:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
題名:認知行為治療團體對憂鬱症患者的衝擊與治療效果之研究
作者:林梅鳳
作者(外文):Mei-Feng, Lin
校院名稱:彰化師範大學
系所名稱:輔導與諮商系
指導教授:吳秀碧
程小蘋
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2001
主題關鍵詞:認知行為團體治療憂鬱症患者團體衝擊治療效果congitive behavior group therapydepressive patientgroup impacttherapeutic effect
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(10) 博士論文(3) 專書(0) 專書論文(1)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:10
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:46
認知行為治療團體對憂鬱症患者的衝擊與治療效果之研究
摘 要
本研究目的在於瞭解認知行為團體治療對憂鬱症患者的衝擊和治療效果,研究對象來自精神科門診醫師轉介的8位憂鬱症個案,由研究者擔任團體治療師實施12次的認知行為團體治療。採歷程研究和質的研究法歸納出團體衝擊和治療效果。研究發現如下:
1. 認知行為團體治療可以有效改善個案的憂鬱情緒狀態,其中重度憂鬱個案的改善較多、其他憂鬱個案次之、正常情緒個案則是維持原來情緒狀態。
2. 團體介入可以改善個案的認知偏差和認知型態,以中鬱個案的認知偏差改善較多、重鬱個案居中、而其他個案則改變不大。
3. 從團體改變效果可將8位個案分為持平性改變類型、進展性改變類型、和起伏性改變類型。其中正常情緒個案歸為持平性改變類型,而輕鬱和中鬱個案歸為起伏性改變類型,重鬱個案則是歸為進展性改變類型。
4. 所有個案從團體獲得助益性衝擊最多、阻礙性衝擊次之、中立性衝擊最少。其中助益性衝擊以正常個案最多、其次為輕鬱個案、中鬱和重鬱個案更為次之;而阻礙性衝擊則是相反;團體都維持約10-20%的中立性衝擊量。
5. 隨著團體進展助益性衝擊愈來愈增多、而阻礙性衝擊反而愈來愈降低,各個團體階段有不同的衝擊,助益性衝擊都集中在「覺察人我知覺」和「感受人我互惠」;而阻礙性衝擊量則以「固守自我界線」和「引發人我衝突」為多。
6. 從家庭作業執行成果發現個案的認知改變能力優於行動改變和自我評鑑能力,以正常個案的執行成果最好、輕鬱個案居中、中鬱和重鬱個案較差。
研究者並根據上述研究結果加以討論,並據此分別對實務工作者、及未來研究提出具體建議。
Impacts and Effects of Cognitive Behavior Therapy Group in Depressive Patients
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to describe the impacts during cognitive behavior group therapy of depressive patients. Eight Patients were referred from depression clinics and received 12 sessions of weekly group therapy. Process research approach and qualitative analysis were used, the researcher took the role of group therapist and data analyzer. Single case study was utilized to present the patterns and changing process of group impacts.
Results of this study are:
1. Cognitive behavior group therapy decreased level of depression, especially for those severely depressive cases. Though non-depressive cases kept the same depression level.
2. Cognitive behavior group therapy decreased negative cognition, particularly for the moderately depressive patients.
3. According to the effect of group therapy, changing patterns of these eight subjects were characterized to horizontal change pattern, progressive change pattern and fluctuated change pattern. The non-depressive cases were inducted to horizontal change pattern, mild and moderate ones were fluctuated pattern, and severe ones were progressive pattern.
4. Amounts of impacts received by all cases in the decreased rank were helpful, hindering, and transitional. The amount of helpful impacts received by the cases was negatively associated with the severity of depression, the severer of depression, the smaller amount of helpful impacts were received. However, the hindering impacts were positively related to the severity of depression. 10-20% of transitional impacts was kept in severity of depressive cases.
5. Following the stage of group therapy, there were increased helpful impacts but decreased hindering impacts. Additionally, various impacts were found in different stages of group therapy. The foci of helpful impacts were I-Thou Awareness and I-Thou Reciprocity, and the hindering impacts were Personal Boundary and I-Thou Conflict.
6. The homework implementation revealed that cognitive adaptation was achieved more than behavior change and self-evaluation in all cases. The performance was achieved most in non-depressive, mildly, moderately, and severely depressive cases in sequence.
Based on the study results, applications and suggestions were emerged for counseling practician and future research.
