study found that the ethical climate of a unit and an individual’s perception of their unit’s problems have an interactive effect on voice behaviors. In managerial practice, these findings can help managers recognize their employees’ positive motive of opinion expression, handle internal potential problems of units, and remind managers of the importance of constructing an ethical climate. In such a favorable work environment employees were treated kindly, their speech was protected, and their profession was respected. Then employees will have a positive attitude towards their unit, keep proactively well-informed about the issues of their unit, stay actively involved in the discussion of issues, and provide constructive solutions to problems.
一、中文文獻：
樊景立與鄭伯壎(1997)。華人自評式績效考核中的自謙偏差：題意、謙虛價值及自尊之影響。中華心理學刊，39(2)，103-118。
溫福星、邱皓政(2011)。多層次模式方法論：階層線性模式的關鍵問題與試解。台北市: 新亞測驗評量暨技術研究中心。new window
二、英文文獻：
Addae, H. M., Parboteeah, K. P., & Davis, E. E. 2006. Organizational commitment and intention to quit: An examination of the moderating effect of psychological breach in trinidad and tobago. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 14(3): 225-238.
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. 1990. The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1): 1-18.
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. 1996. Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: An examination of construct validity. Journal of Vocational Behavior 49(3): 252-276.
Amah, O. E., & Okafor, C. A. 2008. Relationships among silence climate, employee silence behaviour and work attitudes: The role of self-esteem and locus of control. Asian Journal of Scientific Research, 1(1): 1-10.
Ambrose, M., Arnaud, A., & Schminke, M. 2008. Individual moral development and ethical climate: The influence of person–organization fit on job attitudes, Vol. 77: 323-333.
Argenti, J. 1976. Corporate collapse. New York: Halstead.
Argyris, C. 1977. Double loop learning in organizations. Harvard Business Review, 55(5): 115-125.
Argyris, C., & Schön, D. A. 1978. Organizational learning: A theory of action perspective. London.: Addison-Wesley.
Arkin, R. M., & Shepperd, J. A. 1989. Self-presentation styles in organizations. In R. A. Giacalone, & P. Rosenfeld (Eds.), Impression management in the organization: 125-139. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Ashford, S. J., Rothbard, N. P., Piderit, S. K., & Dutton, J. E. 1998. Out on a limb: The role of context and impression management in selling gender-equity issues. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43(1): 23-57.
Ashford, S. J., Sutcliffe, K. M., & Christianson, M. K. 2009. Speaking up and speaking out: The leadership dynamics of voice in organizations. In J. Greenberg, & M. S. Edwards (Eds.), Voice and silence in organizations: 175-201. UK, Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Avery, D. R. 2003. Personality as a predictor of the value of voice. The Journal of Psychology, 137(5): 435-446.
Baer, M., & Frese, M. 2003. Innovation is not enough: Climates for initiative and psychological safety, process innovations, and firm performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(1): 45-68.
Bailey, K. D. 2001. Towards unifying science: Applying concepts across disciplinary boundaries. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 18(1): 41.
Bandalos, D. L. 2002. The effects of item parceling on goodness-of-fit and parameter estimate bias in structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(1): 78-102.
Bandalos, D. L. 2008. Is parceling really necessary? A comparison of results from item parceling and categorical variable methodology. Structural Equation Modeling, 15(2): 211-240.
Bandura, A. 1977. Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2): 191-215.
Bandura, A. 1986. Social foundation of thoughts and action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hill.
Bandura, A. 2001. Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52: 1-26.
Bartko, J. J. 1976. On various intraclass correlation reliability coefficients. Psychological Bulletin, 83(5): 762-765.
Bauer, R. A. 1960. Consumer behavior as risk taking. In D. Cox (Ed.), Risk taking and information handling in consumer behavior: 23-34. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Blatt, R., Christianson, M. K., Sutcliffe, K. M., & Rosenthal, M. M. 2006. A sensemaking lens on reliability. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(7): 897-917.
Blau, P. 1964. Exchange and power in social life. New York: John Wiley.
Bliese, P. D. 2000. Within-group agreement, non-independence, and reliability: Implications for data aggregation and analysis. In K. J. Klein, & S. W. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations: 349-381. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, Inc.
Botero, I. C., & Dyne, L. V. 2009. Employee voice behavior: Interactive effects of lmx and power distance in the united states and colombia. Management Communication Quarterly, 23(1): 84-104.
Bourgeois III, L. J. 1985. Strategic goals, perceived uncertainty, and economic performance in volatile environments. Academy of Management Journal, 28(3): 548-573.
Brehm, S. S., & Brehm, J. W. 1981. Psychological reactance: A theory of freedom and control. New York: Academic Press.
Brinsfield, C. T., Edwards, M. S., & Greenberg, J. 2009. Voice and silenc in organizations: Historical review and current conceptualizations. In J. Greenberg, & M. S. Edwards (Eds.), Voice and silence in organizations: 3-33. UK, Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Broadbent, D. 1971. Decision and stress. London, England: Academic.
Buchanan II, B. 1974. Building organizational commitment: The socialization of managers in work organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 19(4): 533-546.
Burns, W. J., Peters, E., & Slovic, P. 2012. Risk perception and the economic crisis: A longitudinal study of the trajectory of perceived risk. Risk Analysis, 32(4): 659-677.
Burris, E. R. 2012. The risks and rewards of speaking up: Managerial responses to employee voice. Academy of Management Journal, 55(4): 851-875.
