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題名:司法言論之專業倫理與民事責任
作者:張升星
作者(外文):Sheng-hsin Chang
校院名稱:東吳大學
系所名稱:法律學系
指導教授:潘維大教授
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2012
主題關鍵詞:司法言論司法外陳述司法倫理言論自由公平審判民事責任judicial speechextrajudicial statementjudicial ethicsfreedom of speechfair trialcivil liability
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在司法訴訟程序中,法官、檢察官和律師均具法律專業,雖因立場相異而對訴訟個案見解不同,渠等於法庭內發表之陳述南轅北轍,本即法庭角色分工所導致之差異,要屬民主法治國家訴訟程序之常態,自不待言。
然而,由於二十一世紀傳播科技的蓬勃發展,平面報章、電子媒體、數位網路以及社群通訊等不同形式的溝通平台,使得新聞媒體之傳播效果更具有影響力,擁有主導輿論偏好與形成公共政策的強大力量。無可避免的,法官、檢察官和律師的互動關係,也從「法庭內」延伸至「法庭外」。無論是考慮個案訴訟的勝敗,或是對於判決理由的詮釋,法官、檢察官和律師,或主動或被動,在「法庭外」都會發表與個案有關之評論,此即所謂「司法言論」,或稱「司法外陳述」。
「司法外陳述」之議題涉及「司法倫理」規範價值之取捨,例如:法官、檢察官和律師對於具體個案公開發表評論時,得否主張言論自由?如果允許,則其界限為何?判斷標準與民事責任為何?等相關問題,都會涉及不同價值之衝突與妥協。因此如何妥適制定關於「司法外陳述」之倫理規範,在「言論自由」與「公平審判」間取得平衡,將是非常重要而且困難的課題。
本文以「司法外陳述」之倫理規範及其民事責任為研究範圍。首先說明研究動機、目的及方法,其次探討「司法外陳述」容許性之標準,嗣後分別介紹法官、檢察官和律師有關「司法外陳述」之倫理規範及實務見解,並且依據台灣司法的背景因素,尋求適合台灣法制環境之合理詮釋,最後則歸納「司法外陳述」之民事責任及研究結論。
In the litigation process, the judge, prosecutor, and the attorney all possess legal professional knowledge, but they interpret each case differently due to their distinct standpoint. The statements made by those legal experts vary substantially; this phenomena results from the judicial assignments in the litigation.
Since the technology of the mass media has developed significantly in the 21st century, communication channels like the press, social networks, internet and the electronic media further strengthen the media’s influence, which gives the media the power of dominating public value preference and manipulating public policies. Inevitably, interaction among the judge, prosecutor and attorney goes beyond the courtroom. The judge, prosecutor and attorney, whether voluntarily or not, may all comment on specific cases outside the courtroom, either to win the case or to interpret the legal reasoning. These comments are referred to as “judicial speech”, which is also known as “extrajudicial statement”.
“Extrajudicial statement” involves the value of judicial ethics. For example, whether it is right for the judge, prosecutor and attorney to exercise the freedom of speech to justify their “extrajudicial statement”? If yes, where is the limit? What is the standard of review and civil liability? All these questions contain conflicts and compromises, which requires further academic research. Therefore, how to strike a balance between “freedom of speech” and “fair trial” will be an important yet difficult issue.
This dissertation focuses on the judicial ethics of “extrajudicial statement” and its civil liability. PartⅠoutlines the motive, purpose and approach of the research. Part Ⅱexplores the legitimacy of “extrajudicial statement”, Part Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ introduce judicial ethics regarding “extrajudicial statement” and the legal practices from the prospective of the judge, attorney and prosecutor respectively. Moreover, it argues that the relevant elements of extrajudicial statements should be adjusted while applying to Taiwan’s legal environment. Part Ⅵ analyzes the civil liability of the “extrajudicial statement”. Part Ⅶ concludes that the appropriate norm of judicial ethics must be based on the local culture and history background.
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