There existed two different kinds of merchant groups in the Ch'ing
Chu-ch'ien area. The first one was同街鋪戶公記 (common stamp of shops in the
same town), which emerged in the village-townships during the late Ch'ing
period; for example, Chung-kang中港, Hsiang-shan香山and Chiu-ch'iung-lin九芎林
. The other type of merchant group-Chiao郊 (merchants' guild) -was formed by
the merchants who engaged in trade business. The first local merchant group
- Ch'ien-chiao Chin-Ch'ang-ho塹郊金長和-appeared at Chu-ch'ien city in Mid-
Ch'ing period. Then, Ch'uan-hu-t'uan-ti Chin-chi-shun船戶團體金濟順 (group
of junk owners) and Nauchiao腦郊 (guild of camphor merchants) emerged in
Kuang-hsu period (1875-1895), and showed the differentiation of the Chu-ch'
ien's merchants' guild. For a long time, h'ien-chiao Chin-Ch'ang-ho was the
most important merchant group in the Chu-ch'ien area. Some members of
merchants' guild in Ch'ien-chiao塹郊came from Mainland China, but the local
merchants still played the most important role in this organization.
Merchants' guild in Chu-ch'ien participated in political, economic,
religious and social-welfare activities. Since the power of collecting dues by
merchant's guild in Chu-ch'ien was took over by the Bureau of Li-kin (釐金局
) in late T'ung-chih period, the functions of merchants' guild in Chu-ch'ien
changed dramatically. Merchants' guild in Chu-ch'ien paid most of its
concern on the guild's work or economic and religious affairs, while the
participation of social-welfare and charity business transmitted to the
hands of the powerful local merchant-elite.