Caldwell, C., & Canuto-Carranco, M. 2010. “organizational terrorism” and moral choices – exercising voice when the leader is the problem. Journal of Business Ethics, 97(1): 159-171.
Cameron, K. S., Sutton, R. I., & Whetten, D. A. 1988. Issues in organizational decline. In K. S. Cameron, R. I. Sutton, & D. A. Whetten (Eds.), Readings in organizational decline: Frameworks, research, and prescriptions: 3-19. Boston: Ballinger Publishing Company.
Carmeli, A., & Schaubroeck, J. 2006. Top management team behavioral integration, decision quality, and organizational decline. Leadership Quarterly, 17: 441-453.
Carroll, A. B. 1978. Linking business ethics to behavior in organizations. Advanced Management Journal, 43(3): 4-12.
Chaiken, S., Liberman, A., & Eagly, A. H. 1989. Heuristic and systematic information processing within and beyond the persuasion context. In J. S. Uleman, & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended thought: 212-252. New York: Guilford Press.
Chen, G., & Bliese, P. D. 2002. The role of different levels of leadership in predicting self- and collective efficacy: Evidence for discontinuity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3): 549-556.
Chen, G., Gully, S. M., & Eden, D. 2004. General self-efficacy and self-esteem: Toward theoretical and empirical distinction between correlated self-evaluations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3): 375-395.
Chiaburu, D. S., Marinova, S. V., & VanDyne, L. 2008. Should i do it or not? An initial model of cognitive processes predicting voice behaviors. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2008(1): 1-6.
Conchie, S. M., Taylor, P. J., & Donald, I. J. 2012. Promoting safety voice with safety-specific transformational leadership: The mediating role of two dimensions of trust. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 17(1): 105-115.
Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. 1988. The empowerment process: Integrating theory and practice. Academy of Management Review, 13(3): 471-482.
Crosby, F. 1976. A model of egoistical relative deprivation. Psychological Review, 83(2): 85-113.
Cullen, J. B., Parbooteah, K. P., & Victor, B. 2003. The effects of ethical climates on organizational commitment: A two-study analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 46(2): 127-141.
D'Aveni, R. A. 1989. The aftermath of organizational decline: A longitudinal study of the strategic and managerial characteristics of declining firms. The Academy of Management Journal, 32(3): 577-605.
D'Aveni, R. A., & Gunther, R. 1994. Hypercompetition: Managing the dynamics of strategic maneuvering. New York: The Free Press.
Damanpour, F., & Evan, W. M. 1984. Organizational innovation and performance: The problem of "Organizational lag". Administrative Science Quarterly, 29(3): 392-409.
Datf, R. L. 2013. Organization theory and design (11 ed.). Mason, Ohio: Cengage Learning South-Western.
De Dreu, C. K., & Weingart, L. R. 2003. Task versus relationship conflict, team performance, and team member satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4): 741-749.
De Dreu, C. K. W., & West, M. A. 2001. Minority dissent and team innovation: The importance of participation in decision making. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(6): 1191-1201.
DeLeeuw, J., & Kreft, I. G. G. 1995. Questioning multilevel models. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 20(2): 171-189.
Detert, J. R., & Burris, E. R. 2007. Leadership behavior and employee voice: Is the door really open? Academy of Management Journal, 50: 869-884.
Dooley, R. S., & Fryxell, G. E. 1999. Attaining decision quality and commitmment from dissent: The moderating effects of loyalty and competence in strategic decision-making teams. Academy of Management Journal, 42(4): 389-402.
Dozier, J. B., & Miceli, M. P. 1985. Potential predictors of whistle-blowing. A prosocial behavior perspective. Academy of Management Review, 10(4): 823-836.
Dutton, J. E., & Ashford, S. J. 1993. Selling issues to top management. Academy of Management Review, 18(3): 397-428.
Dutton, J. E., Ashford, S. J., O'Neill, R. M., Hayes, E., & Wierba, E. E. 1997. Reading the wind: How middle managers assess the context for selling issues to top managers. Strategic Management Journal, 18(5): 407–425.
Edmondson, A., & Moingeon, B. 1998. From organizational learning to the learning organization. Management Learning, 29(1): 5-20.
Edmondson, A. C. 1999. Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2): 350-384.
Edmondson, A. C. 2003. Speaking up in the operating room: How team leaders promote learning in interdisciplinary action teams, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 40(2): 1419-1452.
Edmondson, A. C., Bohmer, R. M., & Pisano, G. P. 2001. Disrupted routines: Team learning and new technology implementation in hospitals. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46(4): 685-716.
Edmondson, V. C., & Munchus, G. 2007. Managing the unwanted truth: A framework for dissent strategy. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 20(6): 747-760.
Edwards, M. S., Ashkanasy, N. M., & Gardner, J. 2009. Deciding to speak up or to remain silenct following observed wrongdoing: The role of discrete emotions and climate of silence. In J. Greenberg, & M. S. Edwards (Eds.), Voice and silence in organizations: 83-109. UK, Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Eisenberg, E. M., Monge, P. R., & Miller, K. I. 1983. Involvement in communication networks as predictor of organizational commitment. Human Communication Research, 10(2): 179-201.
Eisenhardt, K. M., Kahwajy, J. L., & Bourgeois III, L. J. 1997. How management teams can have a good fight. Harvard Business Review, 75(4): 77-85.
Elçi, M., & Alpkan, L. 2009. The impact of perceived organizational ethical climate on work satisfaction. Journal of Business Ethics, 84(3): 297-311.