參考文獻
一、中文部份
吳芳萍 (民84).認知行為取向團體輔導對國小高攻擊性兒童輔導效果之研究,國立屏東師範學院初等教育學系碩士論文。
李毅達、紀志賢、李秋月、張音、陳純誠(民87).焦慮與憂鬱之遠距精神症狀評量信度,臺灣精神醫學,12(3),64-70。
林美珠、林明文、陳淑瓊(民85).團體諮商治療性與反治療性因素之探討研究,論文發表於八十五學年度師範學院教育學術論文發表會,台東。
林美珠、王麗斐(民87a).團體反治療性因素之研究:重要事件分析,論文發表於中國心理學會八十七年度年會,台北。new window
林美珠、王麗斐(民87b).團體治療性與反治療性重要事件之分析,中華輔導學報,6,35-59。new window
林梅鳳、李引玉、葉春吟、李毅達(民 87).認知行為團體治療對憂鬱症患者的成效評估與改變歷程,八十七年國科會結案報告。new window
林梅鳳、李引玉、葉春吟(民 88).找出類化軌跡:憂鬱症病患認知重建歷程的分析研究,八十八年國科會結案報告。
林梅鳳、葉春吟、葉宗烈、胡慧芳(民88).認知行為團體治療對憂鬱症病患的成效評估,中華團體心理治療,5(1),17-26。new window
邱兆偉(民84).質的研究的訴求與設計,教育研究,4,1-33。
段昌明、王麗斐(民82).諮商過程研究的內容與研究方法分析:美國諮商過程研究的回顧、現況與展望,輔導季刊,29(3),1-13。new window
陳秉華(民80).諮商改變歷程的研究新典範,國立彰化師範大學諮商歷程學術研討會論文。
陳斐娟(民83).初次晤談中當事人對重要事件的認定及其反應之分析研究,國立彰化師範大學諮商歷程學術研討會論文集。
陳斐娟(民85).諮商歷程中的重要事件、工作同盟與諮商結果之分析研究,國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所博士論文。new window
柯慧貞(民79).內因性與非內因性憂鬱症患者在藥物治療前後之認知偏差比較,中華精神醫學,4(2),129-136。
柯慧貞、陸汝彬、柯永河(民79).內因性與非內因性憂鬱症患者在藥物治療前後之認知偏差比較,中華精神醫學,4(2),129-136。
柯慧貞、朱益志、葉宗烈(民80).認知型態測驗與認知錯誤問卷:心理計量特性及其與憂鬱症狀之關係 (CST與CEQ之信、效度),中華精神醫學,5(2), 85-93。
陸汝彬、柯慧貞(民82).憂鬱症在生物化學上的異質性,中華精神醫學, 7(1),3-9。
柯慧貞、黃耿研、李毅達(民85).貝氏憂鬱量表應用於國人周產期憂鬱症篩選之適用性,中華公共衛生雜誌,15(3),208-219。new window
黃欲達 (民80).憂鬱症的歸因向度與歸因複雜度探討,私立中原大學心理學研究所碩士論文。
曾瑞真(民81).憂鬱症青少年的認知治療團體諮商,諮商與輔導,73,41-45。
黃月霞(民76).兒童團體諮商效果評鑑,台北:桂冠。
黃瑞琴(民85).質的教育研究方法,台北:心理。
黃政傑等著(民85).質的教育研究:方法與實例,台北:漢文。
曾慧雯 (民87).門診憂鬱症患者之社會之支持與希望狀態之探討,私立高雄醫學院護理研究所碩士論文。
楊淑蘭 (民78).認知行為取向團體諮商方案對A型人格傾向大學生之非理性信念、行為組型、壓力知覺輔導效果之研究,國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
連廷嘉(民86).諮商質化研究初探,高師輔研所刊,80-101。new window
孫幸慈 (民86).認知行為取向團體諮商對國小父母離異兒童之親子關係信念、情緒感受及行為困擾輔導效果研究,國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
張艾如、柯慧貞、葉宗烈、陸汝斌(民85).簡式認知型態測驗與認知錯誤問卷之信度與效度,中華精神醫學,10(1),36-44。
鄭如安(民87).諮商歷程中當事人情緒再體驗之分析研究,國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。new window
廖鳳池(民76).認知性自我管理團體諮商對師專學生情緒適應效果之實驗研究,台灣師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。new window
劉秋平、何志仁(民85).住院憂鬱症患者心理治療之效應,高醫醫學雜誌, 58(3),163-170。
黃慧涵(民89).身體受虐兒童遊戲治療中的遊戲行為之分析研究,國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系博士論文。new window
謝淑敏(民82).諮商歷程中好的時機之分析研究,國立台灣師範大學碩士論文。
二、英文部份
Abraham, I. L., Neundorfer, M. M., & Currie, L. J. (1992). Effects of group interventions on cognition and depression in nursing home residents. Nursing Research, 41(4), 196-202.
