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題名:歐柏林學院與山西銘賢學校,1900-1937──近代中國教會學校的個案研究
作者:陳能治 引用關係
作者(外文):Neng-ChihChen
校院名稱:國立成功大學
系所名稱:歷史學系碩博士班
指導教授:劉石吉
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2012
主題關鍵詞:歐伯林山西紀念社山西銘賢學校孔祥熙山西公理會義和團事件Oberlin-in-ShansiOberlin Shansi Memorial AssociationOberlin Shansi Memorial Schools(Ming-Hsien Schools)Kung Hsiang-HsiShansi Mission of ABCFMthe restoration of churches after Boxer Rebellion
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本文以個案研究取徑,廣泛運用美國歐伯林學院檔案館館藏之「歐伯林山西紀念社檔」,包括會議紀錄、財務報告、往來書信、校園刊物及宣傳品等西文原始資料,期對20世紀初期美國教會大學在中國所從事的教育事工,從美國母會文獻,提供「相對面」的視角,並對「文化帝國主義」的詮釋,作出反思。
19世紀末,歐伯林神學院創美國學院至海外宣教之先例,組歐伯林中華團,於美部會派任下赴中國山西宣教,開拓美部會山西公理會。義和團事件中,駐地宣教師及眷屬全數罹難。事件後,歐伯林學院為紀念殉道校友,籌組山西紀念社,以襄助山西公理會重建及發展教育事工為目標,並邀詮拳變倖存者、歐伯林校友孔祥熙返回太谷成立山西銘賢學校,但將在地決策權賦予山西公理會執行。1910年代,為使銘賢脫離複雜的差會運作紛擾,故針對教育政策、人事及財務分工等,與美部會進行長期的協調,最終使銘賢成為歐伯林在山西唯一專責的機構。
1920年代,為因應中國外在環境對教會學校的諸多挑戰,銘賢逐步朝本色領導、男女合校、基督教性質與實科教育的立案中學方向發展。同時,得自霍爾基金的經費挹注,使歐伯林在山西得以發展出山西學生代表、銘賢教師留美及女子教育等具續行意義的制度,也得以獎助穆懿爾進修農學,使銘賢教育方向明朗化,於1928年開啟農科,朝農業專門學校發展。
1930年代銘賢逐步由農科,發展至工科、勤工儉學制及鄉村服務科,此讓歐伯林學院「重新發現」學院初創時的「學習並勞動」精神,以及「以歐伯林牧師為名」的社會服事理念。因此,19世紀末歐伯林牧師在法國阿爾薩斯「鄉村牧區」事工所代表的平和主義、國際主義及人類美善社會理想追尋,成為雙方新的精神聯結;原始銘賢強調的宣教福音導向之殉道/自我犧牲精神,稼接當時歐伯林學院所標榜的社會基督教/進步主義導向的人民實質生活改善,此使銘賢初始「學以事人」的理想,有了名實相符的意義。
總結而言,20世紀初期,歐伯林學院以紀念義和團事件殉道校友為始,於校園及山西太谷分別成立山西紀念社及銘賢學校。爾後在美母會與在地事工,透過制度、組織與個體的長期互動,以及霍爾基金的財政支援,逐漸發展出具有親代傳承性質的實質教育內涵,一方面,山西在地事工逐漸與中國社會需求相契,另一方面,歐伯林母會也找到新的續行動力,於近代美國教會學校在中國的教育事工中,建立一定特色;其意義亦隨時勢移轉,難以「文化帝國主義」加以定義。
This study takes the form of a case study with the extensive use of rich raw data of the Oberlin Shansi Memorial Association (OSMA), including minutes of meetings, financial reports, correspondence, publicity materials and bulletins now in the Oberlin College Archives (Oberlin, Ohio, U.S.A.), with the aim of proposing a new research perspective on the educational enterprises of American denominational colleges in Modern China different from the ‘Cultural Imperialism’ viewpoint approach.
In the end of 19th century, some graduates of Oberlin's Graduate School of Theology applied to the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) to make foreign service as a group, the Oberlin Band, for mission work in China. They set a precedent for American foreign missionary band sent by a single college. The Oberlin China Band was under the auspices of ABCFM and built the Shansi Mission of ABCFM in Shansi (now Shanxi) , China. The whole missionaries of the Shansi Mission, mostly alumni of Oberlin College, and many Chinese converts, were killed in the Boxer Rebellion in 1900. In memory of those martyred in the Boxer Rebellion, the Oberlin Band of Student Volunteers for Foreign Missions established the Oberlin Shansi Memorial Association (OSMA) to support the educational work in connection with the Shansi Mission of ABCFM in Shansi , China. Kung Hsiang-Hsi, who escaped the massacre in 1900 and graduated from Oberlin College in 1906, was invited to return to Taiku (now Taigu) to build the Ming Hsien-Oberlin Shansi Memorial Schools.
At first, OSMA was affiliated with ABCFM, conferred the directing governance of the educational work in the field to the Shansi Mission of ABCFM. In the 1910s, in order to get Ming Hsien out of the complicated collisions among the factions of the Shansi Mission, OSMA modified the initial plan of setting a Christian educational system in Shansi to endeavor a college in Taigu , and made co-ordination with ABCFM to spell out the financial and personnel responsibilities for each other. That led Ming Hsien be independent from the control of the missionary societies and became an institution maintained solely by OSMA in Shansi.