Elie-Dit-Cosaque, C., Pallud, J., & Kalika, M. 2011. The influence of individual, contextual, and social factors on perceived behavioral control of information technology: A field theory approach. Journal of Management Information Systems, 28(3): 201-234.
Ellis, J. B., & Van Dyne, L. 2009. Voice and silence as observers' reactions to defensive voice: Predictions based on communication competence theory. In J. Greenberg, & M. S. Edwards (Eds.), Voice and silence in organizations: 35-61. UK, Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Enders, C. K., & Tofighi, D. 2007. Centering predictor variables in cross-sectional multilevel models: A new look at an old issue. Psychological Methods, 12(2): 121-138.
Enz, C. A., & Schwenk, C. R. 1991. The performance edge: Strategic and value dissensus. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 4(1): 75-85.
Erondu, E. A., Sharland, A., & Okpara, J. O. 2004. Coporate ethics in nigeria: A test of the concept of an ethical climate. Journal of Business Ethics, 51(4): 349-357.new window
Ewing, D. W. 1977. Freedom inside the organization: Bringing civil liberties to the workplace New York: Dutton.
Farrell, D. 1983. Exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect as responses to job dissatisfaction: A multidimensional scaling study. Academy of Management Journal, 26(4): 596-607.
Farrell, D., & Rusbult, C. E. 1992. Exploring the exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect typology: The influence of job satisfaction, quality of alternatives, and investment size. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 5(3): 201-218.
Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J., & Ferrell, L. 2000. Business ethics: Ethical decision making and cases (4 ed.). New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Ferrell, O. C., & Gresham, L. G. 1985. A contingency framework for understanding ethical decision making in marketing. Journal of Marketing, 49(3): 87-96.
Feuille, P., & Delaney, J. T. 1993. The individual pursuit of organizational justice: Grievance procedures in nonunion workplaces. In G. R. Ferris, & K. M. Rowland (Eds.), Research in personnel and human resource management, Vol. 10: 187-232. Greenwich, Conn: JAI Press.
Freeman, S. J., & Cameron, K. S. 1993. Organizational downsizing: A convergence and reorientation framework. Organization Science, 4(1): 10-29.
Friedman, M. 1962. Capitalism and freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Fuller, J. B., Marler, L. E., & Hester, K. 2006. Promoting felt responsibility for constructive change and proactive behavior: Exploring aspects of an elaborated model of work design. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(8): 1089-1120.
George, J. M., & Jones, G. R. 1997. Organizational spontaneity in context. Human Performance, 10(2): 153-170.
George, J. M., & Jones, G. R. 2000. The role of time in theory and theory building. Joumal of Management, 26(4): 657-684.
Gilligan, C. 1982. In a different voice. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gilligan, C. 1988. Exit-voice dilemmas in adolescent development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gorden, W. I. 1988. Range of employee voice. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 1(4): 283-299.
Graham, J. W. 1986. Principled organizational dissent: A theoretical essay. Research in Organizational Behavior, 8: 1-52.
Graham, J. W., & Keeley, M. 1992. Hirschman's loyalty construct. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 5(3): 191-200.
Grant, A. M., Gino, F., & Hofmann, D. A. 2011. Reversing the extraverted leadership advantage: The role of employee proactivity. Academy of Management Journal, 54(3): 528-550.
Greenberg, J. 1990. Organizational justice: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Journal of Management, 16(2): 399-432.
Greenberg, N., Carr, J. A., & Summers, C. H. 2002. Causes and consequences of stress? Integrative and Comparative Biology, 42(3): 508-516.
Gundlach, M. I., Douglas, S. C., & Martinko, M. J. 2003. The decision to blow the whistle: A social information processing framwork. Academy of Management Review, 28(1): 107-123.
Hagedoorn, M., Van Yperen, N. W., Van de Vliert, E., & Buunk, B. P. 1999. Employees' reactions to problematic events: A circumplex structure of five categories of responses and the role of job satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(3): 309-321.
Hambrick, D. G., Geletkanycz, M. A., & Fredrickson, J. W. 1993. Top executive commitment to the status quo: Some tests of its determinants. Strategic Management Journal, 14(6): 401-418.
Harris, M. M., & Schaubroeck, J. 1988. A meta-analysis of self-supervisor, self-peer, and peer-sup. Personnel Psychology, 41(1): 43.
Harvey, J. B. 1988. The abilene paradox and other meditations on management. San Diego: Lexington.
Hegstrom, T. G. 1995. Focus on organizational dissent: A functionalist response to criticism. In J. Lehtonen (Ed.), Critical perspectives on communication research and pedagogy: 83-94. St. Ingbert, Germany: Rohrig University Press.
Herbert, T. T., & Estes, R. W. 1977. Improving executive decisions by formalizing dissent: The corporate devil's advocate. Academy of Management Review, 2(4): 662-667.
Hirschman, A. O. 1970. Exit, voice, and loyalty: Responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hirschman, A. O. 1980. "Exit, voice, and loyalty:" Further reflections and a survey of recent contributions. The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 58(3): 430-453.
Hirshman, A. O. 1970. Exit, voice, and loyalty: Responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hockey, G. R. J. 1996. Energetical control processes in the regulation of human performance. In W. Battmann, & S. Dutke (Eds.), Processes of the molar regulation of behavior: 271-287. Lengerich, Germany: Pabst Science.
Hofmann, D. A. 1997. An overview of the logic and rational of hierarchical linear models. Journal of management, 23(6): 723-744.
Hofmann, D. A., & Gavin, M. B. 1998. Centering decisions in hierarchical linear models: Implications for research in organizations. Journal of Management, 24(5): 623-641.