Addis, M. E., & Jacobson, N. S. (2000). A closer looks at the treatment rationale and homework compliance in cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24(3), 313-326.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Barker, D. B. (1991). The behavioral analysis of interpersonal intimacy in-group development. Small Group Research, 22(1), 76-91.
Beeber, L. S., & Caldwell, C. L. (1996). Pattern integration in young depressed women: Part II. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 10(3), 157-164.
Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. New York: Hoeber.
Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorder. New York: New American Library.
Beck, A. T., & Greenberg, R. L. (1974). Coping with depression. New York: Institute for Rational Living.
Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Show, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press.
Beck, A. T. (1987). Cognitive therapy. In J. K. Zeig (Ed.), The evolution of psychotherapy (pp. 149-178). New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Beck, A. T., Freeman, A., & Associates. (1990). Cognitive therapy of the personality disorders. New York: The Guilford Press.
Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: The Guilford Press.
Bloch, S., & Reibstein, J. (1980). Perceptions by patients and therapists of therapeutic factors in-group psychotherapy. British Journal of Psychiatric, 137, 274-278.
Blocher, D. H. (1983). Toward a cognitive developmental approach to counseling supervision. The Counseling Psychologist, 11(1), 27-34.
Bogdan, R. C., & Biklen, S. K. (1992). Qualitative research for education ( 2nd
ed. ). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Brooker, C. D. G. (1990). A description of clients nursed by community psychiatric nurses while attending English National Board Clinical Course No.811: Clarification of current role? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 15, 155-166.
Brower, A. M., & Garvin, C. D. (1989). Design issues in social group work research. Social Work with Groups, 12(3), 91-102.
Buckwalter, K. C., & Babich, K. S. (1990). Psychological and physiologic aspects of depression. Nursing Clinics of North America, 25(4), 945-954.
Chaisson, M., Beutler, L., Yost, E., & Allender, J. (1984). Treating the depressed elderly. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Service, 22(5), 25-30.
Clarke, K. M. (1996). Change processes in a creation of meaning event. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(3), 465-470.
Cummings, A. L., Hallberg, E. T., Slemon, A., & Martin, J. (1992). Participants’ memories for therapeutic events and ratings of session effectiveness. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 6(2), 113-123.
Cummings A. L., & Hallberg, E. T. (1995). Women’s experiences of change processes during intensive counseling. Canadian Journal of Counseling, 29(2), 147-159.
Cummings, A. L., Hallberg, E. T., & Slemon, A. G. (1994). Templates of client change in short-term counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41(4), 464-472.
Dattilio, F. M., & Freeman, A. (1992). Introduction to cognitive therapy. In Freeman, A., & Dattilio, F. M. (Eds.), Comprehensive casebook of cognitive therapy (pp. 3-11). New York: Plenum.
Derubeis, R. J., & Beck, A. T. (1988). Cognitive therapy. In K. S. Dobson (Ed.), Handbook of cognitive-behavioral therapies (pp. 273-306). New York: Guilford Press.
Dies, R. R. (1985). A multidimensional model for group process research: Elaboration and critique. Small Group Behavior, 16(4), 427-446.
Doxsee, D. J. (1997). Hindering events in group counseling and psychotherapy. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri, Columbia.
Doxsee, D. J., Kivlighan, D. M., Jr., & Dennis, M. (1994). Hindering events in interpersonal relations groups for counselor trainees. Journal of Counseling & Development, 72(6), 621-627.
Elkin, I., Gibbons, R. D., Shea, M. T., Sotsky, S. M., Watkins, J. T., & Pilkonis, P. A. (1995). Initial severity and differential treatment outcome in the national institute of mental health treatment of depression collaborative research program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63(5), 841-847.
Elkin, I., Parloff, M., Hadley, S., & Autry, J. (1985). NIMH treatment of depression collaborative research program: Background and research plan. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 305-316.