In the 1920s, in response to the external challenges caused by the rising tide of student nationalism, non-Christian Movement, and the claim for the restoration of education rights by the government in China, Ming Hsien gradually became a co-educational, indigenous, Christian, vocational, and manual high school. During this period, the funds endowed from the Hall Educational Fund let OSMA develop the annual appointments of Oberlin Student Shansi Representatives to teach in Ming Hsien, offer the Shansi Fellowship to faculty of Ming Hsien for study in America, promote women’s educational interests in Ming Hsien, and sponsor Raymond T. Moyer, a former Student Shansi Representative, to study agronomy in America. Raymond T. Moyer returned to Ming Hsien and started the Agriculture Department in 1928, that set clear the educational direction of Ming Hsien to be an agricultural professional school in North China in the 1930s.
Ming Hsien was registered with the national government in 1927. While the Christian spirit persisted, the aim of Ming Hsien gradually evolved from evangelism into Christian service to China. In the 1930s.
Ming Hsien established the Industrial Department, Work-Study Plan and the Department of Rural Service, which all worked closely with the Agriculture Department. These new developments at Ming Hsien allowed people at Oberlin College to recall the benevolent social service ideals of ‘Oberlin’s namesake’ of Oberlin College and Oberlin Town at the initial stage, and to rediscover the manual spirit of Oberlin College’s motto of ‘Learning and Labor’. The ideals of pacifism, internationalism, and human perfectibility which Pastor John Frederick Oberlin furnished to his parish in Alsace, France in the late 18th century had become the new linkage between OSMA and Ming Hsien. Thus, the evangelism-oriented idea of self-sacrifice of martyrdom originated in Ming Hsien was converted to the betterment of rural people’s life that was the mainstream idea of social Christianity in Oberlin College in the 1920’s. These developments brought to fruition the ideal of Ming Hsien’s motto ‘Learning for Service’.
In conclusion, Oberlin College established the Oberlin Shansi Memorial Association in Oberlin, U.S.A. and Ming Hsien in Shansi, China in memory of the men and the women martyred in the Boxer Rebellion. These two organizations, through long-term institutional, organizational, individual interactions, and the unexpected funds contributed by the Hall Estate, developed a parental relationship to form substantive educational contents in between. Before Ming Hsien’s forced move to Szechuan caused by the Japanese invasion in 1937, the conversion of social service into rural reconstruction not only let the educational work in the field gradually match the demands of Chinese society, but also gave the logistic in the