Hsiung, H.-H. 2012. Authentic leadership and employee voice behavior: A multi-level psychological process. Journal of Business Ethics, 107(3): 349-361.
Hsiung, H.-H., Tsai, N.-T., & Chen, J.-A. 2013. Employee opinion expression behaviors: Their antecedents and influences on supervisory performance evaluation. NTU Management Review, 23(2).
Hunt, S. D., Wood, V. R., & Chonko., L. B. 1989. Corporate ethical values and organizational commitment in marketing. Journal of Macromarketing, 53(3): 79-90.
Igbaria, M., & Guimaraes, T. 1993. Antecedents and consequences of job satisfaction among information center employees. Journal of Management Information Systems, 9(4): 145-174.
Isenberg, D. J. 1980. Levels of analysis of pluralistic ignorance phenomena: The case of receptiveness to interpersonal feedback. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 10(6): 457–467.
Jacoby, J., & Kaplan, L. B. 1972. The components of perceived risk. Paper presented at the Third Annual Conference of the Association for Consumer Research, IL: Association for Consumer Research.
Jamal, K., & Bowie, N. 1995. Theoretical considerations for a meaningful code of professional ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 14(9): 703-714.
James, L. A., & James, L. R. 1989. Integrating work environment perceptions: Explorations into the measurement of meaning. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(5): 739-751.
James, L. A., Joyce, W. F., & Slocum, J. W. 1988. Comment: Organizations do not cognize. Academy of Management Review, 13(1): 129-132.
James, L. R. 1982. Aggregation bias in estimates of perceptual agreement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67(2): 219-229.
James, L. R., Demaree, R. G., & Wolf, G. 1984. Estimating within-group interrater reliability with and without response bias. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(1): 58-98.
Jaramillo, F., Mulki, J. P., & Solomon, P. 2006. The role of ethical climate on salesperson's role stress, job attitudes, turnover intention, and job performance. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 26(3): 271-282.
Jones, A. P., & James, L. R. 1979. Psychological climate: Dimensions and relationships of individual and aggregated work environment perceptions. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 23(2): 201-250.
Jones, D. A., & Skarlicki, D. R. 2005. The effects of overhearing peers discuss an authority's fairness reputation on reactions to subsequent treatment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(2): 363-372.
Jones, E. E., & Pittman, T. S. 1982. Toward a general theory of strategic self-presentation. In J. Suls (Ed.), Psychological perspectives on the self: 231-263. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., & Durham, C. C. 1997. The dispositional causes of job satisfaction: A core evaluations approach. In B. M. Staw, & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, Vol. 17: 151-188. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Kahn, W. A. 1990. Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4): 692-724.
Kahneman, D. 1973. Attention and effort. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Kanfer, R., Ackerman, P. L., Murtha, T. C., Dugdale, B., & Nelson, L. 1994. Goal setting, conditions of practice, and task performance: A resource allocation perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(6): 826-835.
Kassing, J. W. 1997. Articulating, antagonizing, and displacing: A model of employee dissent. Communication Studies, 48(4): 311-332.
Kassing, J. W., & Armstrong, T. A. 2001. Examining the association of job tenure, employment history, and organizational status with employee dissent. Communication Research Reports, 18(3): 264 - 273.
Kassing, J. W., & Avtgis, T. A. 1999. Examining the relationship between organizational dissent and aggressive communication. Management Communication Quarterly, 13(1): 100-115.
Kassing, J. W., & DiCioccio, R. L. 2004. Testing a workplace experience explanation of displaced dissent. Communication Reports, 17(2): 113-121.
Kassing, J. W., & McDowell, Z. J. 2008. Disagreeing about what's fair: Exploring the relationship between perceptions of justice and employee dissent. Communication Research Reports, 25(1): 34 - 43.
Katz, D. 1964. The motivational basis of organizational behavior. Behavioral Science, 9(2): 131-146.
Kelley, S. W., & Dorsch, M. J. 1991. Ethical climate, organization commitment, and indebtedness among purchasing executives. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 11(4): 55-66.
Keltner, D., Gruenfeld, D. H., & Anderson, C. 2003. Power, approach, and inhibition. Psychological Review, 110(2): 265-284.
King, W. R., Chung, T. R., & Haney, M. H. 2008. Knowledge management and organizational learning. Omega, 36(2): 167-172.
Kish-Gephart, J. J., Detert, J. R., Trevino, L. K., & Edmondson, A. C. 2009. Silenced by fear: The nature, sources, and consequences of fear at work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 29: 163-193.
Klaas, B. S., & DeNisi, A. S. 1989. Managerial reactions to employee dissent: The impact of grievance activity on performance rating. Academy of Management Journal, 32(4): 705-717.
Koh, H., & Boo, E. f. Y. 2001. The link between organizational ethics and job satisfaction: A study of managers in singapore. Journal of Business Ethics, 29(4): 309-324.
Kowalski, R. M. 1996. Complaints and complaining: Functions, antecedents, and consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 119(2): 179-196.
Kozlowski, S. W., & Hattrup, K. 1992. A disagreement about within-group agreement: Disentangling issues of consistency versus consensus. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(2): 161-167.
Kozlowski, S. W. J., & Klein, K. J. 2000. A multilevel approach to theory and research in organizations: Contextual, temporal, and emergent processes. In K. J. Klein, & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations: 3-90. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, Inc.
Kruglanski, A. W., Bélanger, J. J., Chen, X., Köpetz, C., Pierro, A., & Mannetti, L. 2012. The energetics of motivated cognition: A force-field analysis. Psychological Review, 119(1): 1-20.
