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題名:選擇投票制與英國國會選制改革
書刊名:東吳政治學報
作者:蘇子喬 引用關係王業立 引用關係
作者(外文):Su, Tzu-chiaoWang, Yeh-lih
出版日期:2013
卷期:31:2
頁次:頁71-137
主題關鍵詞:選擇投票制單一選區相對多數決制英國國會選制改革Alternative voteFirst-past-the-post systemUK parliamentElectoral system
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(3) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:2
  • 共同引用共同引用:175
  • 點閱點閱:91
英國國會議員選舉長久以來採行單一選區相對多數決制,這 種選舉制度固然有助於形成政治責任清楚的單一政黨政府,但這 種選舉制度最受詬病之處,在於此制會產生嚴重的「比例性偏差」( disproportionality)問題,使英國各政黨在選舉中所獲得的選票,無法在國會的席次中真實地反映出來。 2010年國會大選後,英國終於出現國會選制改革的契機,選後由保守黨與自由民主黨共同組成的聯合政府,提出了選擇投票制(alternative vote)的國會選制改革方案,並於 2011年 5月就是否改變國會選舉制度舉行公民投票。但是,最終公投結果仍未通過選制改革方案。 本文的目的在於檢視英國國會選制改革契機曙光乍現而終 致功虧一簣的過程。本文介紹了英國選制改革方案—選擇投票制 的內涵與可能效應,分析了英國政府提交公投的選制改革方案為 何是選擇投票制而非其他方案的緣由,並詳述了英國國會選制改 革公投最終無法成功的原因。從英國此次國會選制改革失敗的經 驗可以發現:受到現行選舉制度制約的政黨體系,仍有可能在現 行選舉制度下找到突破的空間,而跳脫選舉制度長期以來的束 縛,反過來去改變既有的選舉制度。以英國為例,英國的兩黨制 長期受到單一選區相對多數決制的塑造與制約,使得小黨生存空 間有限。然而,在 2010年國會選舉中,在單一選區相對多數決 制下仍例外地出現了各黨不過半的格局,使得自由民主黨在現行 選制下找到突破點,有機會促成選舉制度的改變,只是最終未能 成功。儘管英國此次選制改革最後以失敗收場,但從長期趨勢看 來,隨著小黨得票率與席次率的增加,英國目前的兩黨制正處於 不穩定的階段,將來國會大選仍有可能出現各黨不過半的格局。 在此格局下,國會選制改革的運動未來仍有機會捲土重來。
The UK parliamentary election system adopted the first-past-the-post system (FPTP) a long time ago. This electoral system helps build up a single-party government with clear political responsibilities, but it also creates a serious “disproportionality" problem where the parliamentary seats each party gets are not proportional to the votes it receives. After the parliamentary election in 2011, there was finally a chance to make electoral reforms. The coalition government established by the Conservative Party and the Liberal Democratic Party submitted an electoral reform proposal to adopt alternative vote system, and decided to hold a referendum on changing the electoral system. The referendum was held in May of 2011; however, the result is that the proposal was not approved. This paper aims to review the reasons why the electoral reform in the UK failed when originally there seemed to be the possibility to change the electoral system. The paper illustrates the constituent of the alternative vote and the possible effects it would have, analyzes the reasons why the government in the UK proposed alternative vote system rather than other options for electoral reform, and explains the result of the referendum. From the failure of the UK’s electoral reform, we can see that even if the party system is confined by the current electoral system, it still has a chance to get rid of the restraint of the current electoral system and change. In the UK, the two-party system has been molded and confined by FPTP over a long period of time. As a result, the electoral system makes it difficult for small parties to survive. Nevertheless, in the parliamentary election in 2010, the exceptional phenomenon where none of the parties received more than half of the total seats occurred under FPTP, and it prompted the Liberal Democratic Party to face the problem and attempt to change the electoral system. However it did not succeed in the long run. Even though the electoral reform ended with failure, with the increase in votes and seats that small parties get now and the current unstable two-party system, there is still a great possibility that none of the parties will have more than half of the total seats after a future parliamentary election, and, in all likelihood, electoral reform will emerge again.