home-base in the United States a driving force to keep the continuation of the enterprise during and after WWII. Thus, Ming Hsien is a unique case in Christian schools established by a single American college in Modern China. The unfolding story of Oberlin-in-Shansi is a part of the ‘Oberlin Legacy’ in the history of Oberlin College, and the discourse of ‘cultural imperialism’ of Oberlin-in-Shansi is still fluid depending on the changing external circumstances.
壹、中文
一、檔案
《山西日報》,台灣大學總圖書館微捲室。
《中國基督教會年鑑》,台南神學院圖書館館藏。
《太原中華基督教青年會1928年報告及1929年計畫書》,上海檔案館藏。
《太原青年會月刊》,上海檔案館館藏。
《晉魯直三省公理會聯合董事部第一次會(報告記錄第一)(1915.5.4至6)》,上海檔案館藏。
《晉魯直三省公理會聯合董事部第五次會(報告記錄第五)(1919.5.1至5)》,上海檔案館藏。
《晉魯直三省公理會聯合董事部第六次會(報告記錄第六)(1920.5.14至19)》,上海檔案館藏。
《銘賢校友北美通訊》(李長華等刊行),網址:
http://www.docin.com/p-43112501.html
《銘賢校刊》(太谷:山西太谷銘賢學校校刊社),民國13年至36年,Oberlin College Archives館藏。
《谷聲:Tai Ku Voice》,第1至20期(山西:太谷公理會出版,1923.2至1927.12)》,上海檔案館館藏。
《晉魯直三省公理會聯合董事部第一次會(報告記錄第一)(1915.5.4至6)》,上海檔案館館藏。
《晉魯直三省公理會聯合董事部第五次會(報告記錄第五)(1919.5.1至5)》,上海檔案館館藏。
《晉魯直三省公理會聯合董事部第六次會(報告記錄第六)(1920.5.14至19)》,上海檔案館館藏。
《華北基督教公理會促進董事部特會(特會紀錄)(1931.9.16至17)》,上海檔案館館藏。
《華北基督教公理會促進董事部第二十一次年會(報告記錄第二十一) (1935.5.28-6.4)》,上海檔案館館藏。
《華北基督教公理會促進董事部第二十二次年會(報告記錄第二十二) (1936.4.30-5.6)》,上海檔案館館藏。
《華北基督教公理會促進董事部第二十三次年會(報告記錄第二十三)》,上海檔案館館藏。
《華北基督教公理會促進董事部第二十次年會(報告記錄第二十)(1934.5.11-5.19)》,上海檔案館館藏。
《華北基督教公理會促進董事部第十八次年會(報告記錄第十八)(1932.4.24至5.3)》,上海檔案館館藏。
《華北基督教公理會促進董事部第十六次會(報告記錄第十六)(1930.5.4至14)》,上海檔案館館藏。
《華北基督教公理會聯合董事部第十一次會(報告記錄第十一)(1925.5)》,上海檔案館館藏。
《華北基督教公理會聯合董事部第十二次會(報告記錄第十二)(1926.5)》,上海檔案館館藏。
《華北基督教公理會聯合董事部第十三次會(報告記錄第十三)(1926.5)》,上海檔案館館藏。

二、中文專書與專章
(清)王效尊修,《山西太谷縣志》(臺北:台灣學生書局,影印本,1968)。
(清)管粵秀纂,郭晉修,《乾隆太谷縣志》(南京:鳳凰出版,2005,據清乾隆60年(1795)刻本影印)。
山西大學校史編纂委員會編,《山西大學百年校史》(北京:中華書局,2002.3)。
山西太古銘賢農科編,《山西銘賢學校農科概況》(山西太古銘賢農科編印,1933)。
山西太谷基督教會五十週年紀念會編輯股,《山西太谷基督教會五十週年紀念刊》(太谷:太谷基督教會社交堂,1933)。
山西太谷銘賢學校校刊社,《銘賢校刊》(Ming-Hsien Bulletins)(山西:銘賢校刊社,1925-1935)。
山西省太谷縣總工會編,《太谷縣工人運動史》(太谷:山西省太谷縣總工會編,1991.5)。
山西省文史研究館編,《山西辛亥革命資料選編(上、下)(徑求意見稿)》(太原:山西省文史研究館)。
───,《山西通志》(北京:中華書局,1997)。
山西省地方誌編纂委員會辦公室編,《山西人物志編纂方案及有關材料》(太原:山西省地方誌編纂委員會辦公室,1987.11)。
山西省委山西省檔案館編,《山西青年運動歷史資料:晉綏革命根據地分冊(第三輯)》(太原:《山西青年運動歷史資料》編輯委員會,1986)。
───,《山西青年運動歷史資料:晉綏革命根據地分冊(第五輯)》(山西青年運動歷史資料編輯委員會,1987)。
山西省政協文史資料研究委員會編,《山西文史資料第53輯》(太原 : 山西省政協文史資料研究委員會出版,1987)。
山西省總工會工人運動史研究室編,《山西工運史研究》(太原:山西省總工會工人運動史研究室編,1985.3)。
───,《山西工運史研究3:山西工人運動大事記專輯》(太原:山西省總工會工人運動史研究室編,1985)。
───,《山西工運史研究8:山西工運史資料徑集座談會會刊》(太原:山西省總工會工人運動史研究室編,1985.10)。
山西郵電志編纂委員會編,《山西郵電志》(太原:山西人民出版社,1995.3)。
山西當代教育通覽編委會編,《山西當代教育通覽(1919──2000)》(太原:山西人民出版社,2002.4)。
中共山西省委黨史研究室中山太原市委黨史研究室編,《中共山西歷史憶事(第一卷)》(太原:山西人民出版社,1991.1)。
中共山西省委黨史研究室編,《中國共產黨山西歷史大事記述(1919-1949)》(太原:山西中共黨史出版社,1994.4)。
中國人民政治協商會議山西省委員會文史資料研究委員會編,《銘賢校友憶銘賢》(太原:山西省政協文史資料研究委員會,1987)。
中國基督教三自愛國運動委員會中國基督教協會編,《傳教運動與中國教會》(上海:宗教文化出版社,2007)。
中國農村復興委員會編,《中國農村復興聯合委員會工作報告,民國37年10月1日至民國39年2月15日》臺北:農復會,出版年不詳)。
太谷教育志編寫組編,《太谷教育志》(太原:山西人民出版社,1993.2)。
太谷縣志編纂委員會編,《太谷縣志》(太原: 山西人民出版社,1993)。