Landau, J. 2009a. To speak or not to speak: Predictors of voice propensity. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communication and Conflict, 13(1): 35.
Landau, J. 2009b. When employee voice is met by deaf ears. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 74(1): 4-12.
Lavelle, J. J. 2010. What motivates ocb? Insights from the volunteerism literature. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(6): 918-923.
Leigh, J. H., & Murphy, P. E. 1999. The role of formal policies and informal culture on ethical decision making by marketing managers. In J. N. Sheth, & A. Parvatiyar (Eds.), Research in marketing: 69-100. Stanford, CT: Jai Press Inc.
LePine, J. A., & Van Dyne, L. 1998. Predicting voice behavior in work groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(6): 853-868.
LePine, J. A., & Van Dyne, L. 2001. Voice and cooperative behavior as contrasting forms of contextual performance: Evidence of differential relationships with big five personality characteristics and cognitive ability. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(2): 326-336.
Leung, A. M. 2008. Matching ethical work climate to in-role and extra-role behaviors in a collectivist work setting. Journal of Business Ethics, 79(1-2): 43-55.
Leventhal, G. S. (Ed.). 1980. What should be done with equity theory? New York: Plenum.
Lewin, K. 1938. The conceptual representation and measurement of psychological forces. Durham, N. C.: Duke University Press.
Lewin, K. 1943. Defining the 'field at a given time.'. Psychological Review, 50(3): 292-310.
Lewin, K. 1951. Field theory in social science. New York: Harper & Brothers.
Lewis, P. 1985. Defining ‘business ethics’: Like nailing jello to a wall. Journal of Business Ethics, 4(5): 377-383.
Liang, J., Farh, C., & Farh, J.-L. 2012. Psychological antecedents of promotive and prohibitive voice: A two-wave examination. Academy of Management Journal, 55(1): 71-73.
Liao, H., & Rupp, D. E. 2005. The impact of justice climate and justice orientation on work outcomes: A cross-level multifoci framework. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(2): 242-256.
Lin, N. 2001. Social capital: A theory of social structure and action. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Lind, E. A., & Kulik, C. T. 2009. Hear me out: Voice and justice. In J. Greenberg, & M. S. Edwards (Eds.), Voice and silence in organizations: 135-156. UK, Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Lind, E. A., & Tyler, T. R. 1988. The social psychology of procedural justice. New York: Plenum Press.
Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. 2002. To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2): 151-173.
Liu, W., Zhu, R., & Yang, Y. 2010. I warn you because i like you: Voice behavior, employee identifications, and transformational leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 21(1): 189-202.
Lorange, P., & Nelson, R. T. 1987. How to recognize and avoid organizational decline. Sloan Management Review, 28(3): 41-48.
Maier, N. R. F. 1970. Problem solving and creativity in individuals and groups. Belmont, CA: Brooks-Cole.
Mathieu, J. E., & Kohler, S. S. 1990. A cross-level examination of group absence influences on individual absence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75: 217-220.
Mathieu, J. E., & Taylor, S. R. 2007. A framework for testing meso-mediational relationships in organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28(2): 141-172.
McDonald, G. M., & Zepp, R. A. 1990. What should be done : A practical approach to business ethics. Management decision, 28(1): 9-14.
McGrath, J. 1976. Stress and behavior in organization. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. 1991. A three- component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1): 61-89.
Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J., & Smith, C. A. 1993. Commitment to organizations and occupations: Extension and test of a three-component conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(4): 538-551.new window
Miceli, M. P., & Near, J. P. 1985. Characteristics of organizational climate and perceived wrongdoing associated with whistle-blowing decisions. Personnel Psychology, 38(3): 525-544.
Miceli, M. P., & Near, J. P. 1989. The incidence of wrongdoing, whistle-blowing, and retaliation: Results of a naturally occurring field experiment. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 2(2): 91-108.
Milliken, F. J., & Lam, N. 2009. Making the decision to speak up or to remain silence: Implications for organizational learning. In J. Greenberg, & M. S. Edwards (Eds.), Voice and silence in organizations: 225-244. UK, Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Milliken, F. J., & Morrison, E. W. 2003. Shades of silence: Emerging themes and future directions for research on silence in organizations, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 40: 1563-1568.
Milliken, F. J., Morrison, E. W., & Hewlin, P. F. 2003. An exploratory study of employee silence: Issues that employees don't communicate upward and why. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6): 1453-1476.
Mintzberg, H. 1983. Power in and around organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Moray, N. 1967. Where is capacity limited? A survey and a model. Acta Psychologica, 27(0): 84-92.
Morrison, E. W., & Milliken, F. J. 2000. Organizational silence: A barrier to change and development in a pluralistic world. Academy of Management Review, 25(4): 706-725.
Morrison, E. W., & Milliken, F. J. 2003. Speaking up, remaining silent: The dynamics of voice and silence in organizations, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 40: 1353-1358.
Morrison, E. W., & Phelps, C. C. 1999. Taking charge at work: Extrarole efforts to initiate workplace change. Academy of Management Journal, 42(4): 403-419.
Morrison, E. W., & Robinson, S. L. 1997. When employees feel betrayed: A model of how psychological contract violation develops. Academy of Management Review, 22(1): 226-256.
Morrison, E. W., & Rothman, N. B. 2009. Silence and dynamics of power. In J. Greenberg, & M. S. Edwards (Eds.), Voice and silence in organizations: 111-133. UK, Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Morrison, E. W., Wheeler-Smith, S. L., & Kamdar, D. 2011. Speaking up in groups: A cross-level study of group voice climate and voice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(1): 183-191.