Elkin, I., Shea, T., Watkins, J. T., Imber, S. D., Sotsdy, S. M., Collins, J. F., Glass, D. R., Pikonis, P. A., Leber, W. R., Docherty, J. P., Fiester, S. J., & Parloff, M. B. (1989). National institute of mental health treatment of depression collaborative research program: General effectiveness of treatments. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 971-982.
Elliott, R. (1983). Fitting process to the practicing psychotherapist. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 20, 47-55.
Elliott, R. (1984). A discovery-oriented approach to significant events in psychotherapy: Interpersonal process recall and comprehensive process analysis. In L. Rice & L. Greenberg (Eds.), Patterns of change (pp. 249-286). New York: Guildford Press.
Elliott, R. (1985). Helpful and unhelpful events in brief counseling interview: An empirical taxonomy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32, 307-322.
Elliott, R., & James, E. (1989). Varieties of client experience in psychotherapy: An analysis of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 9, 443-467.
Elliott, R., Shapiro, D. A., Firth-Cozen, J., Stiles, W. B., Hardy, G. E., Llewelyn, S. P., & Margison, F. R. (1994). Comprehensive process analysis of insight events in cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic-interpersonal psychotherapies. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 449-463.
Elliott, R., & Wexler, M. M. (1994). Measuring the impact of sessions in process-experiential therapy of depression: The session impacts scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 166-174.
Ellis, A. (1988). How to stubbornly refuse to make yourself miserable about anything: Yes, anything. NJ: Lyle Stuart.
Ellis, A. (1990). Rational-emotive therapy. In J. K. Zeig, & W. M. Munion (Eds.), What is psychotherapy? Contemporary perspective (pp. 146-151). San Francisco: Jossey-Base.
Ellis, A. (1992). Group rational-emotive and cognitive-behavioral therapy. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 42(1), 63-80.
Ellis, A. (1974). The group as agent in facilitating changes toward rational thinking and appropriate emoting. In A. Jacobs & W. W. Spradlin (Eds.), The group as agent of change. New York: Behavioral Publications.
Ellis, A., & Yeager, R. J. (1989). Why some therapies don’t work. Buffalo, NY: Promentheus Books.
Engels, G. I., Garnefski, N., & Diekstra, R. F. W. (1993). Efficacy of rational-emotive therapy: A quantitative analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61(6), 1083-1090.
Evans, M. D., Hollon, S. D., DeRubeis, R. J., Piasecki, J. M., Grove, W. M., Garvey, M. J., & Tuason, V. B. (1992). Differential relapse following cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy for depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 802-808.
Frank, E., Prien, R. F., Jarrett, R. B., Keller, M. B., Kupfer, D. J., Lavori, P.W., Rush, A. J., & Weissman, M. M. (1991). Conceptualization and rationale for consensus definitions of terms in major depression disorder: Remission, recovery, relapse and recurrence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 851-855.
Free, M. L. (1999). Cognitive therapy in-groups: Guidelines and resources for practice. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Friedberg, F., & Krupp, L. B. (1994). A comparison of cognitive behavioral treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome and primary depression. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 18 (Suppl. 1), 105-110.
Fuhriman, A., & Burlingame, G. M. (1990). Consistency of matter: A comparative analysis of individual and group process variables. Counseling Psychologist, 18(1), 6-63.
Gagne, R. M. (1974). Essentials of learning for instruction. Hinsdale: Dryden press.
Garfield, S. L. (1990). Issues and methods in psychotherapy process research. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 58, 273-280.
Greenberg, L. S. (1986). Changing process research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54 (1), 4-9.
Greenberg, L. S., & Pinsof, W. M. (1986). The psychotherapeutic process: A research handbook. New York: Guilford Press.
Haaga, D. A., & Davison, G. (1989). Outcome studies of rational-emotive therapy, In M. E. Bernard, & R. DiGiuseppe (Eds.), Inside rational-emotive therapy. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Hare, P. A., Blumberg, H. H., Davies, M. F., & Kent, M. V. (1994). Small group research: A handbook. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Hay, C. E., & Kinnier, R. T. (2000). Homework in counseling. Journal of mental health counseling, 20(2), 122-133.
Heppner, P. P., Kivlighan, D. M., Jr., & Wampold, B. E. (1992). Research design in counseling. Brooks/ Cole.
Heppner, P. R., Rosenberg, J. I., & Hedgespeth, J. (1992). Three methods in measuring the therapeutic process: Client and counselors’ constructions of the therapeutic process versus actual therapeutic events. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 39, 20-31.