太谷縣縣志編纂委員會辦公室編,《太谷地方史志資料選》(第一輯)(太谷:太谷縣縣志編纂委員會辦公室)。
───,《太谷史志資料選》(第三輯)(太谷:太谷縣縣志編纂委員會辦公室,1984.11)。
───,《中共太谷縣歷史大事記述:《太谷黨史資料》第三輯》(太谷:中共太谷縣委黨史資料徑集辦公室,1991.4)。
───,《太谷史志資料選》(第五輯)(太谷:太谷縣縣志編纂委員會辦公室,1986.6)。
───,《太谷史志資料選(第六輯)》(太谷:太谷縣縣志編纂委員會辦公室,1987.12)。
太原市教育委員會教育志編寫組編,《太原教育志(1840-1985)第一分冊-徑求意見稿》(太谷:太原市家育委員會教育志編寫組,1990.7)。
───,《太原教育志(1840-1985)第二分冊:徑求意見稿》(太原:太原市教育委員會教育志編寫組,1990.11)。
王立新,〈近代基督教在華傳教史研究主要範式述評〉,收入陶飛亞、梁元生編,《東亞基督教再詮譯》(香港:香港中文大學崇基學院,2004),頁107至136。
───,《美國傳教士與晚清中國現代化》(天津:天津人民出版社,1997)。
王成勉,《教會、文化與國家:對基督教史研究的思索與案例》(臺北:財團法人基督教宇宙光全人關懷機構 ,2006)。
王成勉編,《所傳為何:基督教在華宣教的檢討》(台北:國史館,2000)。
───,《將根紮好-基督宗教在華教育的檢討》(臺北:黎明文化事業股份有限公司,2007)。
王倫信,《清末民國時期中學教育研究》(上海:華東師範大學出版社,2002.10)。
王軒撰,《山西通志》(臺北市:華文書局,1969)。
王道明、師德賢,《太谷師範學校校史》(太原:山西人民出版社,1993.3)。
王學仁,《公理會四十年史略》(太谷:山西太谷基督教眾議會,1924.11)。
古偉瀛編,《東西交流史的新局: 以基督宗教為中心:以基督宗教為中心》(臺北:臺大出版中心,2005)。
史若民、牛白琳,《平、祁、太經濟社會史料與研究》(太原:山西古籍出版社,2002.5)。
共青團山西省委山西省檔案館編,《山西青年運動歷史資料:晉綏革命根據地分冊(第二輯)(1941)》(太原:《山西青年運動歷史資料》編輯委員會,1986)。
刑軍,《革命之火的洗禮:美國社會福音和中國基督教青年會》(上海:上海古籍出版社,2006)。
朱有、高時良主編,《中國近代學制史料,第四輯:近代教會學校》(上海:華東師範大學出版社,1993.6)。
吳光華/焦維城,《農復會卅年紀實 =JCRR and Agricultural Development in Taiwan 1948》(中國農村復興聯合委員會,1978)。
───,〈1949年前中國教會大學歷史文獻與近代中國教育研究〉吳梓明編,《中國教會大學歷史文獻研討會論文集》(香港中文大學出版社,1995),頁3至17。
───,〈中國基督教大學研究的領域範疇和典範轉移〉,收入陶飛亞、梁元生編,《東亞基督教再詮譯》(香港:香港中文大學崇基學院宗教與中國社會研究。2004),頁321至338。
───,〈中國基督教史研究的史料與視界-以中國基督教大學史研究為個案〉,收入張先清編,《史科與視界-中文文獻與中國基督教史研究》(上海:上海人民出版社,2007),頁331至356。
───,《全球地域化視角下的中國基督教大學》(臺北:基督教宇宙光全人關懷機構出版臺北縣中和市:貿騰發賣經銷,2006)。
───,《聖山腳下的十字架-宗教與社會互動個案研究》(香港:道風書社,2005)。
吳梓明、馬敏,〈中國教會大學歷史文獻在美國收藏情況簡介〉,中研院近史所《近代中國史研究通訊》,第16期,1993年9月,頁180至198。
吳梓明等,《基督宗教與中國大學教育》(香港:中國社會科學出版社,2003)。
李茂盛編,《山西省史志部門編研成果目錄》(太原:山西省史志研究院,1998.12)。
李楚材編,《帝國主義侵華教育史料──教育》(北京:教育科學出版社,1987.7)。
沈宗瀚/沈君山/黃俊傑,《耕耘歲月:沈宗瀚先生自傳及其他》(台北:正中,1993)。
沈雲龍編,《山西村政彙編》(台北:文海出版社,1973)。
邢福增,〈20世紀中國內地基督教的區域分佈〉,收入陳建明、劉家峰編,《中國基督教區域史研究》(成都:巴蜀書社,2008.1),頁1至18。
周琇環,《農復會史料─組織沿革》(新店:國史館,1995)。
孟天禎,《從政前之孔庸之先生》(臺北:傳記文學,1970)。
林治平,《 耶魯在中國──廿世紀初期耶魯大學基督徒畢業生在中國之宣教計劃及其貢獻》(臺北市:宇宙光出版社,1996)。new window
───,《近代中國與基督教論文集》(臺北:宇宙光傳播中心出版社 1981初版)。
───,《基督教與中國本色化:國際學術研討會論文集》(臺北:宇宙光出版社,1990)。
祁明編,《山西地方誌綜錄》(太原:山西省地方誌編纂委員會辦公室,1986.12)。
金陵大學南京校友會組,《金陵大學史》(南京:南京大學出版社,2002)。
侯振彤,《山西歷史輯覽1909─1943》(太原:山西省地方誌編纂委員會辦公室,1987.4)。
姚西伊,〈都市對鄉村?-20世紀前半期在華傳教士基要主義運動的地域因素〉,收入陳建明、劉家峰編,《中國基督教區域史研究》(成都:巴蜀書社,2008.1),頁19至45。
(美)柯文(Paul A. Cohen),林同奇譯,《在中國發現歷史:中國中心觀在美國的興起》,(板橋市:稻鄉,1991)。
───,杜繼東譯,《歷史三調:作為事件、經歷和神話的義和團》(上海: 江蘇人民出版社,2000.10)。
胡衛清,《普遍主義的挑戰:近代中國基督教教育研究(1877-1927)》(上海:上海人民出版社,2000.4)。
孫麗萍,高春平,《晉商研究新論》(太原:山西人民出版社,2005)。
馬長林、吳小新主編,《中國教會文獻目錄──上海市檔案館珍藏資料》(上海:上海古籍出版社,2002)。
張玉法,《中華民國史稿》(臺北:聯經,1998)。
───,《中華民國紅十字會百年會史:1904年─2003年》(臺北:紅十字會總會,2004)
張先清,《史料與視界:中文文獻與中國基督教史研究》(上海:上海人民出版社出版,2007)。
梁庚堯、劉淑芬編,《城市與鄉村》(北京:中國歷史大百科全書出版社,2005.4)。
梁家麟,〈西化對傳統文化:傳教士與「文化侵略」問題〉,收入顧衛民編,《基督教與近代中國社會:國際學術研討會論文集》(上海:上海人民出版社,1996),頁697至732。
梅貽寶,《大學教育五十年:八十自傳》(台北:聯經,1982)。
章開沅、林蔚編,《中西文化與教會大學》(武漢:湖北教育出版社,1991.5)。