Morrow, P. C. 1993. The theory and measurement of work commitment Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Moskowitz, G. B. 2004. Social cognition: Understanding self and others. New York: Guilford Press.
Naumann, S. E., & Bennett, N. 2000. A case for procedural justice climate: Development and test of a multilevel model. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5): 881-889.new window
Naus, F., Iterson, A. v., & Roe, R. 2007. Organizational cynicism: Extending the exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect model of employees' responses to adverse conditions in the workplace. Human Relations, 60(5): 683.
Nelson, D. L., & Quick, J. C. 2006. Organizational behavior: Foundations, realities, and challenges (5 ed.). Ohio: South-Western College Pub.
Nemeth, C. J., & Staw, B. M. 1989. The tradeoffs of social control and innovation in small groups and organizations. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 22: 175-210. New York: Academic Press.
Organ, D. W. 1988. Organizational citizenship behavior: The good solder syndrome. Lexing, MA: Lexington Books.
Organ, D. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. 2006. Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature, antecedents, and consequences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Ostroff, C. 1993. The effects of climate and personal influences on individual behavior and attitudes in organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 56(1): 56-90.
Park, G., & DeShon, R. P. 2010. A multilevel model of minority opinion expression and team decision-making effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(5): 824-833.
Parker, L. F. 1993. When to fix it and when to leave: Relationships among perceived control, self-efficacy, dissent, and exit. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(6): 949-959.
Parker, S. K., Williams, H. M., & Turner, N. 2006. Modeling the antecedents of proactive behavior at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(3): 636-652.
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. 1984. The effects of involvement on responses to argument quantity and quality: Central and peripheral routes to persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(1): 69-81.
Petty, R. E., Haugtvedt, C. P., & Smith, S. M. 1995. Elaboration as a determinant of attitude strength: Creating attitudes that are persistent, resistant, and predictive of behavior. In R. E. Petty, & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences: 93-130. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Pierce, J., Gardner, D., Cummings, L., & Dunham, R. 1989. Organization-based self-esteem: Construct definition, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 32(3): 622-648.
Porter, L. W., Crampon, W. J., & Smith, F. J. 1976. Organizational commitment and managerial turnover: A longitudinal study. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 15(1): 87-98.
Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T., & Boulian, P. V. 1974. Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(5): 603-609.
Premeaux, S. F., & Bedeian, A. G. 2003. Breaking the silence: The moderating effects of self-monitoring in predicting speaking up in the workplace. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6): 1537-1562.
Preuss, G. A., & Lautsch, B. A. 2002. The effect of formal versus informal job security on employee involvement programs. Relations Industrielles, 57(3): 517-541.
Ravasi, D., & Schults, M. 2006. Responding to organizational identity threats : Exploring the role of organizational culture. Academy of Management Journal, 49(3): 433-458.
Redding, W. C. 1985. Rocking boats, blowing whistles, and teaching speech communication. Communication Education, 34(3): 245-258.
Renn, O., Burns, W. J., Kasperson, J. X., Kasperson, R. E., & Slovic, P. 1992. The social amplification of risk: Theoretical foundations and empirical applications. Journal of Social Issues, 48(4): 137-160.
Robinson, S. L., & Morrison, E. W. 2000. The development of psychological contract breach and violation: A longitudinal study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(5): 525-546.
Rokeach, M. 1973. The nature of human values. New York: The Free Press.
Rosa, E. A. 2003. The logical structure of the social amplification of risk framework (sarf): Metatheoretical foundation and policy implications. In N. K. Pidgeon, R. E. Kaspe, & P. Slovic (Eds.), The social amplification of risk: 47-79. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Roselius, T. 1971. Consumer rankings of risk reduction methods. Journal of Marketing, 35(Jan): 56-61.
Rotter, J. B. 1992. Some comments on the "Cognates of personal control". Applied & Preventive Psychology, 1(2): 127–129.
Rowley, T. J. 1997. Moving beyond dyadic ties: A network theory of stakeholder influences. Academy of Management Review, 22(4): 887-910.
Runciman, W. G. 1966. Relative deprivation and social justice: A study of attitudes to social inequality in twentieth-century england. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Rusbult, C. E., Farrell, D., Rogers, G., & Mainous, A. G. 1988. Impact of exchange variables on exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect: An integrative model of responses to declining job status satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 31(3): 599-627.
Ryan, K. D., & Oestreich, D. K. 1991. Driving fear out of the workplace: How to overcome the invisible barriers to quality, productivity, and innovation. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
Salancik, G. R., & Pfeffer, J. 1978. A social information processing approach to job attitudes and task design. Administrative Science Quarterly, 23(2): 224-253.
Sambrook, S. 2003. E-learning in small organisations. Education & Training, 45(8/9): 506-517.
Schlenker, B. R., & Weigold, M. F. 1998. Self-identification and accountability. In R. A. Giacalone, & P. Rosenfeld (Eds.), Impression management in the organization: 21-43. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Schneider, B., & Hall, D. 1972. Toward specifying the concept of work climate: A study of roman catholic diocesan priests. Journal of Applied Psychology, 56(6): 447-456.
Schneider, B., & Reichers, A. 1983. On the etiology of climates. Personnel Psychology, 36(1): 19-39.
