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題名:文化變遷與民主鞏固:台灣民主化經驗的比較觀
作者:張佑宗 引用關係
作者(外文):Yu-tzung Chang
校院名稱:國立政治大學
系所名稱:政治學系
指導教授:朱雲漢
黃德福
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2000
主題關鍵詞:文化變遷憲政自由主義社群主義社會資本政黨體系民主正當性民主鞏固民粹主義culture shiftconstitutionalismcommunitarianismsocial capitalparty systemdemocratic legetimacyconsolidationpopulism
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論文摘要
第三波民主化與前面兩波最大的不同,在於這些國家採行選舉制度之前,並未具備一個現代化國家應有基本的組織架構,Richard Rose和Don C. Shin稱這種為『倒退發展型的民主化』(Democratization backwards)。因此,第三波民主化國家要完成或深化既有的民主體制,除了需要政治菁英之間對民主的遊戲規則具有高度的共識,以及設計良好可行的憲政體制外,更重要地,社會大眾的民主意識,需要隨著民主化的腳步而不斷地向上提昇,例如發展民主正當性的信念、憲政自由主義或社群主義理念、製造豐富的社會資本(social capital)與建立政黨競爭的觀念等,才能產生由下而上深化改革的動力。。
本文以台灣民主化的經驗為基礎,分析在傳統的儒家思想中,是否可以從『民本』與『為民』的觀念,發展出西方社會的『民主』的觀念?其次,台灣社會民主的觀念,是否逐漸與個人自由主義的思想結合?或是由於傳統的儒家文化與社群主義的理念相近,因此台灣社會一方面可以接受民主制度,但排斥個人自由主義的思想?第三,在傳統的儒家文化體系裡,非常強調家庭的重要性,並由家庭觀念發展出根深蒂固的宗族與地域觀念。台灣社會是否可以超越傳統的社會組織型態,強化人際間的信任?最後,傳統儒家思想主張『君子不黨』,然而台灣是否可超越這個舊觀念的限制,以建立健全的政黨競爭的體系?
本文的研究發現,在台灣尚未民主化前,民眾對選舉制度已經建立相當不錯的正當性基礎。但另一方面,更廣義的民主正當性信念,包括本質性的民主正當性與工具性的民主正當性信念,在台灣成長的速度卻非常緩慢。其次,傳統儒家文化的確阻礙台灣憲政自由主義的發展。然而,教育程度的提高與世代的交替,將有助於憲政自由主義的發展。第三,傳統儒家文化中所具有的社群主義色彩,例如強調團體利益高於個人利益,以及集體主義等,現代化與民主化對其衝擊並不大。第四,台灣社會資本的發展並不十分順暢,因為中國傳統垂直的的社會權力結構,沒有如預期的朝向扁平式的方向。最後,傳統儒家文化未阻礙台灣政黨政治的發展,台灣社會的政治競爭體系要比南韓制度化了許多。
總之,台灣經過十幾年民主化的洗禮,究竟發展出何種特質的民主意識?在台灣,民主正當性的信念不是個人自由主義的延伸,最能解釋具有民主正當性的因素是對民進黨的認同。民進黨一向標榜『民主改革者』,遺憾的是,民進黨在訴求民主改革的過程中,缺乏灌輸民眾正確的民主觀念,只一味地強調『台灣人出頭天』、『台灣人當總統』等比較屬於民粹主義思想(populism)的口號。民進黨這種以民粹主義的包裝訴求民主改革,其後又被國民黨李登輝總統,民進黨的陳水扁總統,與親民黨的宋楚瑜先生加以運用。如果這股民粹主義的思想無法加以導正,將會危害到台灣未來的民主鞏固。
This paper examines cultural shifts and their effect on the democratization process in Taiwn. While most academic literature from the West ignores “mass political culture,” our study traces its contours in terms of democratic legitimacy, constitutionalism, communitarianism, social capital, and party system. We also explore the socioeconomic development and institutional change sources for cross-system differences in political beliefs and attitudes and their impact on political development. Empirical data is taken from Taiwan in 1986 to 1999, and three comparable surveys conducted in Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong in 1993 and 1994, under the auspices of the Political Participation and Political Culture in Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong Project.
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