章開沅、馬敏編,《社會轉型與教會大學》(武漢:湖北教育出版社,1998)。
陳能治,《戰前十年的大學教育,1927-1937》(臺北:商務,1990)。
───,〈穆懿爾農業改良事工的啟蒙之路(1917-1925)〉,收入王成勉編《十字架前的思索:文本解讀與經典詮釋》(台北:黎明,2010年),頁193至236。
郭榮生,《孔祥熙年譜》(台北:出版者不詳,1980)。
陶飛亞,〈院系調整之前:齊魯大學教授狀況的分析〉,收入章開沅,《社會轉型與教會大學》(武漢:湖北教育出版社,1998),頁68至80。
───,《邊緣的歷史:基督教與近代中國》(上海:上海古籍出版社,2005)。
陶飛亞、梁元生編,《東亞基督教再詮譯》(香港:香港中文大學崇基學院,2004)。
喬志強,《辛亥革命前的十年》(太原:山西教育出版社,1991)。
復旦大學中外現代化進程研究中心編,《近代中國的鄉村社會》(上海:上海古籍出版社,2005)。
舒新城編,《中國近代教育史資料》(北京:人民教育出版社,1961)。
黃俊傑,《中國農村復興聯合委員會口述歷史訪問紀錄》(中央研究院近代史研究所,1992)。
───,《中國農村復興聯合委員會史料彙編》(臺北:三民書局,1991)。
黃振鏞編,《銘賢學報》(山西太谷:銘賢學校學報委員會,1936)。
黃新憲,《基督教教育與中國社會變遷》(福州:福建教育出版社,1996)。
葉健馨,《抗戰前中國中等敎育之硏究(民國十七年至廿六年)》(臺北:文史哲,1982)。
解玉田,《山西教育史志研究》(太原:山西高校聯合出版社,1992.11)。
趙榮達,《孔祥熙述評》(太原:山西高校聯合出版社,1992.12)。
銘賢廿週紀念冊委員會,《銘賢廿週紀念冊》(太谷:銘賢學校,1929)。
銘賢學校編,《山西私立銘賢學校一覽》(山西太谷:編者刊,1935)。
銘賢學校編,《銘賢學校校務概況》(山西太谷:編者刊,1933)。
劉大鵬遺著,喬志強標注,《退想齋日記》(太原:山西人民出版社, 1990)。
劉玉璣、 仇曾祐修, 胡萬凝纂,《山西省太谷縣志》(臺北:成文,1976,據民國二十年鉛印本影印)。
劉法成〈庚子前太谷基督教會回憶〉,五十週年紀念會編輯股,《山西太谷基督教會五十週年紀念刊》(太谷:太谷基督教會社交堂,1933)。
劉建牛、劉鵬生,《晉商研究》(太原:山西人民出版社,2005.1)。
劉家峰,〈近代中國基督教運動中的差會與教會關係概論〉,收入陳建明、劉家峰編,《中國基督教區域史研究》(成都:巴蜀書社,2008.1),頁45至61。
───〈金陵神學院與中國鄉村教會建設〉,收入陶飛亞、梁元生編,《東亞基督教再詮譯》(香港:香港中文大學崇基學院,2004),頁 339至360。
───,〈齊魯大學經費來源與學校發展:1904-1952〉,收入章開沅,《社會轉型與教會大學》(武漢:湖北教育出版社,1998),頁81至130。
───,《鄉村牧區:1930年代中國基督教會鄉建理念的追尋》(香港:香港中文大學崇基學院,2001)
劉振東編,《孔庸之先生演講集》(台北:文海出版社,1972)。
劉影,《皇權旁的山西:集權政治與地域文化》(太原:新星出版社,2007.9)。
蔣夢麟,《農復會工作演進原則之檢討》(台北:行政院農業委員會,1990)。
鄭大華,《民國鄉村建設運動》(北京:社會科學文獻出版社,2000)。
閻錫山撰,《閻伯川先生言論類編》(不詳:不詳,1939)。
顧長聲,《傳教士與近代中國》(上海:上海人民出版社,1981初版,1989增訂版)。
顧衛民編,《基督教與近代中國社會:國際學術研討會論文集》(上海:上海人民出版社,1996)。

貳、英文
一、Oberlin College Archives(Oberlin, Ohio, U.S.A.)
Record Group 15: Shansi Memorial Association
Subgroup I. Oberlin China Band
Series 1. Minutes (correspondence contained in the book)
Series 2. Correspondence
Series 3. General File
Subgroup II. Administrative Records
Series 1. Constitution, Regulations, and Amendments
Series 2. Minutes
Series 3. Reports
Series 4. Correspondence
Series 5. Committees
Series 6. Financial Records
Series 7. General File
Series 8. Directory of Representatives
Subgroup III. Program Areas
Series 1. China
Subseries 1. Ming Hsien
Subgroup IV. Representatives
Series 1. Reports and Letters
Series 6. Correspondence of Non-Representatives
Subgroup V. Publications and Publicity
Series 1. Newsletters
Series 2. Newspapers
Series 3. Mass Mailings
Series 4. Programs and Events
Series 5. Pamphlets and Flyers
Series 6. Miscellaneous Publications
Subgroup VI. Architectural Plans and Maps
Series 1. Architectural Plans
Series 2. Maps


二、Special Collection of Oberlin College Library
(一)、書冊
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions Shansi Mission, The Shansi Mission of the American Board. Annual Report (Shanghai: Methodist Publishing House, 1910).
Charles, Sowerwine, “Oberlin Responds to the Depression: a Survey of Campus Activism, (Seminar, 1965), 31 leaves, Typescript.