Schneider, B., & Rentsch, J. 1988. Managing climates and cultures: A future perspective. In J. Hage (Ed.), The future of organization: 181-200. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Schneider, B., White, S. S., & Paul, M. C. 1998. Linking service climate and customer perceptions of service quality: Tests of a causal model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(2): 150-163.
Schulte, M., Ostroff, C., Shmulyian, S., & Kinicki, A. 2009. Organizational climate configurations: Relationships to collective attitudes, customer satisfaction, and financial performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(3): 618-634.
Schultz, T. W. 1961. Investment in human capital. The American Economic Review, 51(1): 1-17.
Schulz-Hardt, S., Brodbeck, F. C., Mojzisch, A., Kerschreiter, R., & Frey, D. 2006. Group decision making in hidden profile situations: Dissent as a facilitator for decision quality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(6): 1080-1093.
Schwartz, J., & Wald, M. L. 2003. The nation: Nasa's curse? “groupthink” is 30 years old, and still going strong, New York Times.
Schweitzer, M. 1994. Disentangling status quo and omission effects: An experimental analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 58(3): 457-476.
Scott, J. E. 2004. Measuring dimensions of perceived e-business risks. Information Systems and E-Business Management, 2(1): 31-55.
Seibert, S. E., Silver, S. R., & Randolph, W. A. 2004. Taking empowerment to the next level: A multiple-level model of empowerment, performance, and satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 47(3): 332-349.
Shahinpoor, N., & Matt, B. F. 2007. The power of one: Dissent and organizational life. Journal of Business Ethics, 74(1): 37-48.
Shen, H. 1991. On the dynamics in kurt lewin's psychology. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 1991(3): 306-312.
Shin, Y. 2012. Ceo ethical leadership, ethical climate, climate strength, and collective organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 108(3): 299-312.
Short, A. E. 1983, IBM corporation personal communication.
Simola, S. 2005. Concepts of care in organizational crisis prevention. Journal of Business Ethics, 62(4): 341-353.
Sjöberg, L., Moen, B.-E., & Rundmo, T. 2004. Explaining risk perception. An evaluation of the psychometric paradigm in risk perception research. Trondheim, Norway: Rotunde publikasjoner.
Slovic, P. 1987. Perception of risk. Science, 236(4799): 280-285.
Slovic, P. 1997. Public perception of risk. Journal of Environmental Health, 59(9): 22-23.
Slovic, P., Finucane, M. L., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D. G. 2004. Risk as analysis and risk as feelings: Some thoughts about affect, reason, risk, and rationality. Risk Analysis, 24(2): 311-322.
Slovic, P., Fischhoff, B., & Lichtenstein, S. 1982. Why study risk perception. Risk Analysis, 2(2): 83-93.
Spector, P. E. 1997. The role of frustruction in antisocial behavior at work. In R. A. Giacalone, & J. Greenberg (Eds.), Antisocial behavior in organizations: 1-17. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Sprague, J., & Ruud, G. L. 1988. Boat-rocking in the high-technology culture. The American Behavioral Scientist (1986-1994), 32(2): 169-169.
Stanley, J. D. 1981. Dissent in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 6(1): 13-19.
Stephens, R. D., Dawley, D. D., & Stephens, D. B. 2004. Commitment on the board: A model of volunteer directors' levels of organizational commitment and self-reported performance. Journal of Managerial Issues, 16(4): 583-504.
Stevens, B. 2008. Corporate ethical codes: Effective instruments for influencing behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 78(4): 601–609.
Stouffer, S. A., Suchman, E. A., DeVinney, L. C., Star, S. A., & Williams, R. M. 1949. The american soldier: Adjustment during army life Princeton, NJ Princeton University.
Street, M. D., Douglas, S. C., Geiger, S. W., & Martinko, M. J. 2001. The impact of cognitive expenditure on the ethical decision-making process: The cognitive elaboration model. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86(2): 256-277.
Tangirala, S., & Ramanujam, R. 2008a. Employee silence on critical work issues: The cross level effects of procedural justice climate. Personnel Psychology, 61(1): 37-68.
Tangirala, S., & Ramanujam, R. 2008b. Exploring nonlinearity in employee voice: The effects of personal control and organizational identification. Academy of Management Journal, 51(6): 1189-1203.
Tepper, B. J., Duffy, M. K., Hoobler, J., & Ensley, M. D. 2004. Moderators of the relationships between coworkers' organizational citizenship behavior and fellow employees' attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(3): 455-465.
Terwel, B. W., Harinck, F., Ellemers, N., & Daamen, D. D. L. 2010. Voice in political decision-making: The effect of group voice on perceived trustworthiness of decision makers and subsequent acceptance of decisions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 16(2): 173-186.
Thatcher, J. B., Liu, Y., Stepina, L. P., Goodman, J. M., & Treadway, D. C. 2006. It worker turnover: An empirical examination of intrinsic motivation. The DATA BASE for Advances in Information Systems, 37(2-3): 133-146.
Thomas, K. M., & Velthouse, B. A., The Academy of Management Review, 15(4): 666. 1990. Cognitive elements of empowerment: An 'interpretive' model of intrinsic task motivation. Academy of Management Review, 15(4): 666-681.
Tjosvold, D. 1991. Rights and responsibilities of dissent: Cooperative conflict. Employee Responsibilities & Rights Journal, 4(1): 13-23.
Trevino, L. K., & Nelson, K. 2006. Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right (4 ed.). New york: Wiley and Sons.
Tsai, M. T., & Huang, C. C. 2008. The relationship among ethical climate types, facets of job satisfaction, and the three components of organizational commitment: A study of nurses in taiwan. Journal of Business Ethics, 80(3): 565-581.