Hill, C. E. (1990). A review of exploratory in-session process research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 288-294.
Hill, C. E., & Corbett, M. (1993). A perspective on the history of process and outcome research in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40, 3-24.
Hollon, S. D., DeRubeis, R. J., & Evans, M. D. (1987). Causal mediation of change in treatment for depression: Discriminating between nonspecificity and noncausality. Psychologcal Bulletin, 102, 139-149.
Hollon, S. D., Evans, M. D., Auerbach, A., DeRubeis, R. F., Elkin, I., Lowery, A., Kriss, M., Grive, W., Tuason, V. B., & Piasecki, J. (1988). Development of a system for rating therapies for depression: Differentiating cognitive therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, and clinical management pharmacotherapy. Unpublished manuscript.
Hollon, S. D., Shelton, R. C., & Loosen, P. T. (1991). Cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 88-99.
Horvath, A. O., Marx, R. W., & Kamann, A. M. (1990). Thinking about thinking in therapy: An examination of clients’ understanding of their therapists’ intentions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58(5), 614-621.
Horwath, H., Johnson, J., Klerman, G. L., & Weissman, M. M. (1992). Depressive symptoms as relative and attributable risk factors for first-onset major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49(10), 817-823.
Hughes, C. P. (1991). Community psychiatric nursing and the depressed elderly: A case for using cognitive therapy. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 16, 565-572.
Jacobson, N. S., Dobson, K. S., Truax, P., Addis, M. E., Koerner, K., Gollan, J. K., Gortner, E., & Prince, S. E. (1996). A component analysis of cognitive behavioral treatment for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 295-304.
Kacen, L., & Rozovski, U. (1998). Assessing group process: A comparison among group participants’, direct observers’, and indirect observers’ assessment. Small Group Research, 29, 179-198.
Keller, M. B., Lavori, P. W., Rice, J., Coryell, W., & Hirschfeld, R. M. (1986). The persistent risk of chronicity in recurrent episodes of nonbipolar major depressive disorder: A prospective follow-up. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 24-28.
Kivlighan, D. M., Jr., & Goldfine, D. C. (1991). Endorsement of therapeutic factors as a function of stage of group development and participant interpersonal attitudes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 150-158.
Kivlighan, D. M., Jr., & Mullison, D. (1988). Participants’ perception of therapeutic factors in group counseling. Small Group Behavior, 19, 452-468.
Klerman, G. L., & Weissman, M. M. (1992). The course, morbidity, and costs of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 49, 831-834.
Keller, M. B., Lavori, P. W., Mueller, T. I., Endicott, J., Coryell, W., Hirschfeld, R. M. A., & Shea, T. (1992). Time to recovery, chronicity, and levels of psychopathology in major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 809-816.
Kocsis, J. H. (1996). Practice guidelines and professional challenges: What psychotherapists need to do. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 53, 303-304.
Kuhner, C., Angermeyer, M. C., & Veiel, H. O. F. (1996). Cognitive — behavioral group intervention as a means of tertiary prevention in depressed patients: Acceptance and short-term efficacy. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 20(4), 391-409.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Cuba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park: Sage.
Luborsky, L., McLelland, A. T., Woody, G. E., O’Brien, C. P., & Auerbach, A. (1985). Therapist success and its determinates. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 602-611.
Lyons, L. C., & Woods, P. J. (1991). The efficacy of rational-emotive therapy: A quantitative review of the outcome research. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 357-369.
Mahrer, A. R. (1996). Discovery-oriented research on how to do psychotherapy. In W. Dryden (Ed.), Research in counseling and psychotherapy. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Mahrer, A. R., Dessaulles, A., Nadler, W. P., Gervaize, P. A., & Sterner, I. (1987). Good and very good moments in psychotherapy: Content, distribution and facilitation. Psychotherapy, 24(1), 7-14.
Mahrer, A. R., & Nadler, W. P. (1986). Good moments in psychotherapy: A preliminary review, a list, and some promising research avenues. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 10-16.
Marmar, C. R. (1990). Psychotherapy process research: Process, dilemmas, and future directions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 34, 251-260.
Martin, J. (1991). The social-cognitive construction of therapeutic change: A dual coding analysis. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 10, 305-321.
Martin, J., & Stelmaczonek, K. (1988). Participants’ identification and recall of important events in counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 35, 385-390.