Corbin, Paul L., Report for 1910 contains also Sketch of the Reconstruction of the Shansi Mission Since 1910 and is called: 10 Years After, (Shanghai: American Geographical, SocietyMethodist Publishing House, 1910).
Endo, Todd Isao, “History Seminar, Oberlin College and World War I, (Oberlin, Ohio:1963),30 leaves. Reproduced from typewritten copy.
Fitch, Florence Mary, The Meaning of Shansi (Oberlin: Ohio, 1931).
Oberlin Shansi Memorial Association, A Chinese Footnote to “A History of Honor. (Oberlin: Ohio, 1923).
Richards, Catherine Ann, Pacifism in Oberlin in the 1930's, Typewritten manuscript, Prepared for American History Seminar, Oberlin College.
Strong, Robbins, The Transitional Years: Life in Shansi China, 1937-1937(Claremont: The author, unpublished, 1987.2).
(二)、期刊
Oberlin College Alumni Association, The Oberlin Alumni Magazine (Oberlin, Ohio: Oberlin College for the Alumni Association, 1904). 1904-
Oberlin College, The Oberlin College Bulletin (Oberlin, Ohio: Secretary of the College).1900-
Oberlin College, The Oberlin Review (Oberlin, Ohio: Union Library Association, 1900).1900-
(三)、其他
Chinese Recorder [microform] (Wilmington, Del. : Scholarly Resources, 1985?),1900-1937.
The China Christian Yearbook( Shanghai : Kwang Hsueh), 1910-1937.
三、專書及篇章
Ahlstrom, Sydney E., Type of School for Boys, (Indianapolis, Indiana: The Bobbs –Merrill Company, 1917).
Bailey, Paul John, Reform the People: Changing Attitudes Towards Popular Education in Early Twentieth-century China (Vancouver, British Columbia: University of British Columbia Press, 1990).
Barnard, John, From Evangelicalism to Progressivism at Oberlin College, 1866-1917(Columbus,Ohio:Ohio State University Press, 1969, 1988).
Baumann, Roland M., Oberlin History Bibliography: A Partial Listing of Published Titles Bearing on the History of the College and Community Covering the Period 1833 to 1992(Oberlin,Ohio: Oberlin College Archives, 1992).
Beard, Augustus Field, The Story of John Frederick Oberlin (Boston, Mass.: The Pilgrim Press, 1909).
Bickers, Robert A. and Rosemary Seton, eds., Missionary Encounters: Sources and Issues (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 1996).
Blodgett, Geoffrey, Oberlin Architecture ,College and Town: A Guide to Its Social History (Oberlin, Ohio: Oberlin College, 1985).
── ,Oberlin History: Essays and Impressions (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2006).
Brandt, Nat, Massacre in Shansi (Syracuse , N.Y.:Syracuse University Press, 1994, 1999).
Bullock, Mary B., An American Transplant: The Rockefeller Foundation and Peking Union Medical College (Berkeley ,California: University of California Press,1980).
Butterfield, Kenyon L., Education and Chinese Agriculture (Shnaghai:China Christian Association, 1922).
──, The Rural Mission of the Church in Eastern Asia: Report and Recommendations (New York:Intl. Missionary Council, 1931).
Campfield, Mary T., Oberlin-in-China, 1881-1951 (Ph.D.Thesis -University of Virginia, 1974, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms International, 1985).
Carlson, Ellsworth C., Oberlin in Asia: The First Hundred Years 1882-1982(Oberlin, Ohio: Oberlin Shansi Memorial Assocation, 1982).
──, The Oberlin Band:The Christian Mission in Shanxi, 1882-1900(Oberlin, Ohio: Oberlin Shansi Memorial Association, 2001).
Chen, Kaiyi, Seeds from the West: St. John's Medical School, Shanghai, 1880-1952(Chicago, Illinois: Imprint Publications, 2001).
China Christian Educational Association, Christian Education in China:A Study Made by an Educational Commission Representing the Mission Boards and Societies Conducting in China(New York City: Committee of Reference and Counsel of the Foreign Missions Conference of North America, 1922).
Christian Literatures Society for China, ed., A Century of Protestant Missions in China, 1807-1907: Being the Centenary Conference History (San Francisco, California: Chinese Materials Center, 1979).
Cody, Jeffrey W., Building in China: Henry K. Murphy's “Adaptive Architecture, 1914-1935(Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press of Hong Kong, 2001).
Cohen, Paul A., China and Christianity: The Missionary Movement and the Growth of Chinese Antiforeignism, 1860-1870 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963).
──, Discovering History in China: American Historical Writing on the Recent Chinese Past (New York City: Columbia University Press, 2010).
Cohen, Paul A., History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth (New York City:Columbia University Press, 1997).
Corbin,Paul L., Ten Years After: A Sketch of the Reconstruction of The Shansi Mission Since 1900 and the Annual Reports for 1911( Shanghai: Methodist Publishing House, 1911)
Crouch, Archie R., Christianity in China: A Scholars' Guide to Resources in the Libraries and Archives of the United States (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1989).
──, Scholars' Guide to China Mission Resources in the Libraries and Archives of the United States (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1983).
Daniel Bays, ed., Christianity in China, (Stanford ,California: Stanford University Press, 1996)
Edwards, E. H., Fire and Sword in Shansi: The Story of Martyrdom of Foreigners and Chinese Christians (Edinburgh, London: Oliphant Anderson & Ferrier, 1903).