Vakola, M., & Bouradas, D. 2005. Antecedents and consequences of organisational silence: An empirical investigation. Employee Relations, 27(5): 441-458.
van den Bos, K., & van Prooijen, J.-W. 2001. Referent cognitions theory: The role of closeness of reference points in the psychology of voice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(4): 616-626.
Van Dyan, L., & Ellis, J. B. 2004. Job creep: A reactance theory perspective on organizational citizenship behavior as over-fulfillment of obligations. In J. C. Shapiro, L. M. Shore, M. S. Taylor, & L. E. Tetrick (Eds.), The employment relationship: Examining psychological and contextual perspectives 181-205. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., & Botero, I. C. 2003. Conceptualizing employee silence and employee voice as multidimensional constructs. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6): 1359-1392.
Van Dyne, L., Cummings, L. L., & McLean Parks, J. 1995. Extra-role behaviors: In pursuit of construct and definitional clarity (a bridge over muddied waters). In L. L. Cummings, & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, Vol. 17: 215-285. Greenwich, C . T: JAI Press.
Van Dyne, L., Graham, J. W., & Dienesch, R. M. 1994. Organizational citizenship behavior: Construct redefinition, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 37(4): 765-802.
Van Dyne, L., & LePine, J. A. 1998. Helping and voice extra-role behaviors: Evidence of construct and predictive validity. Academy of Management Journal, 41(1): 108-119.
VanSandt, C. V., & Neck, C. P. 2003. Bridging ethics and self leadership: Overcoming ethical discrepancies between employee and organizational standards. Journal of Business Ethics, 43(4): 363–387.
Victor, B., & Cullen, J. B. 1988. The organizational bases of ethical work climates. Administrative Science Quarterly, 33(1): 101-125.
Vitell, S., & Hidalgo, E. 2006. The impact of corporate ethical values and enforcement of ethical codes on the perceived importance of ethics in business: A comparison of u.S. And spanish managers. Journal of Business Ethics, 64(1): 31-43.
Vitell, S. J., & Festervand, T. A. 1987. Business ethics: Conflicts, practices and beliefs of industrial executives. Journal of Business Ethics, 6(2): 111-122.
Vlek, C., & Stallen, P.-J. 1980. Rational and personal aspects of risk. Acta Psychologica, 45(1-3): 273-300.
Vroom, V. H. 1964. Work and motivation. New York: Wiley.
Walker, I., & Pettigrew, T. F. 1984. Relative deprivation theory: An overview and conceptual critique. British Journal of Social Psychology, 23(4): 301-310.
Walters, K. D. 1975. Your employee's right to blow the whistle. Harvard Business Review, 53(4): 161-162.
Walumbwa, F. O., & Schaubroeck, J. 2009. Leader personality traits and employee voice behavior: Mediating roles of ethical leadership and work group psychological safety. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(5): 1275-1286.
Wayne, S. J., Liden, R. C., Kraimer, M. L., & Graf, I. K. 1999. The role of human capital, motivation and supervisor sponsorship in predicting career success. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(5): 577-595.
Weeks, W. A., Loe, T. W., Chonko, L. B., & Wakefield, K. 2004. The effect of perceived ethical climate on the search for sales force excellence. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 24(3): 199-214.
Weitzel, W., & Jonsson, E. 1989. Decline in organizations: A literature integration and extension. Administrative Science Quarterly, 34(1): 91-109.
Westin, A. F. 1986. Professional and ethical dissent: Individaul, corporate and social responsibility. Technology in Society, 8(4): 335-339.
Whetten, D. A. 1980. Organizational decline: A neglected topic in organizational science. Academy of Management Review, 5(4): 577-588.
Wiener, Y., & Gechman, A. S. 1977. Commitment: A behavioral approach to job involvement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 10(1): 47-52.
Williams, K. C. 2012. Fear appeal theory. Research in Business and Economics Journal, 6: 1-21.
Williams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. 1994. An alternative approach to method effects by using latent-variable models: Applications in organizational behavior research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(3): 323-331.
Withey, M. J., & Cooper, W. H. 1989. Predicting exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect. Administrative Science Quarterly, 34(4): 521-539.
Wolman, B. B. 1981. Contemporary theories and systems in psychology (2 ed.). New York: Plenum.
Wright, R. A., & Brehm, J. W. 1989. Energization and goal attractiveness. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Goal concepts in personality and social psychology: 169-210. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Zammuto, R. F., Cameron, K. S., & Kim, S. 1985. Environmental decline and organizational response. In L. L. Cummings, & M. S. B (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, Vol. 6: 223-262. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Zhou, J., & George, J. M. 2001. When job dissatisfaction leads to creativity: Encouraging the expression of voice. Academy of Management Journal, 44(4): 682-696.
Zijlstra, F. R. H. 1996. Effort as energy regulation. In W. Battmann, & S. Dutke (Eds.), Processes of the molar regulation of behavior: 219-235. Lengerich, Germany: Pabst Science Publishers.



 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
:::
無相關著作
 
無相關點閱
 
QR Code
QRCODE

臺灣人文及社會科學引文索引資料庫

目前上線人數：537（臺灣：529，外國：8） ／ 本年度總使用人次：1972506 ／ 訪客人次（自102年09月）：67777596
國家圖書館著作權聲明 Copyright © 2013 All rights reserved.
本館地址: 100201臺北市中山南路20號． 本館地圖及交通資訊．
總機：(02)23619132．最佳瀏覽解析度為1024x768以上