期刊論文
1.Curtice, John(2010)。What Went Wrong with the Electoral System? The 2010 Election Result and the Debate about Electoral Reform。Parliamentary Affairs,63(4),623-638。  new window
2.Curtice, John(2011)。The Death of a Miserable Little Compromise: The Alternative Vote Referendum。Political Insight,2(2),14-17。  new window
3.Denver, David(2003)。Whatever Happened to Electoral Reform?。Potitics Review,38(1),36-38。  new window
4.Evans, Elizabeth(2011)。Two Heads are Better than One? Assessing the Implications of the Conservative-Liberal Democrat Coalition for UK Politics。Political Science,63(1),45-60。  new window
5.Flanagan, Tom(2004)。The Alternative Vote。Policy Options,22(6),37-40。  new window
6.Fraenkel, Jon(2004)。Electoral Engineering in Papua New Guinea: Lessons from Fiji and Elsewhere。Pacific Economic Bulletin,19(1),122-133。  new window
7.Fraenkel, Jon、Bernard Grofman(2004)。A Neo-Downsian Model of the Alternative Vote as a Mechanism for Mitigating Ethnic Conflict in Plural Societies。Public Choice,121,3-4。  new window
8.Fraenkel, Jon、Bernard Grofman(2006)。Does the Alternative Vote Foster Moderation in Ethnically Divided Societies? The Case of Fiji。Comparative Political Studies,39(5),623-651。  new window
9.Fraenkel, Jon、Bernard Grofman(2006)。The Failure of the Alternative Vote as a Tool for Ethnic Moderation in Fiji: A Rejoinder to Horowitz。Comparative Political Studies,39(5),663-666。  new window
10.Fraenkel, Jon、Bernard Grofman(2007)。The Merits of Neo-Downsian Modeling of the Alternative Vote: A Reply to Horowitz。Public Choice,133(1/2),1-11。  new window
11.Hix, Simon et al.(2010)。Electoral Reform: A Vote for Change。Political Insight,1(2),61-63。  new window
12.Horowitz, Donald L.(2004)。The Alternative Vote and Interethnic Moderation: A Reply to Fraenkel and Grofman。Public Choice,121(3/4),507-517。  new window
13.Horowitz, Donald L.(2006)。Strategy Takes a Holiday: Fraenkel and Grofman on the Alternative Vote。Comparative Political Studies,39(5),652-662。  new window
14.Horowitz, Donald L.(2007)。Where Have All the Parties Gone? Fraenkel and Grofman on the Alternative Vote- Yet Again。Public Choice,133(1/2),13-23。  new window
15.Jackman, Simon(1994)。Measuring Electoral Bias: Australia, 1949-93。British Journal of Political Science,24(3),319-357。  new window
16.McLean, Iain(1999)。The Jenkins Commission and the Implications of Electoral Reform for the UK Constitution。Government and Opposition,34(2),143-160。  new window
17.Norris, Pippa(1997)。Choosing Electoral System: Proportional, Majoritarian and Mixed System。International Political Science Review,18(3),297-312。  new window
18.Qvortrup, Matt(2012)。Voting on Electoral Reform: A Comparative Perspective on the Alternative Vote Referendum in the United Kingdom。The Political Quarterly,83(1),108-116。  new window
19.Reilly, Benjamin(1997)。The Alternative Vote and Ethnic Accommodation: New Evidence from Papua New Guinea。Electoral Studies,16(1),1-11。  new window
20.Shepsle, Kenneth(2001)。A Comment on Institutional Change。Journal of Theoretical Politics,13(3),321-325。  new window
21.Whiteley, Paul et al.(2012)。Says NO: Voting in the AV Ballot Referendum。Parliamentary Affairs,65(1),301-322。  new window
22.Reilly, Benjamin(2002)。Electoral Systems for Divided Societies。Journal of Democracy,13(2),156-170。  new window
23.黃德福、廖益興(20090600)。我國立法委員為何選擇並立式混合選舉制度?2004年選舉制度改革之觀察。政治學報,47,1-27。new window  延伸查詢new window
24.謝易宏(20120300)。臺灣立委選制變遷的新制度論解釋。臺灣民主季刊,9(1),81-141。new window  延伸查詢new window