Ekbladh, David Karl Francis, A workshop for the world : Modernization As a Tool in U. S. Foreign Relations in Asia, 1914-1973, (New York City: Columbia University,2003).

Fairbank, John K, and Albert Feuerwerker, eds.,The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 13. China 1912-1949. Part 2 (Cambridge,Mass: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
Fairbank, John King, ed., The Missionary Enterprise in China and America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974).
Fairbank, John King, Introduction: The Many Faces of Protestant Missions in China and United States, in John King Fairbank, ed., The Missionary Enterprise in China and America (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1974).
Fairchild, James H., Oberlin: The Colony and the College (New York: Garland Pub., 1984).
Fairfield, Wynn C., More Enduring Than Bronze: The First Half-century of the Oberlin Shansi Memorial Association, (Typescripts, 50pages)OSMA Records, Administrative Records, General Files, Box2, Fairfield’s Detailed Notes for Writing History of Shansi First Fifty Years, O.C.A., ).
Fenn, William P., Christian Higher Education in Changing China, 1880-1950(Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1976).
──, Ever New Horizons: The Story of The United Board For Christian Higher Education In Asia, 1922-1975(New York: United Board For Christian Higher Education In Asia, 1980).
──, Christian Higher Education in Changing China, 1880-1950 (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 1976).
Fletcher, Robert S., A History of Oberlin College: From its Foundation Through the Civil War (North Stratford: Ayer Company Publishers, Inc., 1943).
Foreign Missions Conference of North American, The Christian Mission Among Rural People (New York: Foreign Missions Conference of North America, 1945).
Forsythe, Sidney A., An American Missionary Community in China, 1895-1905, Fullerton, Kemper, Essays & Sketches: Oberlin, 1904-1934(New York: Books For Libraries Freeport, 1938).
Garrett, Shirley S., Social Reformers in Urban China: The Chinese Y.M.C.A., 1895-1926 (Cambridge, Mass:Harvard University Press, 1970).
Gaustad, Edwin S., Religion in America: History and Historiography (Washington: American Historical Association, 1973).
Glover, Robert Hall, The Progress of World-wide Missions (Rhode Island, New York New York: Harper, 1960).
Gregg, Alice H., China and Educational Autonomy: The Changing Role of the Protestant Educational Missionary in China, 1807-1937 (Syracuse ,New York: Syracuse University Press, 1946).
Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, Its Evolution and Contribution to Education As a Federal Land-grant College (Washington: Govt. Printing Office, 1923).
Harrison, Henrietta, The Man Awakened from Dreams: One Man’s Life in a North China Village, 1857-1942 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2005).
Hayhoe, Ruth, ed., China’s Education and the Industrialized World: Study in Cultural Transfer. Armonk (New York;London:E. Sharpe, Inc. ,1987).
Hayhoe, Ruth, ed., Education and Modernization: The Chinese Experience, (Oxford,England; New York: Pergamon Press, 1992).
Hevia, James Louis, “Monument and Memory: The Oberlin College Boxer Memorial as a Contested Site, 收入陶飛亞、梁元生編,《東亞基督教再詮譯》(香港:香港中文大學崇基學院,2004),頁487-504.
──, English Lessons: The Pedagogy of Imperialism in Nineteenth-century China, (Durham ,North Carolina:Duke University Press, 2003).
Hillis, Newell Dwight, The Self-propagating Power of Christianity, Annual Sermon Before The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (Boston, Mass.: American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 1902).
Hinman, Susan Fidelité, Ming Hsien, Memorial to Heroes of Three Nations: Oberlin Shansi Memorial Association Fiftieth Anniversary (New York, 1958).
Hold, Euben, Yale in China: The Mainland 1901-1951(New Haven,Mass.: The Yale in China Association, Inc., 1964).
Hosford, Frances J., Father Shipherd's Magna Charta─A Century of Coeducation in Oberlin College (Boston: Marshall Jones Co., 1937).
Hutchison, William R., Errand to the World: American Protestant Thought and Foreign Missions (Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
Johnston, Charles Hughes, High School Education Professional Treatments of the Administrative, Supervisory, and Specifically Pedagogical Functions of Secondary Education, With Special Reference to American Conditions (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons,1912).
Kessler, Lawrance D., “The Social Gospel and The Impact of Christianity on China: A Case Study Of An Eastern Kiangsu Mission, 收入顧衛民編,《基督教與近代中國社會:國際學術研討會論文集》(上海:上海人民出版社。1996),頁591至頁620。
Kurtz, John W., John Frederick Oberlin, (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1976).
Latham, A. J. H., The Depression and the Developing World, 1914-1939: The Depression and the Developing World, 1865-1939 (London; New York: Routledge, 2006).
Larson, Arlin T., A College's Purposes: The Idea of Education at Oberlin College, (Ph.D. dissertation,University of Chicago Divinity School, 1976).
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Levine, David O., The American College and the Culture of Aspiration, 1915-1940 (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press,1986).
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Lian, Xi, The Conversion of Missionaries: Liberalism in American Protestant Missions in China, 1907-1932 (University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997).
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──, Americans and Chinese: A Historical Essay and a Bibliography (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1963).
Lodwick, Kathleen L., Crusades Against Opium: Protestant Missionaries in China, 1874-1917(Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky, 1996).
Love, Donald M, Henry Churchill King, of Oberlin (New Haven,Mass.: Yale University Press, 1956).
Lutz, Jessie G., China and the Christian Colleges, 1850-1950 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1971).
