Based on the records of sighting Liuqiu in the Song and Ming Dynasties, this paper attempts to reconstruct the Fujian coastal inhabitants' knowledge of Taiwan in order to clarify ancient Chinese knowledge concerning Taiwan. There are Song records about sighting Liuqiu from Penghu and Ming records about sighting Liuqiu from Gu Mountain of Fuzhou. Historians view such reports as unfounded legends and do not bother to investigate them. Yet contemporary photos show Taiwan indeed can be seen from Penghu, while modern geodesy indicates the possibility of seeing the peaks of Taiwan mountains from the central-n01ihem coast of Fujian and from Gu Mountain when the air is unusually clear. These ancient reports of sighting Liuqiu, supported by contemporary photos and geodesy, allow us to infer that Fujianese during the Song, Yuan, and Ming Dynasties actually possessed substantial knowledge of Taiwan. Taiwan was renamed Little Liuqiu in the early Ming. Indeed, the Ming-Qing Fujianese gazetteers changed their reports of sighting Liuqiu (流求) to Liuqiu (琉球), and then to sighting Little Liuqiu. These changes confirm the Song sighting reports, and indicate that what the Ming called Little Liuqiu was indeed what the Song called Liuqiu . Furthermore, the high mountain range that lUns through Taiwan must have led ancient Fujian seamen who sighted it to understand that Taiwan was a large island rather than several small islands. However, low literacy rate s, social barriers between peasants-seamen and intellectuals in traditional China, and the politico-economical insignificance of Taiwan until the late Ming all prevented Fujianese local knowledge about Taiwan from being absorbed into the official knowledge of the imperial court and mandarins. This gap between local knowledge and official knowledge led to the sparsity and inaccuracy of historical records concerning Liuqiu (流求) and Liuqiu (琉球).