25.Lijphart, Arend(2004)。Constitutional Design for Divided Societies。Journal of Democracy,15(2),96-109。  new window
會議論文
1.Lundberg, Thomas Carl(20110421)。Careful What You Wish For: Potential Problems for the €˜'Yes'€™ Side in the Alternative Vote Referendum。London:the Political Science Association。  new window
2.Renwick, Alan、Michael Lamb(2011)。The 2011 Electoral System Referendum in the UK: The Quality of Debate in the Print Media。Conference on American Political Science Association,(會議日期: 1-4 September 2011)。Seatle:the American Political Science Association。  new window
3.Vowles, Jack(2011)。The Manipulation of Norms and Emotions? Partisan Cues and Campaign Claims in the UK Electoral System Referendum。Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association,(會議日期: 1-4 September 2011)。Seatle:the American Political Science Association。  new window
研究報告
1.Durkin, Mary、Isobel White(2008)。Voting Systems in the UK. Research Paper SN/PC/04458. London: Parliament and Constitution。ondon:Parliament and Constitution Centre, House of Commons Librar。  new window
2.McGuinness, Feargal、Jeremy Hardacre(2011)。Alternative Vote Referendum 2011: Analysis of Results。London:Parliament and Constitution。  new window
3.White, Isobel(2011)。AV and Electoral Reform。London:Parliament and Constitution Centre, House of Commons Library。  new window
4.王業立(1997)。單一選區絕對多數決之研究 (計畫編號:NSC 86-24l7-H-029-001-I11)。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.Farrell, David M.、Ian McAllister(2005)。Australia: The Alternative Vote in a Compliant Political Culture。The Politics of Electoral Systems。Oxford:Oxford Scholarship Online Monographs。  new window
2.Kavanagh, Dennis(1995)。Changes in Electoral Behavior and the Party System。British Government and Politics since 1945: Changes in Perspective。Oxford:Oxford University Press。  new window
3.Horowitz, Donald L.(1985)。Ethnic Groups in Conflict。University of California Press。  new window
4.黃琛瑜(200105)。英國政府與政治。台北:五南圖書出版公司。  延伸查詢new window
5.王業立(20110000)。比較選舉制度。臺北:五南。new window  延伸查詢new window
6.Norris, Pippa(2004)。Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior。New York, NY。  new window
7.Lijphart, Arend(1977)。Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration。Yale University Press。  new window
其他
1.(2012)。Adam Carr's Election Archive,http://psephos.adam-carr.net/, 2012/06/13。  new window
2.Graeme Orr,K. D. Ewing(2013)。AV or not AV: Lessons from Australia,http://www.juridicas.unam.mx/wccl/ponencias/1/20.pdf, 2013/07/10。  new window
3.Wilks-Heeg, Stuart(2013)。The Rejection of AV is the Fifth Occasion in the Last 100 Years That a Proposal to Replace FPTP Has Failed,http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/archives/10174, 2013/06/30。  new window
圖書論文
1.Shugart, Matthew Soberg(2001)。Extreme Electoral Systems and the Appeal of the Mixed-Member Alternative。Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds?。Oxford:Oxford University Press。  new window
2.Wright, Jack F. H.(1986)。Australian Experience with Majoritarian- Preferential and Quota-preferential Systems。Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequence。New York:Agathon Press。  new window
3.Horowitz, Donald L.(2002)。Constitutional Design: Proposals versus Processes。The Architecture of Democracy: Constitutional Design, Conflict Management, and Democracy。Oxford University Press。  new window
4.吳親恩(2006)。選制改變的影響:從SNTV到『並立式單一選區兩票制』。憲政改革--背景、運作與影響。臺北:五南圖書出版有限公司。  延伸查詢new window
 
 
 
 
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