──, Chinese Politics and Christian Missions: The Anti-Christian Movements of China 1920-28 (Notre Dame, Ind.: Cross Cultural Publications, 1988).
──, “The YWCA-YMCA and China’s Search for A Civil Society, 收入顧
衛民編,《基督教與近代中國社會:國際學術研討會論文集》(上海:上海人民出版社,1996),頁621至654。
──, “Middle Schools-the Roots of Christian Education in China and Taiwan, 收入王成勉編,《將根紮好─基督宗教在華教育的檢討》(台北:黎明,2007)。
Liu, Judith, and Kelly, Donald P., Foreign Exchange: Counterculture Behind the Walls of St. Hilda’s School for Girls, 1929-1937(Lanham, Maryland: Lehigh University Press, 2011).
Marty, Martin E., Protestantism and Social Christianity (Munich, New York: K.G. Saur, 1992).
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Moyer, Raymond Tyson, Beyond Yesterday: America in a Changing World (United States: The author, 1995).
Najarian, Nishan J., A Symbolic Interactionist Approach to the Religious Stranger Concept: Protestant Missionaries in China (Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI, 1982, 1986).
Neils, Patricia, ed., United States Attitudes and Policies Toward China: The Impact of American Missionaries, (Armonk,New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1990).
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Yamamoto, Sumiko, History of Protestantism in China: The Indigenization of Christianity (Tokyo: The Toho Gakkai, 2000).
Yeh, Wen-Hsin, The Alienated Academy: Culture and Politics in Republican China (Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1990).


四、期刊
Baumann, Roland M., “Oberlin College and the Movement to Establish an Archive, 1920-1966, The Midwestern Archivist, 13(1988):27-38
Baumann, Ronald M. and Jacobs, Caroal, “The Memorial Arch: An Unfolding Story, The Oberlin Alumni Magazine,87 ( Spring 1991):2.
Beal, Edwin G. and Beal, Janet F., “Arthur W. Hummel (1884-1975),The Journal of Asian Studies, 35:2 (February, 1976):265-276.
Bickers, Robert A., “Reviewed Books,‘Massacre in Shansi’, Bulletin of the School of Oriented and African Studies, 58 (1995) 2:416.
Blodgett, Geoffrey T., “Myth and Reality in Oberlin History, The Oberlin Alumni Magazine, 68 (May/June 1972): 4-10.
Bohn, William F., “Oberlin, The First Hundred Years, The Oberlin Alumni Magazine, 29 (October 1932): 13-15.
Cohen, Paul, “The Anti-Christian Tradition in China, The Journal of Asian Studies, 20:2 (February 1961): 169-180.
Doyle, Michael, “The Arboreal Legacy of Tappan Square,The Oberlin Alumni Magazine, 76 (March/April 1980): 6-10.
Elder, John, “Reflections on the Persistence of Oberlin Perfectionism, The Oberlin Alumni Magazine, 86 (Winter 1990):30-31.
Gillin, Donald G., “Education and Militarism in Modern China: Yen Hsi-Shan in Shansi Province, 1911-30,The Journal of Modern History, 34 (January, 1962) : 2:61-167.
Hevia, James L., “Leaving a Brand on China: Missionary Discourse in the Wake of the Boxer Movement, Modern China 18 (1992)3: 304-332.
King, Henry Churchill, “The Oberlin Inheritance, The Oberlin Alumni Magazine, 7 (July 1911) 3:54-73.
Kingsbury, Alex, U.S. News & World Report, 143(August 27, 2007)6: 102.
Kurtz, John W., “What's in a Name: Why Oberlin? The Oberlin Alumni Magazine, 68 (November/December 1972): 4-9.
Moyer, Raymond T., “Agricultural Practices in Semi-Arid North China,The Scientific Monthly, 55 (October, 1942) 4: 301-316.
Moyer, Raymond T., “Agricultural Soils in a Loess Region of North China,Geographical Review, 26 (July, 1936) 3:414-425.
──, “Nonsymbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Soils of a Semi-Arid Region of North China, Journal of American Agronomy, 33 (1941): 980-992.
Oberlin College, “Education for Service in Christian Church in China, The Oberlin Alumni Magazine, 31(April 1935):157.
──, “Oberlin Volunteer Band, The Hi-o-Hi, (1906): 170-179.
──, “Old Houses in Oberlin, The Oberlin Alumni Magazine, 28 (May 1932) 231-34.
──, “Other American Colleges Represented in China, The Oberlin Alumni Magazine, 14 (April 1948) 7:192.
──, “The Oberlin Idea, The Oberlin Alumni Magazine, 26 (July 1930): 296-98.
──,“Oberlin in Shansi,The Oberlin Alumni Magazine, 16 (February 1923): 5.
──,“Oberlin Myths, Oberlin Alumni Magazine, 29(May 1933):232-35.
──,“Oberlin No-Myths, Oberlin Alumni Magazine, 30(March 1934): 171-73.
Outerbridge, Leonard M., “Seeds for China’s Arid Areas: A Famine-Prevention Project, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 152, China (November, 1930): 99-104.
Ross,Heidi A. “Cradle of Female Talent: The McTyeire Home and School for Girls, 1892-1937, in Daniel Bays, ed., Christianity in China (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1996): 209-227.
Wilkins, Ernest Hatch, “New John-Frederick-Oberlin, The Oberlin Alumni Magazine, 27(October 1930): 7-8 & 14.
 
 
 
 
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