McGovern, T. E., & Silverman, M. (1986). A review of outcomes studies of rational-emotive therapy from 1977 to 1982. In A. Ellis, & R. Grieger (Eds.), Handbook of rational-emotive therapy. New York: Springer.
McMullin, R. E. (1986). Handbook of cognitive therapy techniques. New York: WH Norton and Company.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis. California: Sage Publications.
Murphy, E. (1983). The prognosis of depression in old age. British Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 111-119.
Neimeyer, R. A., Robinson, L. A., Berman, J. S., & Haykal, R. F. (1989). Clinical outcome of group therapies for depression. Group Analysis, 22, 73-86.
Neimeyer, R. A., Barker, K. D., Haykal, R. E., & Akiskal, H. S. (1995). Patterns of symptomatic change in depressed patients in a private inpatient mood disorders program. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 59(4), 460-471.
Perris, C. (1988). A theoretical framework for linking the experience of dysfunctional parental rearing attitudes with manifest psychopathology. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (Suppl. 344), 93-109.
Piaget, J. (1972). Intellectual evolution from adolescence to adulthood. Human Development, 15, 1-12.
Potter, W. J. (1996). An analysis of thinking and research about qualitative methods. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum associates.
Rice, L., & Greenberg, L. (1984). Patterns of change: Intensive analysis of psychotherapy process. New York: Guilford Press.
Robinson, L. A., Berman, J. S., & Neimeyer, R. A. (1990). Psychotherapy for the treatment of depression: A comprehensive review of controlled outcome research. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 30-49.
Rude, S. S., & Rehm, L. P. (1991). Response to treatments for depression: The role of initial status on targeted cognitive and behavioral skills. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 493-514.
Ryan, A. M., Daum, D., Bauman, T., Grisez, M., Mattimore, K., Nalodka, T., & McCormick, S. (1995). Direct, indirect, and controlled observation and rating accuracy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(6), 664-670.
Scott, M. J., & Stradling, S. G. (1998). Brief group counseling: Integrating individual and group cognitive-behavioral approaches. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Sharpe, M., Hawton, K., Simkin, S., Surawy, C., Hackmann, A., Klimes, I., Peto, T., Warrell, D., & Seagroatt, V. (1996). Cognitive behavior therapy for the chronic fatigue syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. British Medical Journal, 312, 22-26.
Silverman, M. S., McCarthy, M., & McGovern, T. (1992). A review of outcome studies of rational-emotive therapy from 1982-1989. Journal of Rational-emotive and Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 10(3), 111-181.
Simon, A. D., Murphy, G. E., & Levine, J. L. (1986). Cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy for depression: Sustained improvement over one year. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 43, 43-48.
Snyder, D. K., Wills, R. M., & Crady-Fletcher, A. (1991). Long-term effectiveness of behavioral versus insight-oriented marital therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 138-141.
Sotsky, S. M., Glass, D. R., Shea, M. T., Pilkonis, P. A., Collins, J. F., Elkin, I., Watkins, J. T., Imber, S. D., Leber, W. R., Moyer, J., & Oliveri, M. E. (1991). Patient predictors of response to psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy: Findings in the NIMH treatment of depression collaborative research program. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 997-1008.
Stiles, W. B., Reynolds, S., Hardy, G. E., Rees, A., Barkham, M., & Shapiro, D. A. (1994). Evaluation and description of psychotherapy sessions by clients using the session evaluation questionnaire and the session impacts scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 175-185.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Sage Publications, Inc.
Strupp, H. H. (1988). What is therapeutic change? Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 2, 75-82.
Wells, K. B., Stewart, A., Hays, R. D., Burman, M. A., Rogers, W., Daniels, M., Berry, S., Greenfield, S., & Ware, J. (1989). The functioning and well being of depressed patients: Results from the medical outcome study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 262(7), 914-919.
Wessler, L. R., & Hankin-Wessler, S. (1989). Cognitive group therapy. New York: Plenum Press.
Yalom, I. D. (1995). The theory and practice of group psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books.
Young, J. E. (1990). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach. New York: Cognitive Therapy Center.
Zerhusen, J. D., Boyle, K., & Wilson, W. (1991). Out of the darkness: Group cognitive therapy for depressed elderly. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Service, 29(9), 16-21.
 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
:::
無相關著作
 
無相關點閱
 
QR Code
QRCODE